{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:51:39Z","timestamp":1780534299635,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Comput Softw Big Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The LUXE experiment is a new experiment in planning in Hamburg, which will study quantum electrodynamics at the strong-field frontier. LUXE intends to measure the positron production rate in this unprecedented regime using, among others, a silicon tracking detector. The large number of expected positrons traversing the sensitive detector layers results in an extremely challenging combinatorial problem, which can become computationally expensive for classical computers. This paper investigates the potential future use of gate-based quantum computers for pattern recognition in track reconstruction. Approaches based on a quadratic unconstrained binary optimisation and a quantum graph neural network are investigated in classical simulations of quantum devices and compared with a classical track reconstruction algorithm. In addition, a proof-of-principle study is performed using quantum hardware.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41781-023-00109-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T19:02:27Z","timestamp":1702926147000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Quantum Algorithms for Charged Particle Track Reconstruction in the LUXE Experiment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Arianna","family":"Crippa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Funcke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Hartung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Heinemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annabel","family":"Kropf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"K\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Meloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Spataro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cenk","family":"T\u00fcys\u00fcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yee Chinn","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"109_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1140\/epjs\/s11734-021-00249-z","volume":"230","author":"H Abramowicz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abramowicz H et al (2021) Conceptual design report for the LUXE experiment. Eur Phys J ST 230(11):2445\u20132560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjs\/s11734-021-00249-z. arXiv:2102.02032 [hep-ex]","journal-title":"Eur Phys J ST"},{"key":"109_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.82.664","volume":"82","author":"JS Schwinger","year":"1951","unstructured":"Schwinger JS (1951) On gauge invariance and vacuum polarization. Phys Rev 82:664\u2013679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRev.82.664","journal-title":"Phys Rev"},{"key":"109_CR3","first-page":"529","volume":"19","author":"AI Nikishov","year":"1964","unstructured":"Nikishov AI, Ritus VI (1964) Quantum processes in the field of a plane electromagnetic wave and in a constant field 1. Sov Phys JETP 19:529\u2013541","journal-title":"Sov Phys JETP"},{"key":"109_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.133.A705","volume":"133","author":"LS Brown","year":"1964","unstructured":"Brown LS, Kibble TWB (1964) Interaction of intense laser beams with electrons. Phys Rev 133:705\u2013719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRev.133.A705","journal-title":"Phys Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"109_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.46.1087","volume":"46","author":"G Breit","year":"1934","unstructured":"Breit G, Wheeler JA (1934) Collision of two light quanta. Phys Rev 46(12):1087\u20131091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRev.46.1087","journal-title":"Phys Rev"},{"key":"109_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1703787","volume":"3","author":"HR Reiss","year":"1962","unstructured":"Reiss HR (1962) Absorption of Light by Light. J Math Phys 3:59","journal-title":"J Math Phys"},{"key":"109_CR7","first-page":"371","volume":"28","author":"NB Narozhny\u012d","year":"1969","unstructured":"Narozhny\u012d NB (1969) Propagation of plane electromagnetic waves in a constant field. Sov Phys JETP 28:371\u2013374","journal-title":"Sov Phys JETP"},{"issue":"1","key":"109_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s41781-019-0032-5","volume":"4","author":"F Bapst","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bapst F, Bhimji W, Calafiura P, Gray H, Lavrijsen W, Linder L, Smith A (2020) A pattern recognition algorithm for quantum annealers. Comput Softw Big Sci 4(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41781-019-0032-5. arXiv:1902.08324 [quant-ph]","journal-title":"Comput Softw Big Sci"},{"key":"109_CR9","unstructured":"Schw\u00e4gerl T, Issever C, Jansen K, Khoo TJ, K\u00fchn S, T\u00fcys\u00fcz C, Weber H (2023) Particle track reconstruction with noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers arXiv:2303.13249 [quant-ph]"},{"key":"109_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"01012","DOI":"10.1051\/epjconf\/201921401012","volume":"214","author":"I Shapoval","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shapoval I, Calafiura P (2019) Quantum associative memory in HEP track pattern recognition. EPJ Web Conf 214:01012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/epjconf\/201921401012. arXiv:1902.00498 [hep-ex]","journal-title":"EPJ Web Conf"},{"key":"109_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s42484-021-00055-9","volume":"3","author":"C T\u00fcys\u00fcz","year":"2021","unstructured":"T\u00fcys\u00fcz C, Rieger C, Novotny K, Demirk\u00f6z B, Dobos D, Potamianos K, Vallecorsa S, Vlimant J-R, Forster R (2021) Hybrid quantum classical graph neural networks for particle track reconstruction. Quantum Mach Intell 3:29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42484-021-00055-9. arXiv:2109.12636 [quant-ph]","journal-title":"Quantum Mach Intell"},{"issue":"2216","key":"109_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20210103","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2021.0103","volume":"380","author":"HM Gray","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gray HM (2021) Quantum pattern recognition algorithms for charged particle tracking. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond A 380(2216):20210103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2021.0103","journal-title":"Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond A"},{"key":"109_CR13","unstructured":"Di\u00a0Meglio A et al (2023) Quantum Computing for High-Energy Physics: State of the Art and Challenges. Summary of the QC4HEP Working Group arXiv:2307.03236 [quant-ph]"},{"issue":"1","key":"109_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012127","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2438\/1\/012127","volume":"2438","author":"L Funcke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Funcke L, Hartung T, Heinemann B, Jansen K, Kropf A, K\u00fchn S, Meloni F, Spataro D, T\u00fcys\u00fcz C, Yap YC (2023) Studying quantum algorithms for particle track reconstruction in the LUXE experiment. J Phys Conf Ser 2438(1):012127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/2438\/1\/012127. arXiv:2202.06874 [hep-ex]","journal-title":"J Phys Conf Ser"},{"key":"109_CR15","unstructured":"Crippa A, Funcke L, Hartung T, Heinemann B, Jansen K, Kropf A, K\u00fchn S, Meloni F, Spataro D, T\u00fcys\u00fcz C, Yap YC (2022) Track reconstruction at the LUXE experiment using quantum algorithms arXiv:2210.13021 [hep-ex]"},{"issue":"8","key":"109_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"085008","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/ac1bf6","volume":"23","author":"TG Blackburn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blackburn TG, MacLeod AJ, King B (2021) From local to nonlocal: higher fidelity simulations of photon emission in intense laser pulses. New J Phys 23(8):085008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1367-2630\/ac1bf6. arXiv:2103.06673 [hep-ph]","journal-title":"New J Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"109_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3662552","volume":"82","author":"RE Kalman","year":"1960","unstructured":"Kalman RE (1960) A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems. J Basic Eng 82(1):35\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.3662552","journal-title":"J Basic Eng"},{"key":"109_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5087(84)90274-6","volume":"225","author":"P Billoir","year":"1984","unstructured":"Billoir P (1984) Track fitting with multiple scattering: a new method. Nucl Instrum Meth A 225:352\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-5087(84)90274-6","journal-title":"Nucl Instrum Meth A"},{"key":"109_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5213","author":"A Peruzzo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Peruzzo A, McClean J, Shadbolt P, Yung MH, Zhou XQ, Love PJ, Aspuru-Guzik A, O\u2019Brien JL (2014) A variational eigenvalue solver on a photonic quantum processor. Nat Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms5213","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"109_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Treinish M, Gambetta J, Thomas S, Nation P, qiskit-bot, Kassebaum P, Rodr\u00edguez DM, Puente\u00a0Gonz\u00e1ilez S, Lishman J, Hu S, Bello L, Garrison J, Krsulich K, Huang J, Yu J, Marques M, Arellano E, Gacon J, McKay D, Gomez J, Capelluto L, Travis-S-IBM, Mitchell A, Panigrahi A, lerongil Rahman RI, Wood S, Itoko T, Pozas-Kerstjens A, Wood CJ. Qiskit\/qiskit: Qiskit 0.42.1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.7757946","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.7757946"},{"key":"109_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"043158","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.2.043158","volume":"2","author":"KM Nakanishi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nakanishi KM, Fujii K, Todo S (2020) Sequential minimal optimization for quantum-classical hybrid algorithms. Phys Rev Res 2:043158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.2.043158","journal-title":"Phys Rev Res"},{"key":"109_CR22","unstructured":"Farhi E, Goldstone J, Gutmann S (2014) A quantum approximate optimization algorithm. arXiv:1411.4028 [quant-ph]"},{"key":"109_CR23","unstructured":"Farrell S et al (2018) Novel deep learning methods for track reconstruction. arXiv:1810.06111 [hep-ex]"},{"issue":"10","key":"109_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1140\/epjc\/s10052-021-09675-8","volume":"81","author":"X Ju","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ju X et al (2021) Performance of a geometric deep learning pipeline for HL-LHC particle tracking. Eur Phys J C 81(10):876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjc\/s10052-021-09675-8. arXiv:2103.06995 [physics.data-an]","journal-title":"Eur Phys J C"},{"issue":"1","key":"109_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s41781-021-00078-8","volume":"6","author":"X Ai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ai X et al (2022) A common tracking software project. Comput Softw Big Sci 6(1):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41781-021-00078-8. arXiv:2106.13593 [physics.ins-det]","journal-title":"Comput Softw Big Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"109_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"042605","DOI":"10.1103\/physreva.103.042605","volume":"103","author":"S Bravyi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bravyi S, Sheldon S, Kandala A, Mckay DC, Gambetta JM (2021) Mitigating measurement errors in multiqubit experiments. Phys Rev A 103(4):042605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physreva.103.042605. arXiv:2006.14044 [quant-ph]","journal-title":"Phys Rev A"},{"key":"109_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Acharya N, Saeed SM (2020) A Lightweight Approach to Detect Malicious\/Unexpected Changes in the Error Rates of NISQ Computers. In: Proceedings of the 39th International Conference on Computer-Aided Design. ICCAD \u201920. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3400302.3415684","DOI":"10.1145\/3400302.3415684"}],"container-title":["Computing and Software for Big Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41781-023-00109-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41781-023-00109-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41781-023-00109-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T22:03:13Z","timestamp":1703196193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s41781-023-00109-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41781-023-00109-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2510-2036","2510-2044"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2510-2036","type":"print"},{"value":"2510-2044","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no financial or non-financial interests that are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"14"}}