{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T21:18:01Z","timestamp":1778966281906,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Comput Soc Sc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s42001-021-00155-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T15:03:10Z","timestamp":1640790190000},"page":"949-968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["News loopholing: Telegram news as portable alternative media"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7336-1550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Al-Rawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"155_CR1","unstructured":"Iran International. (2020). About Iran International. Retrieved from https:\/\/iranintl.com\/en\/about-iranintl. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"issue":"2","key":"155_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/00396338.2018.1448579","volume":"60","author":"H Ahmadian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmadian, H. (2018). Iran and Saudi Arabia in the age of Trump. Survival, 60(2), 133\u2013150.","journal-title":"Survival"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"155_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.24908\/ss.v17i1\/2.12928","volume":"17","author":"A Akbari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akbari, A., & Gabdulhakov, R. (2019). Platform surveillance and resistance in Iran and Russia: The case of Telegram. Surveillance & Society, 17(1\/2), 223\u2013231.","journal-title":"Surveillance & Society"},{"key":"155_CR4","unstructured":"Al-Monitor. (2019). Arrest of Telegram channel operator surprises Iranians. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/pulse\/originals\/2019\/10\/arrest-telegram-operator-iran-iraq.html. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"issue":"6","key":"155_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439318795849","volume":"37","author":"A Al-Rawi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Rawi, A. (2019). Gatekeeping fake news discourses on mainstream media versus social media. Social Science Computer Review, 37(6), 687\u2013704.","journal-title":"Social Science Computer Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"155_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2017.1387062","volume":"7","author":"A Al-Rawi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Rawi, A. (2019). Viral news on social media. Digital journalism, 7(1), 63\u201379.","journal-title":"Digital journalism"},{"issue":"1","key":"155_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/13216597.2019.1678506","volume":"26","author":"A Al-Rawi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Rawi, A. (2020). Mobile news apps as sites of transnational ethnic mediascapes. The Journal of International Communication, 26(1), 73\u201391.","journal-title":"The Journal of International Communication"},{"key":"155_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446220153","volume-title":"Alternative media","author":"C Atton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Atton, C. (2002). Alternative media. Sage."},{"issue":"3","key":"155_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/14648849030043001","volume":"4","author":"C Atton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Atton, C. (2003). What is alternative journalism? Journalism, 4(3), 267\u2013272.","journal-title":"Journalism"},{"key":"155_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446216163","volume-title":"Alternative journalism","author":"C Atton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Atton, C., & Hamilton, J. F. (2008). Alternative journalism. Sage."},{"key":"155_CR11","unstructured":"Atwood, (2020). US uses encrypted app to connect with Iranians as coronavirus sweeps their country. CNN. https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2020\/03\/18\/politics\/state-department-coronavirus-iran-outreach\/index.html. Accessed 28 Dec 2021"},{"key":"155_CR12","unstructured":"BBC. (2018). Iran restricts Telegram messaging app. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/technology-43907246. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"key":"155_CR13","unstructured":"BBC Persian. (2009). \u062a\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u06cc \u0628\u06cc \u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/persian\/world\/2009\/01\/090109_ka_mgh_ptv_other_media.shtml. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"key":"155_CR14","unstructured":"BBC Persian. (2013b). \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0644 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/persian\/iran\/2013\/08\/130804_l42_vid_ir_eco.shtml. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"key":"155_CR15","unstructured":"BBC Strategy Review. (2010). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/bbctrust\/assets\/files\/pdf\/review_report_research\/strategic_review\/strategy_review.pdf. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"key":"155_CR16","volume-title":"The International encyclopedia of communication","author":"J Bekken","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bekken, J. (2015). Alternative journalism. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), The International encyclopedia of communication.  Wiley."},{"key":"155_CR17","volume-title":"The Fight for Iran: Opposition Politics, Protest, and the Struggle for the Soul of a Nation","author":"I Berman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Berman, I. (2020). The Fight for Iran: Opposition Politics, Protest, and the Struggle for the Soul of a Nation. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers."},{"issue":"1","key":"155_CR18","first-page":"13","volume":"7","author":"H Biener","year":"2003","unstructured":"Biener, H. (2003). The arrival of radio Farda: International broadcasting to Iran at a crossroads. Middle East, 7(1), 13.","journal-title":"Middle East"},{"issue":"6","key":"155_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/0016549203065006002","volume":"65","author":"DA Boyd","year":"2003","unstructured":"Boyd, D. A. (2003). Sharq Al-Adna\/The Voice of Britain: The UK\u2019s \u2018Secret\u2019 Arabic Radio Station and Suez War Propaganda Disaster. International Communication Gazette, 65(6), 443\u2013455.","journal-title":"International Communication Gazette"},{"key":"155_CR20","unstructured":"Bozorgmehr, N. (2020) Lies over downing of aircraft shake Iran\u2019s trust in its rulers. The Financial Times. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/86df67f6-3524-11ea-a6d3-9a26f8c3cba4. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"key":"155_CR21","unstructured":"Committee to Protect Journalists. (2020a). Iranian journalist Hassan Fathi begins 1.5 year jail term over BBC interview. Retrieved from https:\/\/cpj.org\/2020\/05\/iranian-journalist-hassan-fathi-begins-15-year-jai\/. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"key":"155_CR22","unstructured":"Committee to Protect Journalists. (2020b) Iranian authorities detain journalist Mohammad Mosaed again for social media posts Retrieved from https:\/\/cpj.org\/2020\/02\/iranian-authorities-detain-journalist-mohammad-mos\/. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"155_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1386\/macp.3.1.47_1","volume":"3","author":"L Dahlberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dahlberg, L. (2007). The Internet, deliberative democracy, and power: Radicalizing the public sphere. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 3(1), 47\u201364.","journal-title":"International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics"},{"key":"155_CR24","unstructured":"Dehghan, S. (2018). Concern over UK-based Iranian TV channel's links to Saudi Arabia. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2018\/oct\/31\/concern-over-uk-based-iranian-tv-channels-links-to-saudi-arabia. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"key":"155_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452204994","volume-title":"Radical media: Rebellious communication and social movements","author":"JD Downing","year":"2001","unstructured":"Downing, J. D. (2001). Radical media: Rebellious communication and social movements. Sage."},{"key":"155_CR26","unstructured":"Gerken, T. (2020). Minecraft \u2018loophole\u2019 library of banned journalism. BBC News. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-us-canada-51883247. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"key":"155_CR27","volume-title":"Democracy in Iran: History and the quest for liberty","author":"A Gheissari","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gheissari, A. (2009). Democracy in Iran: History and the quest for liberty. Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"155_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/14616700118449","volume":"2","author":"T Harcup","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harcup, T., & O\u2019neill, D. (2001). What is news? Galtung and Ruge revisited. Journalism studies, 2(2), 261\u2013280.","journal-title":"Journalism studies"},{"key":"155_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harcup, T.\u00a0(2014). Alternative media.\u00a0In: T. Harcup (Ed.). A dictionary of journalism. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acref\/9780199646241.001.0001"},{"key":"155_CR30","unstructured":"Homaeefar, M. (2020). Guardian reporter speaks out on Neda Agha-Soltan, Jamal Khashoggi, Iran International TV, Masih Alinejad. Tehran Times. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.tehrantimes.com\/news\/445759\/Guardian-reporter-speaks-out-on-Neda-Agha-Soltan-Jamal-Khashoggi. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"key":"155_CR31","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. (2018). Iran: Activists\u2019 families facing harassment. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2018\/08\/09\/iran-activists-families-facing-harassment. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"issue":"7","key":"155_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2019.1625715","volume":"7","author":"K Holt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holt, K., Figenschou, T., & Frischlich, L. (2019). Key dimensions of alternative news media. Digital Journalism, 7(7), 860\u2013869.","journal-title":"Digital Journalism"},{"issue":"2","key":"155_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3200\/JAML.39.2.132-148","volume":"39","author":"F Izadi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Izadi, F. (2009). US International Broadcasting: The Case of Iran. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 39(2), 132\u2013148.","journal-title":"The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society"},{"key":"155_CR34","volume-title":"Propaganda & persuasion","author":"GS Jowett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jowett, G. S., & O\u2019Donnell, V. (2018). Propaganda & persuasion. Sage Publications."},{"issue":"35","key":"155_CR35","first-page":"53","volume":"17","author":"H Kermani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kermani, H. (2016). Participant observation in telegram groups: Roadmap and a case study. Journal of Culture-Communication Studies, 17(35), 53\u201379.","journal-title":"Journal of Culture-Communication Studies"},{"key":"155_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/22142312-12340119","author":"H Kermani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kermani, H. (2020). Decoding telegram: Iranian users and \u2018Produsaging\u2019 discourses in Iran\u2019s 2017 Presidential Election. Asiascape: Digital Asia. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/22142312-12340119","journal-title":"Asiascape: Digital Asia"},{"key":"155_CR37","volume-title":"Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology","author":"K Krippendorff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. SAGE."},{"issue":"4","key":"155_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1108\/13632540510621641","volume":"9","author":"D Kruckeberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kruckeberg, D., & Vujnovic, M. (2005). Public relations, not propaganda, for US public diplomacy in a post-9\/11 world: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Communication Management, 9(4), 296\u2013304.","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Management"},{"key":"155_CR39","unstructured":"Kucera, J. (2012). Iranians Might Watch State-Run Media, but They Don't Trust It. The Atlantic. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2012\/06\/iranians-might-watch-state-run-media-but-they-dont-trust-it\/258800\/. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"key":"155_CR40","unstructured":"Lichterman, J.\u00a0(2017). How BBC Persian is using Instagram and Telegram to get around Iranian censorship. Neiman Lab. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.niemanlab.org\/2017\/02\/how-bbc-persian-is-using-instagram-and-telegram-to-get-around-iranian-censorship\/. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"issue":"6","key":"155_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2011.592648","volume":"14","author":"B Loader","year":"2011","unstructured":"Loader, B., & Mercea, D. (2011). Networking democracy? Social media innovations and participatory politics. Information, Communication & Society, 14(6), 757\u2013769.","journal-title":"Information, Communication & Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"155_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2015.1076706","volume":"11","author":"J Loke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Loke, J., & Grimm, J. (2017). Cast Aside: Journalists\u2019 perceptions of citizen journalists\u2019 content during the Boston marathon bombings. Journalism Practice, 11(1), 101\u2013114.","journal-title":"Journalism Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"155_CR43","first-page":"46","volume":"37","author":"V Ma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma, V. (2016). Propaganda and censorship: Adapting to the modern age. Harvard International Review, 37(2), 46.","journal-title":"Harvard International Review"},{"key":"155_CR44","unstructured":"MacKinnon, R. (2010). Networked authoritarianism in China and beyond: Implications for global internet freedom. Liberation Technology in Authoritarian Regimes. Hoover Institution & the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law (CDDRL), Stanford University, Berlin, pp. 1\u201331."},{"key":"155_CR45","volume-title":"#iranvotes2017: Analysing the 2017 Iranian Presidential Elections through Telegram, Twitter and Instagram","author":"J Marchant","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marchant, J., Ormson, T., Honari, A., & Sabeti, A. (2018). #iranvotes2017: Analysing the 2017 Iranian Presidential Elections through Telegram, Twitter and Instagram. Small Media."},{"key":"155_CR46","volume-title":"Introduction to Linear Algebra","author":"M Marcus","year":"1988","unstructured":"Marcus, M., & Minc, H. (1988). Introduction to Linear Algebra. Dover."},{"key":"155_CR47","unstructured":"Martin, A. (2019). Iranian dissident arrested and Telegram channel seized by revolutionary guard. SkyNews. Retrieved from https:\/\/news.sky.com\/story\/iranian-dissident-arrested-and-telegram-channel-seized-by-revolutionary-guard-11836314. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"key":"155_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230554931","volume-title":"The new public diplomacy","author":"J Melissen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Melissen, J. (2005). The new public diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan."},{"key":"155_CR49","first-page":"21","volume":"12","author":"M Michaelsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Michaelsen, M. (2018). Authoritarian practices in the digital age| transforming threats to power: The International Politics of Authoritarian Internet Control in Iran. International Journal of Communication, 12, 21.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"issue":"4","key":"155_CR50","first-page":"7","volume":"173","author":"PJ O'Rourke","year":"2010","unstructured":"O'Rourke, P. J. (2010). Facts meet freedom: on the air in Afghanistan. World Affairs, 173(4), 7\u201320.","journal-title":"World Affairs"},{"key":"155_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peeters, S., & Hagen, S. (in press). The 4CAT capture and analysis toolkit: A modular tool for transparent and traceable social media research. Computational Communication Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3914892. https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3914892.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3914892"},{"key":"155_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9ladeau, N., & Davoodi, E. (2018). Comparison of latent Dirichlet modeling and factor analysis for topic extraction: A lesson of history. In Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. (pp. 615\u2013623).","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2018.078"},{"key":"155_CR53","volume-title":"Media ethics: Key principles for responsible practice","author":"PL Plaisance","year":"2013","unstructured":"Plaisance, P. L. (2013). Media ethics: Key principles for responsible practice. Sage Publications."},{"key":"155_CR54","unstructured":"Radio Free Europe. (2019). Iran takes measures against staff Of U.K.-Based TV Channel. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.rferl.org\/a\/iran-takes-measures-against-staff-of-u-k--based-tv-channel\/30293506.html. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"key":"155_CR55","unstructured":"Reporters without Borders. (2020). World Press Freedom Index. Retrieved from https:\/\/rsf.org\/en\/ranking. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"key":"155_CR56","volume-title":"Fissures in the mediascape: An international study of citizens\u2019 media","author":"C Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez, C. (2001). Fissures in the mediascape: An international study of citizens\u2019 media. Hampton."},{"key":"155_CR57","unstructured":"Rosen, A. (2020). Iranian exiles use creativity and tech smarts to get real news past the regime\u2019s censors. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.fastcompany.com\/90246678\/iranian-exiles-use-creativity-and-tech-smarts-to-get-real-news-past-the-regimes-censors. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"key":"155_CR58","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Media, culture, and society in Iran","author":"K Seyed-Emami","year":"2008","unstructured":"Seyed-Emami, K. (2008). Youth, politics, and media habits in Iran. In M. Semati (Ed.), Media, culture, and society in Iran (pp. 57\u201368). Routledge."},{"issue":"4","key":"155_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/00396338.2018.1494975","volume":"60","author":"S Simon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simon, S. (2018). Iran and President Trump: What Is the Endgame? Survival, 60(4), 7\u201320.","journal-title":"Survival"},{"key":"155_CR60","first-page":"17","volume-title":"War, media, and propaganda: A global perspective","author":"N Snow","year":"2004","unstructured":"Snow, N. (2004). US public diplomacy in an age of propaganda. In B. H. Bagdikian, L. Artz, N. Badii, N. Botha, N. Chitty, D. J. Collison, G. Cowan, A. de Beer, M. E. Hashem, Z. He, & D. Hull (Eds.), War, media, and propaganda: A global perspective (pp. 17\u201324). New York: Rowman & Littlefield."},{"key":"155_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203959091","volume-title":"News around the world: Content, practitioners, and the public","author":"P Shoemaker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shoemaker, P., & Cohen, A. (2012). News around the world: Content, practitioners, and the public. Routledge."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"155_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/1748048506068718","volume":"68","author":"N Snow","year":"2006","unstructured":"Snow, N., & Taylor, P. M. (2006). The revival of the propaganda state: US propaganda at home and abroad since 9\/11. International Communication Gazette, 68(5\u20136), 389\u2013407.","journal-title":"International Communication Gazette"},{"key":"155_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9780755612413","volume-title":"Persian service: The BBC and British interests in Iran","author":"A Sreberny","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sreberny, A., & Torfeh, M. (2014). Persian service: The BBC and British interests in Iran. Bloomsbury Publishing."},{"key":"155_CR64","unstructured":"Tajbakhsh, K. (2019). Getting Real About Iran.\u00a0Foreign Affairs. March 19. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/iran\/2019-03-19\/getting-real-about-iran. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"key":"155_CR65","unstructured":"Telegram. (2021). Telegram FAQ. Retrieved from https:\/\/telegram.org\/faq. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"key":"155_CR66","unstructured":"Telegram Analytics. (2020). News & mass media. Retrieved from https:\/\/tgstat.com\/news. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"key":"155_CR67","unstructured":"Telegram Messenger Maintains Status in Iran. (2017). Retrieved from https:\/\/financialtribune.com\/articles\/sci-tech\/68681\/telegram-messenger-maintains-status-in-iran. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"issue":"5","key":"155_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2020.1745657","volume":"8","author":"O Tenenboim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tenenboim, O., & Kligler-Vilenchik, N. (2020). The Meso news-space: Engaging with the news between the public and private domains. Digital Journalism, 8(5), 576\u2013585.","journal-title":"Digital Journalism"},{"key":"155_CR69","unstructured":"UN News. (2020). Iran: BBC and other broadcast journalists harassed; families threatened \u2013 UN experts. Retrieved from https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2020\/03\/1059251. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"key":"155_CR70","unstructured":"Van Santen, R. (2020). Want to know what\u2019s really going on in Iran? A lesson for the news industry. Poynter. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.poynter.org\/business-work\/2020\/want-to-know-whats-really-going-on-in-iran-a-lesson-for-the-news-industry\/. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"key":"155_CR71","unstructured":"Walker, J. (2019). News services company running Iran International TV expands into Brussels with buyout. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.pressgazette.co.uk\/news-services-company-running-iran-international-tv-expands-into-brussels-with-buyout\/. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"155_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1353\/jod.2014.0015","volume":"25","author":"C Walker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Walker, C., & Orttung, R. W. (2014). Breaking the news: The role of state-run media. Journal of Democracy, 25(1), 71\u201385.","journal-title":"Journal of Democracy"},{"issue":"2","key":"155_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/1464884914529213","volume":"16","author":"M Wall","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wall, M., & Zahed, S. E. (2015). Embedding content from Syrian citizen journalists: The rise of the collaborative news clip. Journalism, 16(2), 163\u2013180.","journal-title":"Journalism"},{"issue":"2","key":"155_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/08850607.2019.1565274","volume":"32","author":"CA Wege","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wege, C. A. (2019). Iranian Counterintelligence. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 32(2), 272\u2013294.","journal-title":"International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"155_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1177\/2050157917728100","volume":"6","author":"R Wei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wei, R., Huang, J., & Zheng, P. (2018). Use of mobile social apps for public communication in China: Gratifications as antecedents of reposting articles from WeChat public accounts. Mobile Media & Communication, 6(1), 108\u2013126.","journal-title":"Mobile Media & Communication"},{"issue":"1","key":"155_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2012.740273","volume":"1","author":"O Westlund","year":"2013","unstructured":"Westlund, O. (2013). Mobile news: A review and model of journalism in an age of mobile media. Digital journalism, 1(1), 6\u201326.","journal-title":"Digital journalism"},{"issue":"2","key":"155_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/2050157914563369","volume":"3","author":"O Westlund","year":"2015","unstructured":"Westlund, O. (2015). News consumption in an age of mobile media: Patterns, people, place, and participation. Mobile Media & Communication, 3(2), 151\u2013159.","journal-title":"Mobile Media & Communication"},{"issue":"8","key":"155_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.22713","volume":"63","author":"D Wilkinson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wilkinson, D., & Thelwall, M. (2012). Trending Twitter topics in English: An international comparison. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63(8), 1631\u20131646.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"155_CR79","unstructured":"Wintour, C. (2020). Journalists quit Iranian state broadcaster over crash cover-up. Financial Times. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/86df67f6-3524-11ea-a6d3-9a26f8c3cba4. Accessed 28 Dec 2021."},{"issue":"4","key":"155_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1017\/S1744137420000077","volume":"16","author":"A Yalcintas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yalcintas, A., & Alizadeh, N. (2020). Digital protectionism and national planning in the age of the internet: The case of Iran. Journal of Institutional Economics, 16(4), 519\u2013536.","journal-title":"Journal of Institutional Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"155_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1108\/13632540410807718","volume":"8","author":"J Zhang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhang, J., & Cameron, G. T. (2004). The structural transformation of China? s propaganda: An Ellulian perspective. Journal of Communication Management, 8(3), 307\u2013321.","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Management"},{"issue":"12","key":"155_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2014.2346922","volume":"20","author":"J Zhao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Cao, N., Wen, Z., Song, Y., Lin, Y. R., & Collins, C. (2014). # FluxFlow: Visual analysis of anomalous information spreading on social media. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 20(12), 1773\u20131782.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computational Social Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42001-021-00155-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42001-021-00155-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42001-021-00155-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T10:48:02Z","timestamp":1744195682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42001-021-00155-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42001-021-00155-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2432-2717","2432-2725"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2432-2717","type":"print"},{"value":"2432-2725","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}