{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T03:02:22Z","timestamp":1779850942268,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-19-1-0106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-19-1-0106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2339427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2339427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Comput Soc Sc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Ranked Choice Voting (RCV) adoption is expanding across U.S. elections, but faces persistent criticism for complexity, strategic manipulation, and ballot exhaustion. We empirically test these concerns on real election data, across three diverse contexts: New York City\u2019s 2021 Democratic primaries (54 races), Alaska\u2019s 2024 primary-infused statewide elections (52 races), and Portland\u2019s 2024 multi-winner City Council elections (4 races). Our algorithmic approach circumvents computational complexity barriers by reducing election instance sizes (via candidate elimination). Our findings reveal that despite its intricate multi-round process and theoretical vulnerabilities, RCV consistently exhibits\n                    <jats:italic>simple<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>transparent<\/jats:italic>\n                    dynamics in practice, closely mirroring the interpretability of plurality elections. Following RCV adoption, competitiveness increased substantially compared to prior plurality elections, with average margins of victory declining by 9.2 percentage points in NYC and 11.4 points in Alaska. Empirically, complex ballot-addition strategies are not more efficient than simple ones, and ballot exhaustion has minimal impact, altering outcomes in only 3 of 110 elections. These findings demonstrate that RCV delivers measurable democratic benefits while proving robust to ballot-addition manipulation, resilient to ballot exhaustion effects, and maintaining transparent competitive dynamics in practice. The computational framework offers election administrators and researchers tools for immediate election-night analysis and facilitating clearer discourse around election dynamics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42001-026-00470-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T05:38:22Z","timestamp":1775540302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Simpler than you think: the practical dynamics of ranked choice voting"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8331-7921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanyukta","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheldon","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"470_CR1","unstructured":"Alameda County Elections Commission. County of alameda elections commission agenda, 3 (2025). URL https:\/\/alamedacountyca.gov\/board\/com_calendar\/documents\/Mar20,2025ACECAgenda.pdf. Meeting agenda including attachments on 2024 post-election assessment and Rosenberg\u2019s Rules of Order."},{"key":"470_CR2","unstructured":"Alaska Division of Elections. Election information. https:\/\/www.elections.alaska.gov\/election-information\/, (2025). URL https:\/\/www.elections.alaska.gov\/election-information\/. Accessed: April 8, 2025."},{"key":"470_CR3","unstructured":"Arrow, K.J. (2012) Social choice and individual values, volume 12. Yale University Press."},{"key":"470_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ssqu.13366","author":"LR Atkeson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Atkeson, L. R. (2024). The impact of voter confusion in ranked choice voting. Social Science Quarterly. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ssqu.13366","journal-title":"Social Science Quarterly"},{"key":"470_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayadi, M., Amor, N. B., Lang, J., & Peters, D. (2019) Single transferable vote: Incomplete knowledge and communication issues. In 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems (AAMAS 19), pages 1288\u20131296.","DOI":"10.65109\/VDZD7109"},{"key":"470_CR6","unstructured":"Ballotpedia. Alaska elections, 2024. URL https:\/\/ballotpedia.org\/Alaska_elections,_2024. Accessed: April 8, 2025."},{"key":"470_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00183045","volume":"8","author":"JJ Bartholdi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bartholdi, J. J., & Orlin, J. B. (1991). Single transferable vote resists strategic voting. Social Choice and Welfare, 8, 341\u2013354.","journal-title":"Social Choice and Welfare"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"470_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-7177(92)90085-Y","volume":"16","author":"JJ Bartholdi III","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bartholdi, J. J., III., Tovey, C. A., & Trick, M. A. (1992). How hard is it to control an election? Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 16(8\u20139), 27\u201340.","journal-title":"Mathematical and Computer Modelling"},{"key":"470_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumeister, D., Faliszewski, P., Lang, J., & Rothe, J. (2012). Campaigns for lazy voters: truncated ballots. IN AAMAS, 577\u2013584.","DOI":"10.65109\/DWLY5169"},{"key":"470_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benade, G., Buck, R., Duchin, M., Gold, D., & Weighill, T. (2021). Ranked choice voting and minority representation. Available at SSRN, 3778021.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3778021"},{"issue":"4","key":"470_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205316802110626","DOI":"10.1177\/20531680211062668","volume":"8","author":"A Blais","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blais, A., Plescia, C., & Sevi, S. (2021). Do people want smarter ballots? Research and Politics, 8(4), 20531680211062668.","journal-title":"Research and Politics"},{"key":"470_CR12","unstructured":"Blom, M., Teague, V., Stuckey, P. J., & Tidhar, R. (2016) Efficient computation of exact irv margins. In ECAI 2016, pages 480\u2013488. IOS Press."},{"key":"470_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blom, M., Conway, A., Stuckey, P.J., & Teague, V. J. (2020) Shifting the balance-of-power in stv elections. In Electronic Voting: 5th International Joint Conference, E-Vote-ID 2020, Bregenz, Austria, October 6\u20139, 2020, Proceedings 5, pages 1\u201318. Springe.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-60347-2_1"},{"key":"470_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandt, F., Conitzer, V., Endriss, U., Lang, J., & Procaccia, A. D. (2016). Handbook of computational social choice. Cambridge University Press,.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107446984.002"},{"key":"470_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2014.11.006","volume":"37","author":"CM Burnett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burnett, C. M., & Kogan, V. (2015). An examination of four ranked-choice elections. Ballot (and voter) exhaustion under instant runoff voting. Electoral Studies, 37, 41\u201349.","journal-title":"Electoral Studies"},{"key":"470_CR16","unstructured":"Cary, D. (2011). Estimating the margin of victory for instant-runoff voting. In Electronic Voting Technology Workshop\/Workshop on Trustworthy Elections (EVT\/WOTE). USENIX Association."},{"key":"470_CR17","unstructured":"Citizens Union. Analyzing ranked choice voting in the June 2021 primary: Turnout, candidates, voters & impact. Technical report, Citizens Union, July 2021. URL https:\/\/citizensunion.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/RCV-Analysis-After-June-2021-Primary-Turnout-Candidates-Voters-Impact.pdf. Accessed: April 7, 2025."},{"key":"470_CR18","unstructured":"City of Portland. Transition overview. https:\/\/www.portland.gov\/transition\/overview, 2025. Accessed June 2, 2025."},{"key":"470_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jesse Clark. Rank deficiency? analyzing the costs and benefits of single-winner ranked-choice voting. 2020.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3703197"},{"key":"470_CR20","unstructured":"Clelland, J., Duchin, M., & McCune, D. (2025) Study of the 2024 stv city council election in portland, oregon. Technical report, Data and Democracy Lab (MGGG Redistricting Lab), January. URL https:\/\/mggg.org\/ppm. Version 3.0."},{"issue":"3","key":"470_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14-es","DOI":"10.1145\/1236457.1236461","volume":"54","author":"V Conitzer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Conitzer, V., Sandholm, T., & Lang, J. (2007). When are elections with few candidates hard to manipulate? Journal of the ACM (JACM), 54(3), 14-es.","journal-title":"Journal of the ACM (JACM)"},{"key":"470_CR22","unstructured":"Multnomah County. How rcv ballots are counted. https:\/\/multco.us\/info\/how-rcv-ballots-are-counted. Accessed: 2025\u201302-07."},{"key":"470_CR23","unstructured":"Deshpande, S., Garg, N., & Jacobson, S. (2024). Optimal strategies in ranked choice voting. arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.13661."},{"key":"470_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickerson, M., Martin, E., & McCune, D. (2023). An empirical analysis of the effect of ballot truncation on ranked-choice electoral outcomes. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.05966.","DOI":"10.46787\/pump.v7i0.3778"},{"key":"470_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ek, A., Blom, M., Stark, P. B., Stuckey, P. J., & Vukcevic, D. (2024). Improving the computational efficiency of adaptive audits of irv elections. In International Joint Conference on Electronic Voting, pages 37\u201353. Springer Nature Switzerland Cham,.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72244-8_3"},{"key":"470_CR26","unstructured":"Chad Ennis. Ranked-choice voting is an elections administration nightmare, 2024. URL https:\/\/thehill.com\/opinion\/campaign\/4042449-ranked-choice-voting-is-an-elections-administration-nightmare\/. Accessed: 2024\u201301-25."},{"key":"470_CR27","unstructured":"FairVote. Ranked choice voting nyc report. Technical report, FairVote, 2023. URL https:\/\/fairvote.org\/report\/ranked_choice_voting_nyc_report\/. Accessed: April 8, 2025."},{"key":"470_CR28","unstructured":"FairVote. Portland, or\u2019s first ranked choice voting election: More choice, better representation, 2024. URL https:\/\/fairvote.org\/portland-ors-first-ranked-choice-voting-election-more-choice-better-representation\/. Accessed: 2025\u201301-31."},{"key":"470_CR29","unstructured":"FairVote. Where is ranked choice voting used, 2025. URL https:\/\/fairvote.org\/our-reforms\/ranked-choice-voting-information\/#where-is-ranked-choice-voting-used. Accessed: 2025\u201302-03."},{"key":"470_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.2676","volume":"35","author":"P Faliszewski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faliszewski, P., Hemaspaandra, E., & Hemaspaandra, L. A. (2009). How hard is bribery in elections? Journal of artificial intelligence research, 35, 485\u2013532.","journal-title":"Journal of artificial intelligence research"},{"key":"470_CR31","unstructured":"FRA. Fair representation act, March 2024. URL https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/118th-congress\/house-bill\/7740."},{"key":"470_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.1.14409","volume":"77","author":"J Ganzer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ganzer, J., Criado, N., Lopez-Sanchez, M., Parsons, S., & Rodriguez-Aguilar, J. A. (2023). A model to support collective reasoning: Formalization, analysis and computational assessment. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 77, 1021\u20131086.","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"key":"470_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garg, N., Gurnee, W., Rothschild, D., & Shmoys, D. (2022) Combatting gerrymandering with social choice: The design of multi-member districts. In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation, pages 560\u2013561.","DOI":"10.1145\/3490486.3538254"},{"key":"470_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibbard, A. (1973). Manipulation of voting schemes: A general result. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, pages 587\u2013601.","DOI":"10.2307\/1914083"},{"key":"470_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham-Squire, A., McCune, D. (2023) An examination of ranked-choice voting in the united states, 2004\u20132022. Representation, pages 1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1080\/00344893.2023.2221689"},{"key":"470_CR36","unstructured":"Han, Q., Marian, A., & Xia, L. (2023) Determining winners in elections with absent votes. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.07150 ."},{"key":"470_CR37","unstructured":"Lin Lin Hutchinson. Can portland\u2019s new election system be gamed? we asked the experts. Willamette Week, 2024. URL https:\/\/www.wweek.com\/news\/2024\/08\/14\/can-portlands-new-election-system-be-gamed-we-asked-the-experts\/. Accessed: 2025\u201302-01."},{"key":"470_CR38","unstructured":"Iceland, M., Kahng, A., & Saber, J. (2024). Sampling winners in ranked choice voting. In Proceedings of the Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2834\u20132841."},{"key":"470_CR39","unstructured":"Kean, T.H. (May 2023) Ranked choice voting complicates the voting process and distorts the final vote. The Ripon Forum. URL https:\/\/riponsociety.org\/article\/ranked-choice-voting-complicates-the-voting-process-and-distorts-the-final-vote\/. Accessed: 2025\u201305-19."},{"key":"470_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11127-019-00723-2","volume":"184","author":"D Marc Kilgour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marc Kilgour, D., Gr\u00e9goire, J.-C., & Foley, A. M. (2020). The prevalence and consequences of ballot truncation in ranked-choice elections. Public Choice, 184, 197\u2013218.","journal-title":"Public Choice"},{"key":"470_CR41","unstructured":"Magrino, T. R., Rivest, R. L., & Shen, E. (2011). Computing the margin of victory in $$\\{$$IRV$$\\}$$ elections. In 2011 Electronic Voting Technology Workshop\/Workshop on Trustworthy Elections (EVT\/WOTE 11)."},{"key":"470_CR42","unstructured":"McCarty, N. (2024) Minority electorates and ranked choice voting. Technical report, Working Paper."},{"key":"470_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCune, D., & Wilson, J. (2023) Ranked-choice voting and the spoiler effect. Public Choice, pages 1\u201332.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11127-023-01050-3"},{"key":"470_CR44","unstructured":"Multnomah County Elections Division. Turnout and statistics - november 2024 general election, 2024. URL https:\/\/multco.us\/info\/turnout-and-statistics-november-2024-general-election. Accessed: 2025\u201301-29."},{"key":"470_CR45","unstructured":"Multnomah County, Oregon. Ranked-choice voting results, 2025. URL https:\/\/rcvresults.multco.us\/. Accessed: 2025\u201301-29."},{"issue":"4","key":"470_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1177\/1532673X08318110","volume":"36","author":"F Neely","year":"2008","unstructured":"Neely, F., & Cook, C. (2008). Whose votes count? undervotes, overvotes, and ranking in san francisco\u2019s instant-runoff elections. American Politics Research, 36(4), 530\u2013554.","journal-title":"American Politics Research"},{"key":"470_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neely, F., & McDaniel, J. (2015). Overvoting and the equality of voice under instant-runoff voting in san francisco. California Journal of Politics and Policy,7(4),.","DOI":"10.5070\/P2CJPP7428929"},{"key":"470_CR48","unstructured":"New York City Board of Elections. 2017 primary election results, 2017. URL https:\/\/vote.nyc\/page\/election-results-summary-2017. Accessed: 2025\u201304-02."},{"key":"470_CR49","unstructured":"New York City Board of Elections. 2021 primary election results, 2021. URL https:\/\/vote.nyc\/page\/election-results-summary-2021. Accessed: 2025\u201304-02."},{"key":"470_CR50","unstructured":"Proportional Representation Foundation. Reference wigm rule, 2024. URL https:\/\/prfound.org\/resources\/reference\/reference-wigm-rule\/. Accessed: 2024\u201301-26."},{"issue":"3","key":"470_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1177\/1532673X16674774","volume":"45","author":"J Santucci","year":"2017","unstructured":"Santucci, J. (2017). Party splits, not progressives: The origins of proportional representation in american local government. American Politics Research, 45(3), 494\u2013526.","journal-title":"American Politics Research"},{"key":"470_CR52","unstructured":"Sarwate, A. D. & Checkoway, S. (2014) Efficient computation of the margin of victory for instant-runoff voting. In Electronic Voting Technology Workshop\/Workshop on Trustworthy Elections (EVT\/WOTE). USENIX Association."},{"issue":"4","key":"470_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/1532673X241236196","volume":"52","author":"A Simmons","year":"2024","unstructured":"Simmons, A., & Waterbury, N. W. (2024). Sincere, strategic, or something else? the impact of ranked-choice voting on voter decision making processes. American Politics Research, 52(4), 367\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1532673X241236196","journal-title":"American Politics Research"},{"key":"470_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5841","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v37i5.25724","volume":"37","author":"K Tomlinson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tomlinson, K., Ugander, J., & Kleinberg, J. (2023). Ballot length in instant runoff voting. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 37, 5841\u20135849.","journal-title":"In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"470_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9909","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i9.28852","volume":"38","author":"K Tomlinson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tomlinson, K., Ugander, J., & Kleinberg, J. (2024). The moderating effect of instant runoff voting. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 38, 9909\u20139917.","journal-title":"In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"470_CR56","unstructured":"von Spakovsky, H., & Adams, J. (2019). Ranked choice voting is a bad choice. The Heritage Foundation."},{"key":"470_CR57","unstructured":"Walsh, T. (2009) Manipulability of single transferable vote. arXiv preprint arXiv:0911.3708."},{"issue":"4","key":"470_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/ssqu.13280","volume":"104","author":"J Wendland","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wendland, J., & Carman, E. (2023). New or \u201cnormal\u2019\u2019 election? understanding ranking activity in new york city\u2019s first ranked choice voting election. Social Science Quarterly, 104(4), 591\u2013604.","journal-title":"Social Science Quarterly"},{"key":"470_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, L. (2012) Computing the margin of victory for various voting rules. In Proceedings of the 13th ACM conference on electronic commerce, pages 982\u2013999.","DOI":"10.1145\/2229012.2229086"},{"key":"470_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.3186","volume":"41","author":"L Xia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xia, L., & Conitzer, V. (2011). Determining possible and necessary winners given partial orders. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 41, 25\u201367.","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computational Social Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42001-026-00470-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42001-026-00470-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42001-026-00470-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T02:16:21Z","timestamp":1779848181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42001-026-00470-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42001-026-00470-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2432-2717","2432-2725"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2432-2717","type":"print"},{"value":"2432-2725","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study did not involve human participants or animals, and therefore d\u015bid not require ethics committee approval.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"40"}}