{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T14:50:59Z","timestamp":1779202259549,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Quantum Mach. Intell."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s42484-024-00199-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T05:02:44Z","timestamp":1727067764000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A cluster-based quantum key distribution with dynamic node selection: an improved approach for scalability and security in quantum communication"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sujit","family":"Biswas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajat S.","family":"Goswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. Hemant Kumar","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"199_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2014.05.025","volume":"560","author":"CH Bennett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bennett CH, Brassard G (2014) Quantum cryptography: public key distribution and coin tossing. Theoret Comput Sci 560:7\u201311","journal-title":"Theoret Comput Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"199_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1137\/0217014","volume":"17","author":"CH Bennett","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bennett CH, Brassard G, Robert J-M (1988) Privacy amplification by public discussion. SIAM J Comput 17(2):210\u2013229","journal-title":"SIAM J Comput"},{"key":"199_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00191318","volume":"5","author":"CH Bennett","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bennett CH, Bessette F, Brassard G, Salvail L, Smolin J (1992) Experimental quantum cryptography. J Cryptol 5:3\u201328","journal-title":"J Cryptol"},{"issue":"6","key":"199_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1109\/18.476316","volume":"41","author":"CH Bennett","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bennett CH, Brassard G, Cr\u00e9peau C, Maurer UM (1995) Generalized privacy amplification. IEEE Trans Inf Theory 41(6):1915\u20131923","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Theory"},{"key":"199_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswas S, Goswami RS, Reddy Hemant Kumar, K., Mohanty, S.N., Ahmed, M.A, (2024b) Exploring the fusion of lattice-based quantum key distribution for secure Internet of Things communications. IET Quantum Comm","DOI":"10.1049\/qtc2.12105"},{"key":"199_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswas S, Goswami RS, Reddy KHK (2024a) Advancing quantum steganography: a secure IoT communication with reversible decoding and customized encryption technique for smart cities. Cluster Comput 1\u201320","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-024-04429-z"},{"issue":"13","key":"199_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.130502","volume":"108","author":"SL Braunstein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Braunstein SL, Pirandola S (2012) Side-channel-free quantum key distribution. Phys Rev Lett 108(13):130502","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"199_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s10623-015-0157-4","volume":"78","author":"A Broadbent","year":"2016","unstructured":"Broadbent A, Schaffner C (2016) Quantum cryptography beyond quantum key distribution. Des Codes Crypt 78:351\u2013382","journal-title":"Des Codes Crypt"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-023-00695-8","volume":"9","author":"Z Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen Z, Wang X, Yu S, Li Z, Guo H (2023) Continuous-mode quantum key distribution with digital signal processing. NPJ Quant Inform 9(1):28","journal-title":"NPJ Quant Inform"},{"key":"199_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherbal S, Zier A, Hebal S, Louail L, Annane B (2023) Security in internet of things: a review on approaches based on blockchain, machine learning, cryptography, and quantum computing. J Supercomput 1\u201379","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-023-05616-2"},{"issue":"9","key":"199_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6072","DOI":"10.3390\/e17096072","volume":"17","author":"E Diamanti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Diamanti E, Leverrier A (2015) Distributing secret keys with quantum continuous variables: principle, security and implementations. Entropy 17(9):6072\u20136092","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"issue":"6","key":"199_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.67.661","volume":"67","author":"AK Ekert","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ekert AK (1991) Quantum cryptography based on bell\u2019s theorem. Phys Rev Lett 67(6):661","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"199_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"054027","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.13.054027","volume":"13","author":"G-J Fan-Yuan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fan-Yuan G-J, Teng J, Wang S, Yin Z-Q, Chen W, He D-Y, Guo G-C, Han Z-F (2020) Optimizing single-photon avalanche photodiodes for dynamic quantum key distribution networks. Phys Rev Appl 13(5):054027","journal-title":"Phys Rev Appl"},{"key":"199_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilbert G, Weinstein YS (2014) Introduction to Special Issue on quantum cryptography. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-013-0719-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.74.145","volume":"74","author":"N Gisin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gisin N, Ribordy G, Tittel W, Zbinden H (2002) Quantum cryptography. Rev Modern Phys 74(1):145","journal-title":"Rev Modern Phys"},{"issue":"13","key":"199_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135702","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.110.135702","volume":"110","author":"AB Kallin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kallin AB, Hyatt K, Singh RR, Melko RG (2013) Entanglement at a two-dimensional quantum critical point: a numerical linked-cluster expansion study. Phys Rev Lett 110(13):135702","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"199_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang Y, Dong X, Wang Z, Chen H, Wang Q (2023) Parallel implementations of post-quantum Leighton-Micali signature on multiple nodes","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2656155\/v1"},{"key":"199_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozlowski W, Dahlberg A, Wehner S (2020) Designing a quantum network protocol. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies. pp 1\u201316","DOI":"10.1145\/3386367.3431293"},{"key":"199_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3831","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-021-09561-2","volume":"28","author":"A Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar A, Garhwal S (2021) State-of-the-art survey of quantum cryptography. Arch Comput Methods Eng 28:3831\u20133868","journal-title":"Arch Comput Methods Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800011","DOI":"10.1002\/qute.201800011","volume":"1","author":"F Laudenbach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laudenbach F, Pacher C, Fung C-HF, Poppe A, Peev M, Schrenk B, Hentschel M, Walther P, H\u00fcbel H (2018) Continuous-variable quantum key distribution with gaussian modulation\u2014the theory of practical implementations. Adv Quan Technol 1(1):1800011","journal-title":"Adv Quan Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"199_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"022321","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.78.022321","volume":"78","author":"X-H Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li X-H, Deng F-G, Zhou H-Y (2008) Efficient quantum key distribution over a collective noise channel. Phys Rev A 78(2):022321","journal-title":"Phys Rev A"},{"issue":"5","key":"199_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-022-03528-3","volume":"21","author":"Z Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Z, Xue K, Jia Q, Li J, Wei DS, Liu J, Yu N (2022) A cluster-based networking approach for large-scale and wide-area quantum key agreement. Quantum Inf Process 21(5):192","journal-title":"Quantum Inf Process"},{"issue":"3","key":"199_CR23","first-page":"031006","volume":"3","author":"CCW Lim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lim CCW, Portmann C, Tomamichel M, Renner R, Gisin N (2013) Device-independent quantum key distribution with local bell test. Phys Rev X 3(3):031006","journal-title":"Phys Rev X"},{"issue":"12","key":"199_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120311","DOI":"10.1007\/s11433-022-1976-0","volume":"65","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu X, Luo D, Lin G, Chen Z, Huang C, Li S, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Wei K (2022) Fiber-based quantum secure direct communication without active polarization compensation. Sci Chin Phys Mech Astron 65(12):120311","journal-title":"Sci Chin Phys Mech Astron"},{"issue":"13","key":"199_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130503","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.130503","volume":"108","author":"H-K Lo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lo H-K, Curty M, Qi B (2012) Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution. Phys Rev Lett 108(13):130503","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"199_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez Alarcon S, Rueda F (2023) Compilation of gaussian boson samplers for quantum computing. J Supercomput 1\u201322","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-023-05075-9"},{"key":"199_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-021-03695-7","volume":"77","author":"K Mishra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mishra K, Pradhan R, Majhi SK (2021) Quantum-inspired binary chaotic salp swarm algorithm (QBCSSA)-based dynamic task scheduling for multiprocessor cloud computing systems. J Supercomput 77:10377\u201310423","journal-title":"J Supercomput"},{"issue":"3","key":"199_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2015.2392076","volume":"21","author":"WJ Munro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Munro WJ, Azuma K, Tamaki K, Nemoto K (2015) Inside quantum repeaters. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 21(3):78\u201390","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron"},{"issue":"7","key":"199_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"075001","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/11\/7\/075001","volume":"11","author":"M Peev","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peev M, Pacher C, All\u00e9aume R, Barreiro C, Bouda J, Boxleitner W, Debuisschert T, Diamanti E, Dianati M, Dynes J et al (2009) The SECOQC quantum key distribution network in Vienna. New J Phys 11(7):075001","journal-title":"New J Phys"},{"key":"199_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirandola S, Andersen UL, Banchi L, Berta M, Bunandar D, Colbeck R, Englund D, Gehring T, Lupo C, Ottaviani C et al (2020) Advances in quantum cryptography. Adv Opt Photon 12(4):1012\u20131236","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.361502"},{"issue":"11","key":"199_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350110","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217979223501102","volume":"37","author":"B Rasheed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rasheed B, Wang X, Yu Z, Qu G, Yao Z, Cai H (2023) Properties of entanglement in the cluster of n-qubits. Int J Mod Phys B 37(11):2350110","journal-title":"Int J Mod Phys B"},{"issue":"26","key":"199_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260602","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.260602","volume":"93","author":"G Refael","year":"2004","unstructured":"Refael G, Moore JE (2004) Entanglement entropy of random quantum critical points in one dimension. Phys Rev Lett 93(26):260602","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012309","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.63.012309","volume":"63","author":"G Ribordy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ribordy G, Brendel J, Gautier J-D, Gisin N, Zbinden H (2000) Long-distance entanglement-based quantum key distribution. Phys Rev A 63(1):012309","journal-title":"Phys Rev A"},{"key":"199_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruihong Q, Ying M (2019) Research progress of quantum repeaters. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1237. IOP Publishing, p 052032","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1237\/5\/052032"},{"key":"199_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundar K, Sasikumar S, Jayakumar C, Nagarajan D, Karthick S (2023) Quantum cryptography based cloud security model (QC-CSM) for ensuring cloud data security in storage and accessing. Multimed Tools Appl 1\u201316","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-15463-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/e18010020","volume":"18","author":"VC Usenko","year":"2016","unstructured":"Usenko VC, Filip R (2016) Trusted noise in continuous-variable quantum key distribution: a threat and a defense. Entropy 18(1):20","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"014051","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.14.014051","volume":"14","author":"I Vagniluca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vagniluca I, Da Lio B, Rusca D, Cozzolino D, Ding Y, Zbinden H, Zavatta A, Oxenl\u00f8we LK, Bacco D (2020) Efficient time-bin encoding for practical high-dimensional quantum key distribution. Phys Rev Appl 14(1):014051","journal-title":"Phys Rev Appl"},{"issue":"4","key":"199_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1145\/3310974","volume":"62","author":"U Vazirani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vazirani U, Vidick T (2019) Fully device independent quantum key distribution. Commun ACM 62(4):133\u2013133","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"issue":"6","key":"199_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-022-03541-6","volume":"21","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, Chen G, Jian L, Zhou Y, Liu S (2022) Ternary quantum public-key cryptography based on qubit rotation. Quantum Inf Process 21(6):197","journal-title":"Quantum Inf Process"},{"issue":"8","key":"199_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.482942","volume":"11","author":"K Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei K, Hu X, Du Y, Hua X, Zhao Z, Chen Y, Huang C, Xiao X (2023) Resource-efficient quantum key distribution with integrated silicon photonics. Photon Res 11(8):1364\u20131372","journal-title":"Photon Res"},{"issue":"20","key":"199_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.119.200501","volume":"119","author":"J Yin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yin J, Cao Y, Li Y-H, Ren J-G, Liao S-K, Zhang L, Cai W-Q, Liu W-Y, Li B, Dai H et al (2017) Satellite-to-ground entanglement-based quantum key distribution. Phys Rev Lett 119(20):200501","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"7813","key":"199_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2401-y","volume":"582","author":"J Yin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yin J, Li Y-H, Liao S-K, Yang M, Cao Y, Zhang L, Ren J-G, Cai W-Q, Liu W-Y, Li S-L et al (2020) Entanglement-based secure quantum cryptography over 1,120 kilometres. Nature 582(7813):501\u2013505","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"18","key":"199_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24260","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.024260","volume":"26","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Xu F, Chen Y-A, Peng C-Z, Pan J-W (2018) Large scale quantum key distribution: challenges and solutions. Opt Express 26(18):24260\u201324273","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"issue":"1","key":"199_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2019.10.025","volume":"65","author":"L Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou L, Sheng Y-B, Long G-L (2020) Device-independent quantum secure direct communication against collective attacks. Sci Bull 65(1):12\u201320","journal-title":"Sci Bull"}],"container-title":["Quantum Machine Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42484-024-00199-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42484-024-00199-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42484-024-00199-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T16:11:12Z","timestamp":1734970272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42484-024-00199-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42484-024-00199-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2524-4906","2524-4914"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2524-4906","type":"print"},{"value":"2524-4914","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The work is original and unpublished and has not been submitted for publication elsewhere.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable for both human and\/ or animal studies.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"63"}}