{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T20:40:44Z","timestamp":1769719244712,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Quantum Mach. Intell."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s42484-025-00309-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T22:40:23Z","timestamp":1754520023000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantum circuits for word embeddings"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Ohno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2088","key":"309_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2007.0113","volume":"463","author":"S Aaronson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aaronson S (2007) The learnability of quantum states. Proceed Royal Society A: Math, Phys Eng Sci 463(2088):3089\u20133114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspa.2007.0113","journal-title":"Proceed Royal Society A: Math, Phys Eng Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"309_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-021-00084-1","volume":"1","author":"A Abbas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abbas A, Sutter D, Zoufal C, Lucchi A, Figalli A, Woerner S (2021) The power of quantum neural networks. Nature Computation Sci 1(6):403\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43588-021-00084-1","journal-title":"Nature Computation Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"309_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1145\/581771.581773","volume":"49","author":"A Ambainis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ambainis A, Nayak A, Ta-Shma A, Vazirani U (2002) Dense quantum coding and quantum finite automata. J ACM 49(4):496\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/581771.581773","journal-title":"J ACM"},{"key":"309_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Benedetti M, Lloyd E, Sack S, Fiorentini M (2019) Parameterized quantum circuits as machine learning models. Quant Sci Technol 4(4):043001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2058-9565\/ab4eb5","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-9565\/ab4eb5"},{"issue":"7671","key":"309_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23474","volume":"549","author":"J Biamonte","year":"2017","unstructured":"Biamonte J, Wittek P, Pancotti N, Rebentrost P, Wiebe N, Lloyd S (2017) Quantum machine learning. Nature 549(7671):195\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature23474","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"309_CR6","unstructured":"Bishop CM (2006) Pattern recognition and machine learning. Springer"},{"key":"309_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caro MC, Huang HY, Cerezo M, Sharma K, Sornborger A, Cincio L, Coles PJ (2022) Generalization in quantum machine learning from few training data. Nature Commun 13(1):4919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-32550-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32550-3"},{"key":"309_CR8","unstructured":"Dugan O, Lu PY, Dangovski R, Luo D, Solja\u010di\u0107 M (2023) Q-Flow: generative modeling for differential equations of open quantum dynamics with normalizing flows. In: Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML\u201923. JMLR.org"},{"key":"309_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Efthymiou S, Ramos-Calderer S, Bravo-Prieto C, P\u00e9rez-Salinas A, Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00edn D, Garcia-Saez A, Latorre JI, Carrazza S (2021) Qibo: a framework for quantum simulation with hardware acceleration. Quant Sci Technol 7(1):015018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2058-9565\/ac39f5","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-9565\/ac39f5"},{"key":"309_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gacon J, Zoufal C, Carleo G, Woerner S (2021) Simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation of the quantum Fisher information. Quantum 5:567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22331\/q-2021-10-20-567","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2021-10-20-567"},{"key":"309_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gili K, Mauri M, Perdomo-Ortiz A (2024) Generalization metrics for practical quantum advantage in generative models. Phys Rev Appl 21:044032 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.21.044032","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.21.044032"},{"key":"309_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek V, C\u00f3rcoles AD, Temme K, Harrow AW, Kandala Abhinavand\u00a0Chow JM, Gambetta JM (2019) Supervised learning with quantum-enhanced feature spaces. Nature 567(7747):209\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-019-0980-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0980-2"},{"key":"309_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hou Y, Zhao X, Song D, Li W (2013) Mining pure high-order word associations via information geometry for information retrieval. ACM Trans Inf Syst 31(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2493175.2493177","DOI":"10.1145\/2493175.2493177"},{"key":"309_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang HL, Du Y, Gong M, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Wang C, Li S, Liang F, Lin J, Xu Y, Yang R, Liu T, Hsieh MH, Deng H, Rong H, Peng CZ, Lu CY, Chen YA, Tao D, Zhu X, Pan JW (2021) Experimental quantum generative adversarial networks for image generation. Phys Rev Appl 16:024051 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.16.024051","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.16.024051"},{"key":"309_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Q, Uprety S, Wang B, Song D (2018) Quantum-inspired complex word embedding. In: Augenstein I, Cao K, He H, Hill F, Gella S, Kiros J, Mei H, Misra D (eds) Proceedings of the third workshop on representation learning for NLP, pp. 50\u201357. Association for Computational Linguistics, Melbourne, Australia. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/W18-3006","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-3006"},{"key":"309_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maria Schuld IS, Petruccione F (2015) An introduction to quantum machine learning. Contemp Phys 56(2):172\u2013185 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00107514.2014.964942","DOI":"10.1080\/00107514.2014.964942"},{"key":"309_CR17","unstructured":"Mikolov T, Chen K, Corrado G, Dean J (2013) Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. (2013) arXiv:1301.3781"},{"key":"309_CR18","unstructured":"Mosbach M, Andriushchenko M, Klakow D (2021) On the stability of fine-tuning BERT: misconceptions, explanations, and strong baselines. In: 9th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2021, Virtual Event, Austria, May 3-7, 2021. OpenReview.net . https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=nzpLWnVAyah"},{"key":"309_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schuld M, Bergholm V, Gogolin C, Izaac J, Killoran N (2019) Evaluating analytic gradients on quantum hardware. Phys Rev A 99:032331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevA.99.032331","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.99.032331"},{"issue":"12","key":"309_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900070","DOI":"10.1002\/qute.201900070","volume":"2","author":"S Sim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sim S, Johnson PD, Aspuru-Guzik A (2019) Expressibility and entangling capability of parameterized quantum circuits for hybrid quantum-classical algorithms. Adv Quant Technol 2(12):1900070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qute.201900070","journal-title":"Adv Quant Technol"},{"key":"309_CR21","unstructured":"Xie M, Hou Y, Zhang P, Li J, Li W, Song D (2015) Modeling quantum entanglements in quantum language models. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI\u201915, pp 1362\u2014-1368. AAAI Press"},{"key":"309_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu Z, Chen Q, Jiao Y, Li Y, Lu X, Wang X, Yang JZ (2024) Non-asymptotic approximation error bounds of parameterized quantum circuits. In: The Thirty-eighth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=XCkII8nCt3","DOI":"10.52202\/079017-3143"},{"key":"309_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang P, Niu J, Su Z, Wang B, Ma L, Song D (2018) End-to-end quantum-like language models with application to question answering. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Second AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Thirtieth Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference and Eighth AAAI Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence, AAAI\u201918\/IAAI\u201918\/EAAI\u201918. AAAI Press","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11979"}],"container-title":["Quantum Machine Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42484-025-00309-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42484-025-00309-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42484-025-00309-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T09:37:28Z","timestamp":1769679448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42484-025-00309-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42484-025-00309-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2524-4906","2524-4914"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2524-4906","type":"print"},{"value":"2524-4914","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"82"}}