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Intell."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The systematic discovery of effective drug combinations is a challenging problem in modern pharmacology, driven by the combinatorial growth of potential pairings and dosage configurations. Network medicine, modeling diseases and drugs as interconnected modules of the human protein-protein interactome, has emerged as a new paradigm for understanding disease mechanisms and drug action. In this work, we propose a quantum annealing-based algorithm for identifying effective drug combinations. Underlying our approach is the biologically motivated principle of \u2019Complementary Exposure\u2019, which posits that therapeutic drug combinations target distinct yet complementary regions of a disease module. We translate this into a quadratic unconstrained binary optimisation problem. We test our method for Diabetes Mellitus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Asthma, and Brain Neoplasms, relying on experimentally validated drug combinations for these diseases. Our simulated quantum annealing experiments reveal that low-energy configurations align with biologically plausible combinations which may serve as prioritized candidates for subsequent experimental validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42484-026-00411-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T10:13:17Z","timestamp":1782209597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Network-based prediction of drug combinations with quantum annealing"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Diogo","family":"Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duarte","family":"Magano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"411_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aguilera E, de Jong J, Phillipson F, Taamallah S, Vos M (2024) Mathematics 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/math12091291","DOI":"10.3390\/math12091291"},{"key":"411_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albash T, Lidar DA (2018) Rev Mod Phys 90:015002","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.90.015002"},{"key":"411_CR3","unstructured":"Ambainis A, Regev O (2004) An elementary proof of the quantum adiabatic theorem. arXiv:quant-ph\/0411152"},{"key":"411_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amin MHS (2009) Phys Rev Lett 102:220401","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.102.220401"},{"key":"411_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azad A, Fatima S, Capraro A, Waters SA, Vafaee F (2021) Patterns 2:100325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2021.100325"},{"key":"411_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barab\u00e1si A-L, Gulbahce N, Loscalzo J (2011) Nat Rev Genet 12:56","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2918"},{"key":"411_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blenninger J, Bucher D, Cortiana G et al (2024) K\u00fcnstl Intell 38:339","DOI":"10.1007\/s13218-024-00866-5"},{"key":"411_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boixo S, R\u00f8nnow TF, Isakov SV, Wang Z, Wecker D, Lidar DA, Martinis JM, Troyer M (2014) Nat Phys 10:218","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys2900"},{"key":"411_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breedveld FC, Weisman MH, Kavanaugh AF, Cohen SB, Pavelka K, van Vollenhoven R, Sharp J, Perez JL, Spencer-Green G et al (2006) Arthritis & Rheumatism 54:26","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21519"},{"key":"411_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao EL (2024) Front Nat Prod 2:1309994","DOI":"10.3389\/fntpr.2023.1309994"},{"key":"411_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cao Y, Jiang S, Perouli D, Kais S (2016). 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