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Analysis of the results showed that IMF1 is a common and necessary action when pre-braking for all drivers, and IMF2 may be the safety assurance action that allows right-foot transverse movement at the beginning part of the pre-braking process. We also found that the experienced, male, and Phys.50 groups may have consistent characteristics in the HHT scheme, which could mean that such drivers would have better performance and efficiency during the pre-braking process. The results of this study will be useful in decomposing and discerning the specific actions that lead to accidents, providing insights into driver training for novice drivers, and guiding the construction of daily automated driver assistance or accident prevention systems (advanced driver assistance systems, ADASs).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42486-022-00123-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T07:02:52Z","timestamp":1672470172000},"page":"157-182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Pre-braking behaviors analysis based on Hilbert\u2013Huang transform"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yishui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6764-4861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ran","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiminori","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soichiro","family":"Ikuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shoji","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"123_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.2","volume":"15","author":"K Aminian","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aminian, K., Najafi, B.: Capturing human motion using body-fixed sensors: outdoor measurement and clinical applications. 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