{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T19:28:37Z","timestamp":1781206117891,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SN COMPUT. SCI."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-021-00621-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T13:02:20Z","timestamp":1617541340000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Query Conundrum: The Mental Challenges of Using a Cognitive Assistant"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Torsten","family":"Maier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"McComb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Menold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"621_CR1","unstructured":"Bernard Z. Markets insider. 2018. https:\/\/markets.businessinsider.com\/news\/stocks\/smart-speakers-are-taking-off-with-consumers-charts-2018-4-1021723081."},{"key":"621_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-008-9088-1","author":"S Castellani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Castellani S, Grasso A, O\u2019Neill J, Roulland F. Designing technology as an embedded resource for troubleshooting. Comput Support Coop Work. 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10606-008-9088-1.","journal-title":"Comput Support Coop Work"},{"key":"621_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lodhi P, Mishra O, Jain S, Bajaj V. StuA: an intelligent student assistant. IJIMAI J. 2018:1\u20139.","DOI":"10.9781\/ijimai.2018.02.008"},{"key":"621_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bang H, Martin A, Prat A, Selva D. Daphne: an intelligent assistant for architecting earth observing satellite systems. AIAA Conf. Proc. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/6.2018-1366.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2018-1366"},{"key":"621_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343411410160","author":"E De Visser","year":"2011","unstructured":"De Visser E, Parasuraman R. Adaptive aiding of human-robot teaming: effects of imperfect automation on performance, trust, and workload. J Cogn Eng Decis Mak. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1555343411410160.","journal-title":"J Cogn Eng Decis Mak"},{"key":"621_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2008.06.010","volume":"40","author":"KA Brookhuis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brookhuis KA, Hoedemaeker M, van Arem B, van Driel CJG, Hof T. Driving with a congestion assistant; mental workload and acceptance. Appl Ergon. 2008;40:1019\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2008.06.010.","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"621_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1037\/cep0000104","volume":"71","author":"DL Strayer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Strayer DL, Cooper JM, Turrill J, Coleman JR, Hopman RJ. The smartphone and the driver\u2019s cognitive workload: a comparison of apple, google, and microsoft\u2019s intelligent personal assistants. Can J Exp Psychol. 2017;71:93\u2013110.","journal-title":"Can. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"621_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Estes S, Helleberg J, Long K, Pollack M, Quezada M. Guidelines for speech interactions between pilot & cognitive assistant. In: ICNS 2018\u2014Integr. Commun. Navig. Surveill. Conf. 2018. p. 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICNSURV.2018.8384965.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNSURV.2018.8384965"},{"key":"621_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.14429\/dsj.63.4260","volume":"63","author":"R Pitchammal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pitchammal R, Sadda V. Making the mission computer intelligent-a step ahead. Def Sci J. 2013;63:174\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14429\/dsj.63.4260.","journal-title":"Def Sci J"},{"key":"621_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wilkins SA. Examining head-down time in transportation: case study in single-pilot general aviation operations, Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board. 2018:036119811877652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0361198118776521.","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198118776521"},{"key":"621_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9","volume":"52","author":"SG Hart","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hart SG, Staveland LE. Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index). Adv Psychol. 1988;52:139\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9.","journal-title":"Adv Psychol"},{"key":"621_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193121005400408","author":"RE Yagoda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yagoda RE. Development of the Human Robot Interaction Workload Measurement Tool (HRI-WM). Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154193121005400408.","journal-title":"Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet"},{"key":"621_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263574710000184","author":"D Novak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Novak D, Mihelj M, Munih M. Psychophysiological responses to different levels of cognitive and physical workload in haptic interaction. Robotica. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0263574710000184.","journal-title":"Robotica"},{"key":"621_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Buettner R. Cognitive workload of humans using artificial intelligence systems: Towards objective measurement applying eye-tracking technology. In: Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. (Including Subser. Lect. Notes Artif. Intell. Lect. Notes Bioinformatics), 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-40942-4-4.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40942-4-4"},{"key":"621_CR15","unstructured":"Chen T, Campbell D, Gonzalez F, Coppin G. The effect of autonomy transparency in human-robot interactions: a preliminary study on operator cognitive workload and situation awareness in multiple heterogeneous UAV management. In: Australas. Conf. Robot. Autom. ACRA, 2014."},{"key":"621_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095006900289976","author":"IM Greca","year":"2000","unstructured":"Greca IM, Moreira MA. Mental models, conceptual models, and modelling. Int J Sci Educ. 2000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/095006900289976.","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"621_CR17","unstructured":"Looije R, Neerincx M, Kruijff GJM. Affective collaborative robots for safety & crisis management in the field. In: Intell. Hum. Comput. Syst. Cris. Response Manag. ISCRAM 2007 Acad. Proc. Pap. 2007."},{"key":"621_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schuller B, Rigoll G, Can S, Feussner H. Emotion sensitive speech control for human-robot interaction in minimal invasive surgery. In: Proc. 17th IEEE Int. Symp. Robot Hum. Interact. Commun. RO-MAN, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROMAN.2008.4600708.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2008.4600708"},{"key":"621_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bruce A, Nourbakhsh I, Simmons R. The role of expressiveness and attention in human-robot interaction, In: Proc. - IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Autom. 2002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/robot.2002.1014396.","DOI":"10.1109\/robot.2002.1014396"},{"key":"621_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.2003.11647533","author":"T Bahmanziari","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bahmanziari T, Pearson JM, Crosby L. Is trust important in technology adoption? A policy capturing approach. J Comput Inf Syst. 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08874417.2003.11647533.","journal-title":"J Comput Inf Syst"},{"key":"621_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2000.5340804","volume":"3","author":"T Grandison","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grandison T, Sloman M. A survey of trust in internet applications. IEEE Commun Surv Tutorials. 2009;3:2\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/comst.2000.5340804.","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials."},{"key":"621_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-012-0144-0","author":"RE Yagoda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yagoda RE, Gillan DJ. You want me to trust a ROBOT? The development of a human\u2013robot interaction trust scale. Int J Soc Robot. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-012-0144-0.","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"key":"621_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.92.4.909","author":"JA Colquitt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Colquitt JA, Scott BA, LePine JA. Trust, trustworthiness, and trust propensity: a meta-analytic test of their unique relationships with risk taking and job performance. J Appl Psychol. 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.92.4.909.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"621_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X288574","author":"SM Merritt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Merritt SM, Ilgen DR. Not all trust is created equal: dispositional and history-based trust in human-automation interactions. Hum Factors. 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872008X288574.","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"621_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50_30392","author":"JD Lee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee JD, See KA. Trust in automation: designing for appropriate reliance. Hum Factors. 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50_30392.","journal-title":"Hum. Factors."},{"key":"621_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811417254","author":"PA Hancock","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hancock PA, Billings DR, Schaefer KE, Chen JYC, De Visser EJ, Parasuraman R. A meta-analysis of factors affecting trust in human-robot interaction. Hum Factors. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720811417254.","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"621_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2696454.2696497","author":"M Salem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salem M, Lakatos G, Amirabdollahian F, Dautenhahn K. Would you trust a (faulty) robot?: Effects of error, task type and personality on human-robot cooperation and trust. ACM\/IEEE Int Conf Human-Robot Interact. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2696454.2696497.","journal-title":"ACM\/IEEE Int Conf Human-Robot Interact"},{"key":"621_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2019.8673304","author":"XZ Tan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tan XZ, Reig S, Carter EJ, Steinfeld A. From one to another: how robot-robot interaction affects users\u2019 perceptions following a transition between robots. ACM\/IEEE Int Conf Human-Robot Interact. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HRI.2019.8673304.","journal-title":"ACM\/IEEE Int Conf Human-Robot Interact"},{"key":"621_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luria M, Reig S, Tan XZ, Steinfeld A, Forlizzi J, Zimmerman J. Re-embodiment and co-embodiment: Exploration of social presence for robots and conversational agents. In: DIS 2019 - Proc. 2019 ACM Des. Interact. Syst. Conf., 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3322276.3322340.","DOI":"10.1145\/3322276.3322340"},{"key":"621_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102436","author":"M Demir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Demir M, McNeese NJ, Cooke NJ. Understanding human-robot teams in light of all-human teams: aspects of team interaction and shared cognition. Int J Hum Comput Stud. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102436.","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"key":"621_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2018.02.005","author":"N-T Le","year":"2018","unstructured":"Le N-T, Wartschinski L. A Cognitive Assistant for improving human reasoning skills. Int J Hum Comput Stud. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2018.02.005.","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"key":"621_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2018.02.004","author":"M Coronado","year":"2018","unstructured":"Coronado M, Iglesias AC, Carrera \u00c1, Mardomingo A. A cognitive assistant for learning java featuring social dialogue. Int J Hum Comput Stud. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2018.02.004.","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"key":"621_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2003.09.012","volume":"26","author":"MA Garcia-Serrano","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garcia-Serrano MA, Martinez P, Hernandez ZJ. Using AI techniques to support advanced interaction capabilities in a virtual assistant for e-commerce. Expert Syst Appl. 2004;26:413\u201326.","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"621_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-013-9192-8","author":"MS Ackerman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ackerman MS, Dachtera J, Pipek V, Wulf V. Sharing knowledge and expertise: the CSCW view of knowledge management. Comput Support Coop Work CSCW Int J. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10606-013-9192-8.","journal-title":"Comput. Support. Coop. Work CSCW Int. J."},{"key":"621_CR35","unstructured":"Weidong F, Xi TM, Frazer JH. Constructing an intelligent collaborative design environment with distributed agents, 8th Int. Conf. Comput. Support. Coop. Work Des. (n.d.)."},{"key":"621_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2006.04.010","author":"S Wu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wu S, Ghenniwa H, Zhang Y, Shen W. Personal assistant agents for collaborative design environments. Comput Ind. 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compind.2006.04.010.","journal-title":"Comput Ind"},{"key":"621_CR37","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Ghenniwa H, Shen W. Agent-based personal assistance in collaborative design environments. Int. Conf. Comput. Support. Coop. Work Des. (n.d.)."},{"key":"621_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2010.05.014","volume":"43","author":"G Ferguson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ferguson G, Quinn J, Horwitz C, Swift M, Allen J, Galescu L. Towards a personal health management assistant. J Biomed Inform. 2010;43:S13\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2010.05.014.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"621_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reumann M, Ieee SM, Giovannini A, Nadworny B, Auer C, Girardi I, Marchiori C. Cognitive DDx assistant in rare diseases. 2018:3244\u20137.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2018.8513041"},{"key":"621_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-018-1231-9","author":"J Rincon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rincon J, Costa A, Novais P, Julian V, Carrascosa C. A new emotional robot assistant that facilitates human interaction and persuasion. Knowl Inf Syst. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10115-018-1231-9.","journal-title":"Knowl. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"621_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carmien S, DePaula R, Gorman A, Kintsch A. Increasing workplace independence for people with cognitive disabilities by leveraging distributed cognition among caregivers and clients. In: Proc. Int. ACM Siggr. Conf. Support. Gr. Work, 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/958175.958176.","DOI":"10.1145\/958175.958176"},{"key":"621_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson P, Iqbal R, James A. Supporting collaborative virtual meetings using multi-agent systems. In: 2009 13th Int. Conf. Comput. Support. Coop. Work Des. (n.d.).","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCWD.2009.4968071"},{"key":"621_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thompson P, James A, Iqbal R. Agent based facilitator assistant for virtual meetings. In: Proc. 2011 15th Int. Conf. Comput. Support. Coop. Work Des. CSCWD 2011, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CSCWD.2011.5960095.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCWD.2011.5960095"},{"key":"621_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011216431296","author":"H Ogata","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ogata H, Yano Y, Furugori N, Jin Q. Computer supported social networking for augmenting cooperation. Comput Support Coop Work. 2001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1011216431296.","journal-title":"Comput Support Coop Work"},{"key":"621_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.15.050194.002415","volume":"15","author":"LA Aday","year":"1994","unstructured":"Aday LA. Health status of vulnerable populations. Annu Rev Public Health. 1994;15:487\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.pu.15.050194.002415.","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health."},{"key":"621_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahmetovic D, Gleason C, Ruan C, Kitani K, Takagi H, Asakawa C. NavCog: a navigational cognitive assistant for the blind. In: Proc. 18th Int. Conf. Human-Computer Interact. with Mob. Devices Serv. - MobileHCI \u201916, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2935334.2935361.","DOI":"10.1145\/2935334.2935361"},{"key":"621_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458215593329","volume":"22","author":"KM Wolters","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wolters KM, Kelly F, Kilgour J. Designing a spoken dialogue interface to an intelligent cognitive assistant for people with dementia. Health Inform J. 2016;22:854\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1460458215593329.","journal-title":"Health Inform J"},{"key":"621_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-3650-5","author":"U Saad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saad U, Afzal U, El-Issawi A, Eid M. A model to measure QoE for virtual personal assistant. Multimed Tools Appl. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-016-3650-5.","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"621_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343417733159","author":"G Tokadl\u0131","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tokadl\u0131 G, Dorneich CM. Development of design requirements for a cognitive assistant in space missions beyond low earth orbit. J Cogn Eng Decis Mak. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1555343417733159.","journal-title":"J Cogn Eng Decis Mak"},{"key":"621_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088402600504","volume":"26","author":"D Gopher","year":"1984","unstructured":"Gopher D, Braune R. On the psychophysics of workload: why bother with subjective measures? Hum Factors. 1984;26:519\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001872088402600504.","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"621_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X288394","volume":"50","author":"CD Wickens","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wickens CD. Multiple resources and mental workload christopher. Hum Factors. 2008;50:449\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872008X288394.","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"621_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62387-0","author":"GB Reid","year":"1988","unstructured":"Reid GB, Nygren TE. The subjective workload assessment technique: a scaling procedure for measuring mental workload. Adv Psychol. 1988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62387-0.","journal-title":"Adv Psychol"},{"key":"621_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128302700203","volume":"27","author":"WW Wierwille","year":"1983","unstructured":"Wierwille WW, Casali JG. A validated rating scale for global mental workload measurement applications. Proc Hum Factors Soc. 1983;27:129\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154193128302700203.","journal-title":"Proc Hum Factors Soc"},{"key":"621_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidulich MA, Tsang PS. Absolute magnitude estimation and relative judgement approaches to subjective workload assessment. In: Proc. Hum. Factors Soc. Annu. Meet. 1987. p. 1057\u201361.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128703100930"},{"key":"621_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139608964470","author":"PS Tsang","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tsang PS, Velazquez VL. Diagnosticity and multidimensional subjective workload ratings. Ergonomics. 1996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140139608964470.","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"621_CR56","unstructured":"Zijlstra FRH. Efficiency in work behaviour: a design approach for modern tools, Delft Univ. Press. 1993. ISBN: 90-6275-918-1."},{"key":"621_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012002","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4041428","volume":"141","author":"J Ma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ma J, Jaradat R, Ashour O, Hamilton M, Jones P, Dayarathna VL. Efficacy investigation of virtual reality teaching module in manufacturing system design course. J Mech Des. 2018;141:012002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4041428.","journal-title":"J Mech Des"},{"key":"621_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4031293","author":"WZ Bernstein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bernstein WZ, Ramanujan D, Kulkarni DM, Tew J, Elmqvist N, Zhao F, Ramani K. Mutually coordinated visualization of product and supply chain metadata for sustainable design. J Mech Des Trans ASME. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4031293.","journal-title":"J Mech Des Trans ASME"},{"key":"621_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4039384","author":"EM Starkey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Starkey EM, McKay AS, Hunter ST, Miller SR. Piecing together product dissection: how dissection conditions impact student conceptual understanding and cognitive load. J Mech Des Trans ASME. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4039384.","journal-title":"J Mech Des Trans ASME"},{"key":"621_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang C-H, Hwang S-L, Wang J-L. The design and evaluation of an auditory navigation system for blind and visually impaired. In: Proc. 2014 IEEE 18th Int. Conf. Comput. Support. Coop. Work Des. (n.d.).","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCWD.2014.6846866"},{"key":"621_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alharthi SA, Raptis GE, Katsini C, Dolgov I, Nacke LE, Toups ZO. Toward understanding the effects of cognitive styles on collaboration in multiplayer games. In: Proc. ACM Conf. Comput. Support. Coop. Work. CSCW, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3272973.3274047.","DOI":"10.1145\/3272973.3274047"},{"key":"621_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yamashita N, Kaji K, Kuzuoka H, Hirata K. Improving visibility of remote gestures in distributed tabletop collaboration. In: Proc. ACM Conf. Comput. Support. Coop. Work. CSCW, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1958824.1958839.","DOI":"10.1145\/1958824.1958839"},{"key":"621_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kalnikaite V, Ehlen P, Whittaker S. Markup as you talk: establishing effective memory cues while still contributing to a meeting. In: Proc. ACM Conf. Comput. Support. Coop. Work. CSCW, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2145204.2145260.","DOI":"10.1145\/2145204.2145260"},{"key":"621_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3182a59409","author":"S Olsson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Olsson S, Burns PCC. Measuring driver visual distraction with a peripheral detection task. NHTSA Driv Distraction Internet Forum. 2000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3182a59409.","journal-title":"NHTSA Driv Distraction Internet Forum"},{"key":"621_CR65","unstructured":"Martens MH, van Winsum W. Measuring distraction: the peripheral detection task, TNO Hum. Factors. 1996. p. 1\u20137."},{"key":"621_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2008.06.010","volume":"40","author":"KA Brookhuis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brookhuis KA, van Driel CJG, Hof T, van Arem B, Hoedemaeker M. Driving with a congestion assistant; mental workload and acceptance. Appl Ergon. 2009;40:1019\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2008.06.010.","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"621_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401397188206","author":"E Svensson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Svensson E, Angelborg-Thanderez M, Sj\u00f6berg L, Olsson S. Information complexity-mental workload and performance in combat aircraft. Ergonomics. 1997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/001401397188206.","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"621_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00133661","author":"MP Lemoine","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lemoine MP, Debernard S, Crevits I, Millot P. Cooperation between humans and machines: first results of an experiment with a multi-level cooperative organisation in air traffic control. Comput Support Coop Work. 1996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00133661.","journal-title":"Comput Support Coop Work"},{"key":"621_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1995.76.2.623","author":"S Oreg","year":"1993","unstructured":"Oreg S, Martin MM, Rubin RB, Heaton RK, Chelune GJ, Talley JL, Kay GG, Curtiss G. Wisconsin card sorting test manual: revised and expanded. Psychol Rep. 1993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.1995.76.2.623.","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"621_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.19.3.482","author":"MG Rhodes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rhodes MG. Age-related differences in performance on the Wisconsin card sorting test: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Aging. 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0882-7974.19.3.482.","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"621_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.11.3.428","author":"NM Fristoe","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fristoe NM, Salthouse TA, Woodard JL. Examination of age-related deficits on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Neuropsychology. 1997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0894-4105.11.3.428.","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"621_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.9.4.491","author":"S Ozonoff","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ozonoff S. Reliability and validity of the Wisconsin card sorting test in studies of autism. Neuropsychology. 1995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0894-4105.9.4.491.","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"621_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(96)00027-4","author":"S Channon","year":"1996","unstructured":"Channon S. Executive dysfunction in depression: the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. J Affect Disord. 1996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-0327(96)00027-4.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"621_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830140071013","author":"JM Gold","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gold JM, Carpenter C, Randolph C, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR. Auditory working memory and Wisconsin card sorting test performance in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830140071013.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"621_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb03417.x","author":"MF Lyvers","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lyvers MF, Maltzman I. Selective effects of alcohol on Wisconsin card sorting test performance. Br J Addict. 1991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb03417.x.","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"key":"621_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Naderifar M, Goli H, Ghaljaie F. Snowball sampling: a purposeful method of sampling in qualitative research. 2017. p. 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1510\/icvts.2010.244582.","DOI":"10.1510\/icvts.2010.244582"},{"key":"621_CR77","unstructured":"Puente AE. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Test Crit. 1985. p. 677\u201382."},{"key":"621_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2557-7","author":"JA Nevin","year":"1969","unstructured":"Nevin JA. Signal detection theory and operant behavior. J Exp Anal Behav. 1969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-011-2557-7.","journal-title":"J Exp Anal Behav"},{"key":"621_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2005.04.009","volume":"8","author":"G Jahn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jahn G, Oehme A, Krems JF, Gelau C. Peripheral detection as a workload measure in driving: effects of traffic complexity and route guidance system use in a driving study. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2005;8:255\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trf.2005.04.009.","journal-title":"Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav"},{"key":"621_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/001401300184558","volume":"43","author":"WB Verwey","year":"2000","unstructured":"Verwey WB. On-line driver workload estimation. Effects of road situation and age on secondary task measures. Ergonomics. 2000;43:187\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/001401300184558.","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"621_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(03)00014-9","volume":"36","author":"CJD Patten","year":"2004","unstructured":"Patten CJD, Kircher A, \u00d6stlund J, Nilsson L. Using mobile telephones: cognitive workload and attention resource allocation. Accid Anal Prev. 2004;36:341\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0001-4575(03)00014-9.","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"621_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/1064804612466068","volume":"21","author":"RC Grant","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grant RC, Carswell CM, Lio CH, Seales WB. Measuring surgeons\u2019 mental workload with a time-based secondary task. Ergon Des. 2013;21:7\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1064804612466068.","journal-title":"Ergon Des"},{"key":"621_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.4.1096","author":"G Stoet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stoet G. PsyToolkit: a software package for programming psychological experiments using Linux. Behav Res Methods. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BRM.42.4.1096.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"621_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0098628316677643","author":"G Stoet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stoet G. PsyToolkit: a novel web-based method for running online questionnaires and reaction-time experiments. Teach Psychol. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0098628316677643.","journal-title":"Teach Psychol"},{"key":"621_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maulsby D, Greenberg S, Mander R. Prototyping an intelligent agent through Wizard of Oz. In: Proc. SIGCHI Conf. Hum. Factors Comput. Syst. - CHI \u201993. 1993. p. 277\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/169059.169215.","DOI":"10.1145\/169059.169215"},{"key":"621_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.5898\/JHRI.1.1.Riek","volume":"1","author":"L Riek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Riek L. Wizard of Oz studies in HRI: a systematic review and new reporting guidelines. J Hum Robot Interact. 2012;1:119\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5898\/JHRI.1.1.Riek.","journal-title":"J Hum Robot Interact"},{"key":"621_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klemmer SR, Sinha AK, Chen J, Landay JA, Aboobaker N, Wang A. SUEDE: a wizard of Oz prototyping tool for speech user interfaces, UIST (User Interface Softw. Technol. Proc. ACM Symp. 2000. p. 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1145\/354401.354406"},{"key":"621_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jou W, Beaulieu SM, Lim AK, MacDonald EF. A wizard-of-oz experiment to demonstrate water reduction and user training with an \u201cautonomous\u201d faucet. In: Int. Des. Eng. Tech. Conf. Comput. Inf. Eng. Conf. Proc. 2019. 2019.","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2019-98468"},{"key":"621_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-010-0859-4","author":"MS Mitchell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mitchell MS, Yu MC, Whiteside TL. Editorial: The tyranny of statistics in medicine: a critique of unthinking adherence to an arbitrary p value. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00262-010-0859-4.","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"621_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10871200214752","author":"JJ Vaske","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vaske JJ, Gliner JA, Morgan GA. Communicating judgments about practical significance: effect size, confidence intervals and odds ratios. Hum Dimens Wildl. 2002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10871200214752.","journal-title":"Hum Dimens Wildl"},{"key":"621_CR91","unstructured":"Aiken KD. explorations in interpersonal trust development: the trust curve, 1999."},{"key":"621_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50_30392","volume":"46","author":"DJ Lee","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lee DJ, See AK. Trust in automation: designing for appropriate reliance. Hum Factors. 2001;46:50\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50_30392.","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"621_CR93","unstructured":"Aghaei B. Adaptive affective computing: countering user frustration. 2013."},{"key":"621_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01571.x","author":"AM Cohn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cohn AM, Hunter-Reel D, Hagman BT, Mitchell J. Promoting behavior change from alcohol use through mobile technology: the future of ecological momentary assessment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01571.x.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"621_CR95","unstructured":"Wilemon DL, Thamhain HJ. Team building in project management. In: Proc. Proj. Manag. Inst. Annu. Semin. Symp. 1979. p. 373\u201380."},{"key":"621_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tolmie P, Crabtree A, Rodden T, Benford S. \u201cAre you watching this film or what?\u201d: Interruption and the juggling of cohorts. In: Proc. ACM Conf. Comput. Support. Coop. Work. CSCW, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1460563.1460605.","DOI":"10.1145\/1460563.1460605"}],"container-title":["SN Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00621-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00621-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00621-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T13:04:36Z","timestamp":1617541476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00621-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["621"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00621-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-995X","2661-8907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-995X","type":"print"},{"value":"2661-8907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"194"}}