{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:50:14Z","timestamp":1777657814639,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]],"date-time":"2021-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]],"date-time":"2021-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SN COMPUT. SCI."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-021-00799-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]],"date-time":"2021-08-14T13:02:36Z","timestamp":1628946156000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dual Learning: Theoretical Study and an Algorithmic Extension"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6473-8205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhibing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingce","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lirong","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tie-Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"799_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artetxe M, Labaka G, Agirre E, Cho K. Unsupervised neural machine translation. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Learning Representations; 2018.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1399"},{"key":"799_CR2","first-page":"1965","volume":"1","author":"C Yong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yong C, Wei X, Zhongjun H, Wei H, Hua W, Maosong S, Yang L. Semi-supervised learning for neural machine translation. Proceedings of the Fifty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 2016;1:1965\u201374.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Fifty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"799_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edunov S, Ott M, Auli M, Grangier D. Understanding back-translation at scale. In: Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing; 2018. p. 489\u2013500.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1045"},{"key":"799_CR4","unstructured":"Eisele A, Chen Y. Multiun: A multilingual corpus from united nation documents. In: Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation, 5, 2010; pp. 2868\u20132872."},{"key":"799_CR5","unstructured":"Galanti T, Wolf L, Benaim S. The role of minimal complexity functions in unsupervised learning of semantic mappings. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Learning Representations; 2018."},{"key":"799_CR6","unstructured":"He D, Xia Y, Qin T, Wang L, Yu N, Liu T, Ma W-Y. Dual learning for machine translation. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems; 2016. pp. 820\u2013828."},{"key":"799_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson M, Schuster M, Le Quoc V, Krikun M, Yonghui W, Chen Z, Thorat N, Vi\u00e9gas F, Wattenberg M, Corrado G et\u00a0al. Googles multilingual neural machine translation system: enabling zero-shot translation. Trans Assoc Comput Linguist. 2017;5:339\u201351.","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00065"},{"key":"799_CR8","unstructured":"Kim T, Cha M, Kim H, Lee JK, Kim J. Learning to discover cross-domain relations with generative adversarial networks. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-fourth International Conference on Machine Learning; 2017. p. 1857\u20131865."},{"key":"799_CR9","unstructured":"Kingma DP, Ba J. Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Learning Representations; 2015."},{"key":"799_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lample G, Conneau A, Denoyer L, Ranzato M. Unsupervised machine translation using monolingual corpora only. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Learning Representations; 2018.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1549"},{"key":"799_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo P, Wang G, Lin L, Wang X. Deep dual learning for semantic image segmentation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Honolulu, HI, USA; 2017. p. 21\u201326.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.296"},{"key":"799_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ott M, Edunov S, Grangier D, Auli M. Scaling neural machine translation. In: Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers; 2018. p. 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-6301"},{"key":"799_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papineni K, Roukos S, Ward T, Zhu W-J. BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In: Proceedings of the Fortieth Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 311\u2013318. Association for Computational Linguistics; 2002.","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135"},{"key":"799_CR14","unstructured":"Poncelas A, Shterionov D, Way A, de Buy WGM, Passban P. Investigating backtranslation in neural machine translation. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation: 28\u201330 May 2018, Universitat d\u2019Alacant, Alacant, Spain, pages 249\u2013258. European Association for Machine Translation, 2018."},{"key":"799_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren S, Chen W, Liu S, Li M, Zhou M, Ma Shuai. Triangular architecture for rare language translation. In: Proceedings of the Fifty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics; 2018.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1006"},{"key":"799_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sennrich R, Haddow B, Birch Aandra. Improving neural machine translation models with monolingual data. In: Proceedings of the Fifty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 86\u201396, Berlin, Germany, August 2016. Association for Computational Linguistics.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1009"},{"key":"799_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sennrich R, Haddow B, Birch A. Neural machine translation of rare words with subword units. In: Proceedings of the Fifty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics; 2016.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1162"},{"key":"799_CR18","unstructured":"Tang D, Duan N, Qin T, Yan Z, Zhou M. Question answering and question generation as dual tasks. 2017. arXiv:1706.02027."},{"key":"799_CR19","unstructured":"Vaswani A, Shazeer N, Parmar N, Uszkoreit J, Jones L, Gomez AN, Kaiser \u0141ukasz, Polosukhin Illia. Attention is all you need. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems; 2017. p. 5998\u20136008."},{"key":"799_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Y, Xia Y, Zhao L, Bian J, Qin T, Liu G, Liu T. Dual transfer learning for neural machine translation with marginal distribution regularization. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Second AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence; 2018.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11999"},{"key":"799_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia Y, Bian J, Qin T, Yu N, Liu T-Y. Dual inference for machine learning. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence; 2017. p. 3112\u20133118.","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2017\/434"},{"key":"799_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia Y, Qin T, Chen W, Bian J, Yu N, Liu T-Y. Dual supervised learning. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth International Conference on Machine Learning; 2017. p. 3789\u20133798.","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2017\/434"},{"key":"799_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia Y, Tan X, Tian F, Qin T, Yu N, Liu T-Y. Model-level dual learning. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth International Conference on Machine Learning; 2018. p. 3789\u20133798.","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2017\/434"},{"key":"799_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu J-Y, Park T, Isola P, Efros AA. Unpaired image-to-image translation using cycle-consistent adversarial networks. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision; 2017.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.244"}],"container-title":["SN Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00799-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00799-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00799-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]],"date-time":"2023-01-07T11:12:19Z","timestamp":1673089939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00799-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["799"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00799-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-995X","2661-8907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-995X","type":"print"},{"value":"2661-8907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"413"}}