{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T06:32:17Z","timestamp":1777012337076,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SN COMPUT. SCI."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A growing trend over the last few years is storage outsourcing, where the concept of third-party data warehousing has become more popular. This trend prompts several interesting privacy and security issues. One of the biggest concerns with third-party data storage providers is accountability. This article, critically reviews two schemas\/algorithms that allow users to check the integrity and availability of their outsourced data on untrusted data stores (i.e., third-party data storages). The reviewed schemas are provable data possession (PDP) and proofs of retrievability (POR). Both are cryptographic protocols designed to provide clients the assurance that their data are secure on the untrusted data storages. Furthermore, a conceptual framework is proposed to mitigate the weaknesses of the current storage solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-021-00968-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T13:02:42Z","timestamp":1637758962000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Provable Data Possession (PDP) and Proofs of Retrievability (POR) of Current Big User Data"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Ieuan","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7593-6661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaminda","family":"Hewage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ambikesh","family":"Jayal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"968_CR1","unstructured":"Anthoine G, Jean-Guillaume D, Michael H, M\u00e9lanie de J, Aude M, Cl\u00e9ment P, Daniel R. Dynamic proofs of retrievability with low server storage. CoRR. 2021. arXiv: 2007.12556."},{"key":"968_CR2","unstructured":"Armknecht F, Barman L, Bohli J, Karame GO. Mirror: enabling proofs of data replication and retrievability in the cloud. USENIX Security Symposium. 2016."},{"key":"968_CR3","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Scalable and efficient provable data possession","author":"G Ateniese","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ateniese G, Pietro RD, Mancini LV, Tsudik G. Scalable and efficient provable data possession. Istanbul: ACM; 2008. p. 91\u2013910."},{"issue":"3","key":"968_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2014.2384391","volume":"10","author":"AF Barsoum","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barsoum AF, Hasan AM. Provable multicopy dynamic data possession in cloud computing systems. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur. 2014;10(3):485\u201397.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"key":"968_CR5","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Proofs of retrievability: theory and implementation","author":"KD Bowers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bowers KD, Juels A, Oprea A. Proofs of retrievability: theory and implementation. Chicago: ACM; 2009. p. 43\u201354."},{"issue":"5","key":"968_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2963789","volume":"7","author":"R Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen R, Li Y, Yu Y, Li H, Chen X, Susilo W. Blockchain-based dynamic provable data possession for smart cities. IEEE Internet Things J. 2020;7(5):4143\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2963789.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"968_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curtmola R, Khan O, Burns R.  Robust remote data checking. In: Proceedings of the 4th ACM international workshop on storage security and survivability. Alexandria: Virginia, USA; 2008. p. 63\u201368.","DOI":"10.1145\/1456469.1456481"},{"key":"968_CR8","first-page":"411","volume-title":"Multiple-replica provable data possession","author":"R Curtmola","year":"2008","unstructured":"Curtmola R, Khan O, Burns R, Ateniese G. Multiple-replica provable data possession. Beijing: IEEE; 2008. p. 411\u201320."},{"key":"968_CR9","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Integrity and internal control in information systems","author":"Y Deswarte","year":"2004","unstructured":"Deswarte Y, Quisquater J-J, Sadane A. Remote integrity checking. In: Jajodia S, Strous L, editors. Integrity and internal control in information systems. Boston: Springer; 2004. p. 1\u201311."},{"key":"968_CR10","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Authentic third-party data publication","author":"P Devanbu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Devanbu P, Gertz M, Martel C, Stubblebine SG. Authentic third-party data publication. Boston: Springer; 2002. p. 101\u201312."},{"key":"968_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508859.2516669","author":"S Elaine","year":"2013","unstructured":"Elaine S, Stefanov E, Papamanthou C. Practical dynamic proofs of retrievability. Proc ACM SIGSAC Conf Comput Commun Secur. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2508859.2516669.","journal-title":"Proc ACM SIGSAC Conf Comput Commun Secur"},{"issue":"4","key":"968_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1145\/2699909","volume":"17","author":"C Erway","year":"2015","unstructured":"Erway C, K\u00fcp\u00e7\u00fc A, Papamanthou C, Tamassia R. Dynamic provable data possession. ACM Trans Inf Syst Secur. 2015;17(4):29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2699909.","journal-title":"ACM Trans Inf Syst Secur"},{"key":"968_CR13","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Transparent, distributed, and replicated dynamic provable data possession","author":"M Etemad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Etemad M, Kupcu A. Transparent, distributed, and replicated dynamic provable data possession. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2013. p. 1\u201318."},{"key":"968_CR14","first-page":"150","volume":"2006","author":"DLG Filho","year":"2006","unstructured":"Filho DLG, Barreto PSIM. Demonstrating data possession and uncheatable data transfer. IACR Cryptol. 2006;2006:150.","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol"},{"key":"968_CR15","volume-title":"Cloud security without trust","author":"OR Gilberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gilberg OR. Cloud security without trust. Norwegian: Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Telematics; 2014."},{"key":"968_CR16","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Secure conjunctive keyword search over encrypted data","author":"P Golle","year":"2004","unstructured":"Golle P, Staddon J, Waters B. Secure conjunctive keyword search over encrypted data. Berlin: Springer; 2004. p. 31\u201345."},{"key":"968_CR17","first-page":"598","volume-title":"Provable data possession at untrusted stores","author":"A Guiseppe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Guiseppe A, et al. Provable data possession at untrusted stores. Virginia: ACM Alexandria; 2007. p. 598\u2013609."},{"issue":"8","key":"968_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxz151","volume":"63","author":"W Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo W, et al. Improved proofs of retrievability and replication for data availability in cloud storage. Comput J. 2020;63(8):1216\u201330.","journal-title":"Comput J"},{"key":"968_CR19","unstructured":"Ieuan W. Provable Data Possession (PDP) and Proofs of Retrievability (POR) of current big user data. MPhil Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK. 2021."},{"key":"968_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juels A, Kaliski B. PORs: Proofs of Retrievability for large files. In: Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 2007, pp. 584\u201397.","DOI":"10.1145\/1315245.1315317"},{"key":"968_CR21","volume-title":"On-the-fly verification of rateless erasure codes","author":"MN Krohn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Krohn MN, Freedman MJ, Mazieres D. On-the-fly verification of rateless erasure codes. Berkeley: IEEE; 2004."},{"key":"968_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu J, Tong J, Mao R, Bohn J, Messina L, Badger D. Leaf, NISTCloud computing reference architecture NIST Special Publication; 2011. p. 500\u2013292.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-292"},{"key":"968_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147719842493","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu Y, et al. New provable data transfer from provable data possession and deletion for secure cloud storage. Int J Distrib Sens Netw. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1550147719842493.","journal-title":"Int J Distrib Sens Netw"},{"issue":"3","key":"968_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1007\/s00145-012-9129-2","volume":"26","author":"H Shacham","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shacham H, Waters B. Compact Proofs of Retrievability. J Cryptol. 2008;26(3):442\u201383.","journal-title":"J Cryptol"},{"issue":"8","key":"968_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxz151","volume":"63","author":"G Wei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wei G, Hua Z, Sujuan Q, Fei G, Zhengping J, Wenmin L, Qiaoyan W. Improved Proofs of Retrievability and replication for data availability in cloud storage. Comput J. 2020;63(8):1216\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/comjnl\/bxz151.","journal-title":"Comput J"},{"key":"968_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.01.009","volume":"95","author":"G Wei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wei G, Hua Z, Sujuan Q, Fei G, Zhengping J, Wenmin L, Qiaoyan W. Outsourced dynamic provable data possession with batch update for secure cloud storage. Futur Gener Comput Syst. 2019;95:309\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.future.2019.01.009.","journal-title":"Futur Gener Comput Syst"},{"key":"968_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.01.286","volume":"174","author":"R Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang R. Research on data security technology based on cloud storage. Proced Eng. 2017;174:1340\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.01.286.","journal-title":"Proced Eng"}],"container-title":["SN Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00968-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00968-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00968-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T18:13:57Z","timestamp":1641838437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00968-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["968"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-021-00968-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-995X","2661-8907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-995X","type":"print"},{"value":"2661-8907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 October 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All of the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"83"}}