{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T05:00:28Z","timestamp":1772600428662,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]],"date-time":"2022-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659744000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]],"date-time":"2022-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SN COMPUT. SCI."],"DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-022-01315-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]],"date-time":"2022-08-06T15:02:32Z","timestamp":1659798152000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["An Approach to Detect Fake Profiles in Social Networks Using Cellular Automata-Based PageRank Validation Model Involving Energy Transfer"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7382-089X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnab","family":"Mitra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9615-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anirban","family":"Kundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matangini","family":"Chattopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1019-6524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avishek","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1315_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh S, Viswanath B, Kooti F, Sharma NK, Korlam G, Benevenuto F, Gummadi KP. Understanding and combating link farming in the twitter social network. In: Proceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web 2012;61\u201370.","DOI":"10.1145\/2187836.2187846"},{"issue":"1","key":"1315_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038588022001007","volume":"22","author":"J Scott","year":"1988","unstructured":"Scott J. Social network analysis. Sociology. 1988;22(1):109\u201327.","journal-title":"Sociology"},{"key":"1315_CR3","volume-title":"Social network analysis","author":"D Knoke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Knoke D, Yang S. Social network analysis. London: Sage Publications; 2019."},{"issue":"687","key":"1315_CR4","first-page":"159","volume":"1","author":"L Freeman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Freeman L. The development of social network analysis. Study Sociol Sci. 2004;1(687):159\u201367.","journal-title":"Study Sociol Sci"},{"key":"1315_CR5","volume-title":"Models and methods in social network analysis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carrington PJ, Scott J, Wasserman S, editors. Models and methods in social network analysis, vol. 28. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2005."},{"issue":"6","key":"1315_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1177\/016555150202800601","volume":"28","author":"E Otte","year":"2002","unstructured":"Otte E, Rousseau R. Social network analysis: a powerful strategy, also for the information sciences. J Inf Sci. 2002;28(6):441\u201353.","journal-title":"J Inf Sci"},{"key":"1315_CR7","unstructured":"Social network architecture: accessed from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_network_analysis#\/media\/File:Social_network_characteristics_diagram.jpg dated 23.11.2021"},{"key":"1315_CR8","unstructured":"Cao Q, Sirivianos M, Yang X, Pregueiro T. Aiding the detection of fake accounts in large scale social online services. In: 9th {USENIX} Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation ({NSDI} 12). 2012;197\u2013210."},{"issue":"5","key":"1315_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-020-00894-6","volume":"13","author":"M Zare","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zare M, Khasteh SH, Ghafouri S. Automatic ICA detection in online social networks with PageRank. Peer-to-Peer Netw Appl. 2020;13(5):1297\u2013311.","journal-title":"Peer-to-Peer Netw Appl"},{"issue":"2\u201321","key":"1315_CR10","first-page":"42","volume":"9","author":"S Wolfram","year":"1983","unstructured":"Wolfram S. Cellular automata. Los Alamos. Science. 1983;9(2\u201321):42.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1315_CR11","volume-title":"Additive cellular automata: theory and applications","author":"PP Chaudhuri","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chaudhuri PP, Chowdhury DR, Nandi S, Chattopadhyay S. Additive cellular automata: theory and applications, vol. 43. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1997."},{"issue":"5","key":"1315_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-020-00894-6","volume":"13","author":"Z Maryam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maryam Z, Khasteh SH, Saeid G. Automatic ICA detection in online social networks with PageRank. Peer-To-Peer Netw Appl. 2020;13(5):1297\u2013311.","journal-title":"Peer-To-Peer Netw Appl"},{"key":"1315_CR13","volume-title":"Cellular automata","author":"B Chopard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chopard B, Droz M. Cellular automata, vol. 1. Berlin: Springer; 1998."},{"key":"1315_CR14","volume-title":"Cellular automata","author":"EF Codd","year":"2014","unstructured":"Codd EF. Cellular automata. Boca Raton: Academic press; 2014."},{"key":"1315_CR15","unstructured":"Zimbres RA, Brito EP, de Oliveira PPB (2008) Cellular automata based modeling of the formation and evolution of social networks: a case in dentistry. In: ICEIS (2). pp. 333\u2013339."},{"issue":"3","key":"1315_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"A Mitra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mitra A, Kundu A. Page ranking validation using cellular automata in cloud. Int J Cloud Appl Comput (IJCAC). 2015;5(3):1\u201319.","journal-title":"Int J Cloud Appl Comput (IJCAC)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1315_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4018\/IJGC.2017070104","volume":"8","author":"A Mitra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mitra A, Kundu A. Energy efficient CA based page rank validation model: a green approach in cloud. Int J Green Comput (IJGC). 2017;8(2):59\u201376.","journal-title":"Int J Green Comput (IJGC)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1315_CR18","first-page":"66","volume":"9","author":"A Mitra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mitra A. On investigating energy stability for cellular automata based pagerank validation model in green cloud. Int J Cloud Appl Comput (IJCAC). 2019;9(4):66\u201385.","journal-title":"Int J Cloud Appl Comput (IJCAC)"},{"key":"1315_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitra A. An investigation for CA-based PageRank validation in view of power-law distribution of web data to enhance trustworthiness and safety for green cloud. In: Advanced models and tools for effective decision making under uncertainty and risk contexts (pp. 368\u2013378). IGI Global, 2021.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-3246-1.ch015"},{"issue":"1","key":"1315_CR20","first-page":"107","volume":"10","author":"S Priyanta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Priyanta S, Trisna INP, Prayana N. Social network analysis of twitter to identify issuer of topic using pagerank. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl. 2019;10(1):107\u201311.","journal-title":"Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl"},{"key":"1315_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamal IM, Bae H, Liu L, Choi Y. Identifying key resources in a social network using f-PageRank. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Web Services (ICWS). IEEE 2017;397\u2013403.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICWS.2017.45"},{"key":"1315_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang B, Liu Z, Wu K. Accelerating PageRank in shared-memory for efficient social network graph analytics. In\u00a02020 IEEE 26th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS)\u00a0(pp. 238\u2013247). IEEE; 2020.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPADS51040.2020.00041"},{"key":"1315_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.1017\/pds.2021.599","volume":"1","author":"AB Asl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Asl AB, Raghothama J, Darwich A, Meijer S. Using PageRank and social network analysis to specify mental health factors. Proc Des Soc. 2021;1:3379\u201388.","journal-title":"Proc Des Soc"},{"key":"1315_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mfglet.2017.12.006","volume":"15","author":"YM Omar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Omar YM, Minoufekr M, Plapper P. Lessons from social network analysis to Industry 4.0. Manuf Lett. 2018;15:97\u2013100.","journal-title":"Manuf Lett"},{"key":"1315_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2886314","volume":"7","author":"M Alrubaian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alrubaian M, Al-Qurishi M, Alamri A, Al-Rakhami M, Hassan MM, Fortino G. Credibility in online social networks: a survey. IEEE Access. 2018;7:2828\u201355.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1315_CR26","first-page":"174","volume":"20","author":"A Makkar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Makkar A, Kumar N. User behavior analysis-based smart energy management for webpage ranking: learning automata-based solution. Sustain Comput Inf Syst. 2018;20:174\u201391.","journal-title":"Sustain Comput Inf Syst"},{"key":"1315_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li F, Chen Y, Xie R, Abdesslem FB, Lindgren A (2018) Understanding service integration of online social networks: a data-driven study. In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops). IEEE; pp. 848\u2013853.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2018.8480137"},{"key":"1315_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175499","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2957779","volume":"7","author":"X Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen X, Yuan Y, Lu L, Yang J. A multidimensional trust evaluation framework for online social networks based on machine learning. IEEE Access. 2019;7:175499\u2013513.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"11","key":"1315_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3947","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-019-01488-3","volume":"49","author":"G Lingam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lingam G, Rout RR, Somayajulu DV. Adaptive deep Q-learning model for detecting social bots and influential users in online social networks. Appl Intell. 2019;49(11):3947\u201364.","journal-title":"Appl Intell"},{"issue":"2","key":"1315_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10660-019-09387-y","volume":"21","author":"N Jing","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jing N, Wu Z, Lyu S, Sugumaran V. Information credibility evaluation in online professional social network using tree augmented na\u00efve Bayes classifier. Electron Commer Res. 2021;21(2):645\u201369.","journal-title":"Electron Commer Res"},{"key":"1315_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-90462-3_14","volume-title":"Sustainable management of manufacturing systems in industry 4.0","author":"US Yadav","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yadav US, Gupta BB, Perakovi\u0107 D, Pe\u00f1alvo FJG, Cviti\u0107 I. Security and privacy of cloud-based online online social media: a survey. In: Sustainable management of manufacturing systems in industry 4.0. Cham: Springer; 2022. p. 213\u201336."},{"key":"1315_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2021.107159","volume":"103","author":"M Alkhamees","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alkhamees M, Alsaleem S, Al-Qurishi M, Al-Rubaian M, Hussain A. User trustworthiness in online social networks: A systematic review. Appl Soft Comput. 2021;103: 107159.","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"1315_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordeiro M, Sarmento RP, Brazdil P, Gama J. Evolving networks and social network analysis methods and techniques. In: Social Media and Journalism-Trends, Connections, Implications, 2018;101\u2013134.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.79041"},{"key":"1315_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28725-6_16","volume-title":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","author":"HN Teodorescu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Teodorescu HN. Emergency-related, social network time series: description and analysis. In: Time Series Analysis and Forecasting. Cham: Springer; 2016. p. 205\u201315."},{"key":"1315_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teodorescu HN. Type-D fuzzy CAs for medical and social sciences. In: 2015 E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB) 2015;pp. 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1109\/EHB.2015.7391560"},{"key":"1315_CR36","unstructured":"Arasu, A., Novak, J., Tomkins, A., & Tomlin, J. (2002, May). PageRank computation and the structure of the web: Experiments and algorithms. In\u00a0Proceedings of the Eleventh International World Wide Web Conference, Poster Track\u00a0(pp. 107\u2013117)."},{"key":"1315_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarma AD, Molla AR, Pandurangan G, Upfal E. Fast distributed pagerank computation. In: International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking. Springer, Berlin, 2013;pp. 11\u201326.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-35668-1_2"},{"issue":"2","key":"1315_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1137\/050643799","volume":"45","author":"K Avrachenkov","year":"2007","unstructured":"Avrachenkov K, Litvak N, Nemirovsky D, Osipova N. Monte Carlo methods in PageRank computation: when one iteration is sufficient. SIAM J Numer Anal. 2007;45(2):890\u2013904.","journal-title":"SIAM J Numer Anal"},{"key":"1315_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson M, Prakash A, Brill E. Beyond PageRank: machine learning for static ranking. In: Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide Web 2006; pp. 707\u2013715.","DOI":"10.1145\/1135777.1135881"},{"key":"1315_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46227-1_42","volume-title":"Joint European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases","author":"P Rozenshtein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rozenshtein P, Gionis A. Temporal pagerank. In: Joint European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases. Cham: Springer; 2016. p. 674\u201389."},{"key":"1315_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakrabarti S. Dynamic personalized pagerank in entity-relation graphs. In: Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web. 2007;571\u2013580.","DOI":"10.1145\/1242572.1242650"},{"issue":"1","key":"1315_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.14778\/3151113.3151121","volume":"11","author":"W Guo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guo W, Li Y, Sha M, Tan KL. Parallel personalized pagerank on dynamic graphs. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment. 2017;11(1):93\u2013106.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment"},{"issue":"4","key":"1315_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4156\/jcit.vol4.issue4.10","volume":"4","author":"R Dutta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dutta R, Kundu A, Dattagupta R, Mukhopadhyay D. An approach to web page prediction using markov model and web page ranking. J Convergence Inf Technol. 2009;4(4):61\u20137.","journal-title":"J Convergence Inf Technol"},{"key":"1315_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kundu A, Dutta R, Mukhopadhyay D. An alternate way to rank hyper-linked web-pages. In: 9th International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT'06). IEEE 2006; pp. 297\u2013298.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2006.26"},{"issue":"1","key":"1315_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4018\/IJALR.2015010102","volume":"5","author":"SK Guha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guha SK, Kundu A, Duttagupta R. Energy based web page ranking. Int J Artif Life Res (IJALR). 2015;5(1):27\u201340.","journal-title":"Int J Artif Life Res (IJALR)"},{"key":"1315_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2752-6_61","volume-title":"Information systems design and intelligent applications","author":"SK Guha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guha SK, Kundu A, Dattagupta R. Energy stability in cloud for web page ranking. In: Information systems design and intelligent applications. New Delhi: Springer; 2016. p. 621\u201330."},{"issue":"4","key":"1315_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1137\/070710111","volume":"51","author":"A Clauset","year":"2009","unstructured":"Clauset A, Shalizi CR, Newman ME. Power-law distributions in empirical data. SIAM Rev. 2009;51(4):661\u2013703.","journal-title":"SIAM Rev"},{"key":"1315_CR48","unstructured":"Alexa\u00ae Internet Tool. Retrieved on 22 March 2018, and 24 November 2021, from http:\/\/www.alexa.com\/toolbar."},{"key":"1315_CR49","unstructured":"Inbound and Outbound-link data collector. Retrieved on 24 November 2021, from https:\/\/moz.com\/."},{"key":"1315_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ribeiro AC, Azevedo B, Oliveira e S\u00e1 J, Baptista AA. How to measure influence in social networks? In: Dalpiaz F, Zdravkovic J, Loucopoulos P (eds) Research challenges in information science. RCIS 2020. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol 385. Springer, Cham. 2020; doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-50316-1_3.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50316-1_3"},{"key":"1315_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamvar SD, Haveliwala TH, Manning CD, Golub GH. Extrapolation methods for accelerating PageRank computations. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on World Wide Web; 2003:261\u2013270.","DOI":"10.1145\/775152.775190"},{"issue":"3","key":"1315_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.14778\/1929861.1929864","volume":"4","author":"B Bahmani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bahmani B, Chowdhury A, Goel A. Fast incremental and personalized PageRank. Proc VLDB Endow. 2010;4(3):173\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14778\/1929861.1929864.","journal-title":"Proc VLDB Endow."}],"container-title":["SN Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-022-01315-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42979-022-01315-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-022-01315-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T04:48:56Z","timestamp":1668055736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42979-022-01315-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-022-01315-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2661-8907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2661-8907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Authors declare that no funding was availed to carry out this research and\/or reporting this result. Authors also declare that there exist no known conflict(s), and hence no conflict of interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}}],"article-number":"423"}}