{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T05:27:53Z","timestamp":1775107673710,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]],"date-time":"2022-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]],"date-time":"2022-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zayed Center for Health Sciences, the United Arab Emirates University","award":["31R180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31R180"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SN COMPUT. SCI."],"DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-022-01435-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]],"date-time":"2022-10-15T13:02:26Z","timestamp":1665838946000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Sharding for Scalable Blockchain Networks"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2620-4362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faiza","family":"Hashim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Shuaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nazar","family":"Zaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1435_CR1","unstructured":"Nakamoto S. Bitcoin: a peerto-peer electronic cash system. Decent Bus Rev 1260 (2008)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1435_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1145\/3158333","volume":"61","author":"H Subramanian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Subramanian H. Decentralized blockchain-based electronic marketplaces. Commun ACM. 2017;61(1):78\u201384.","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"issue":"1&2","key":"1435_CR3","first-page":"51","volume":"11","author":"O Dib","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dib O, Brousmiche K-L, Durand A, Thea E, Hamida EB. Consortium blockchains: overview, applications and challenges. Int J Adv Telecommun. 2018;11(1&2):51\u201364.","journal-title":"Int J Adv Telecommun"},{"issue":"3","key":"1435_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm9030035","volume":"9","author":"K Shuaib","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shuaib K, Saleous H, Shuaib K, Zaki N. Blockchains for secure digitized medicine. J Personal Med. 2019;9(3):35.","journal-title":"J Personal Med"},{"issue":"6\u201310","key":"1435_CR5","first-page":"71","volume":"2","author":"M Crosby","year":"2016","unstructured":"Crosby M, Pattanayak P, Verma S, Kalyanaraman V, et al. Blockchain technology: beyond bitcoin. Appl Innov. 2016;2(6\u201310):71.","journal-title":"Appl Innov"},{"issue":"4","key":"1435_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1504\/IJWGS.2018.095647","volume":"14","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zheng Z, Xie S, Dai H-N, Chen X, Wang H. Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey. Int J Web Grid Serv. 2018;14(4):352\u201375.","journal-title":"Int J Web Grid Serv"},{"key":"1435_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang G, Shi ZJ, Nixon M, Han S (2019) Sok: sharding on blockchain. In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM conference on advances in financial technologies, 2019, pp. 41\u201361","DOI":"10.1145\/3318041.3355457"},{"key":"1435_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149935","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2947613","volume":"7","author":"L Ismail","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ismail L, Materwala H, Zeadally S. Lightweight blockchain for healthcare. IEEE Access. 2019;7:149935\u201351.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1435_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dang H, Dinh TTA, Loghin D, Chang E-C, Lin Q, Ooi BC. Towards scaling blockchain systems via sharding. In: Proceedings of the 2019 international conference on management of data, 2019, pp. 123\u2013140.","DOI":"10.1145\/3299869.3319889"},{"key":"1435_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johri E, Sarkar D, Shah K, Mota M. Addressing scalability and storage issues in block chain using sharding. In: Proceedings of international conference on advancements in computing & management (ICACM), 2019.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3446547"},{"key":"1435_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee DR, Jang Y, Kim H. Poster: a proof-ofstake (pos) blockchain protocol using fair and dynamic sharding management. I:n Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC conference on computer and communications security, 2019, pp. 2553\u20132555.","DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3363254"},{"key":"1435_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo H, Yim J, Kim S. The blockchain for domain based static sharding. In: 2018 17th IEEE international conference on trust, security and privacy in computing and communications\/12th IEEE international conference on big data science and engineering (TrustCom\/BigDataSE). IEEE, 2018, pp. 1689\u20131692","DOI":"10.1109\/TrustCom\/BigDataSE.2018.00252"},{"key":"1435_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luu L, Narayanan V, Zheng C, Baweja K, Gilbert S, Saxena P. A secure sharding protocol for open blockchains. In: Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC conference on computer and communications security, 2016, pp. 17\u201330.","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978389"},{"key":"1435_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokoris-Kogias E, Jovanovic P, Gasser L, Gailly N, Syta E, Ford B. Omniledger: a secure, scale-out, decentralized ledger via sharding. In: 2018 IEEE symposium on security and privacy (SP). IEEE, 2018, pp. 583\u2013598","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2018.000-5"},{"key":"1435_CR15","unstructured":"Sonnino A. Chainspace: a sharded smart contract platform. In: Network and distributed system security symposium 2018 (NDSS 2018), 2018."},{"key":"1435_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamani M, Movahedi M, Raykova M. Rapidchain: scaling blockchain via full sharding. In: Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC conference on computer and communications security, 2018, pp. 931\u2013948.","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243853"},{"key":"1435_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.3009610","volume":"16","author":"S Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li S, Yu M, Yang C-S, Avestimehr AS, Kannan S, Viswanath P. Polyshard: coded sharding achieves linearly scaling efficiency and security simultaneously. IEEE Trans Inf Forens Secur. 2020;16:249\u201361.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forens Secur"},{"key":"1435_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amiri MJ, Agrawal D, El Abbadi A. Sharper: sharding permissioned blockchains over network clusters. In: Proceedings of the 2021 international conference on management of data, 2021, pp. 76\u201388.","DOI":"10.1145\/3448016.3452807"},{"key":"1435_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong W, Dong X, Shen Y, Jiang X. A hierarchical sharding protocol for multidomain iot blockchains. In: ICC 2019\u20132019 IEEE international conference on communications (ICC). IEEE, 2019, pp. 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2019.8761147"},{"key":"1435_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23663","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2969230","volume":"8","author":"AA Mazlan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mazlan AA, Daud SM, Sam SM, Abas H, Rasid SZA, Yusof MF. Scalability challenges in healthcare blockchain system\u2014a systematic review. IEEE Access. 2020;8:23663\u201373.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1435_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14155","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2965147","volume":"8","author":"G Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu G, Wang X, Yu K, Ni W, Zhang JA, Liu RP. Survey: sharding in blockchains. IEEE Access. 2020;8:14155\u201381.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1435_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim S, Kwon Y, Cho S. A survey of scalability solutions on blockchain. In: 2018 International conference on information and communication technology convergence (ICTC). IEEE, 2018, pp. 1204\u20131207.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC.2018.8539529"},{"key":"1435_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang J, Hong Z, Qiu X, Zhan Y, Guo S, Chen W. Skychain: a deep reinforcement learning-empowered dynamic blockchain sharding system. In: 49th International conference on parallel processing-ICPP, 2020, pp. 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1145\/3404397.3404460"},{"key":"1435_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manuskin A, Mirkin M, Eyal I. Ostraka: secure blockchain scaling by node sharding. In: 2020 IEEE European symposium on security and privacy workshops (EuroS&PW). IEEE, 2020, pp. 397\u2013406.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSPW51379.2020.00060"},{"issue":"2","key":"1435_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3006896","volume":"8","author":"J Yun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yun J, Goh Y, Chung JM. Dqn-based optimization framework for secure sharded blockchain systems. IEEE Internet Things J. 2020;8(2):708\u201322.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1435_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.4218\/etrij.2019-0362","volume":"43","author":"Y Abuidris","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abuidris Y, Kumar R, Yang T, Onginjo J. Secure largescale e-voting system based on blockchain contract using a hybrid consensus model combined with sharding. ETRI J. 2021;43(2):357\u201370.","journal-title":"ETRI J"},{"issue":"11","key":"1435_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5889","DOI":"10.3390\/su13115889","volume":"13","author":"F Hashim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hashim F, Shuaib K, Sallabi F. Medshard: electronic health record sharing using blockchain sharding. Sustainability. 2021;13(11):5889.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"1435_CR28","unstructured":"Shard(database architecture). https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shard_(database_architecture)."},{"key":"1435_CR29","unstructured":"Pattishal D. Unorthodox approach to database design. https:\/\/mysqldba.blogspot.com\/2006\/11\/unorthodox-approach-to-database-design.html, 2006."},{"key":"1435_CR30","unstructured":"Kim J. How sharding works.https:\/\/medium.com\/@jeeyoungk\/how-sharding-works-b4dec46b3f6. Accessed 20 Jan 2021."},{"issue":"3","key":"1435_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2491245","volume":"31","author":"JC Corbett","year":"2013","unstructured":"Corbett JC, Dean J, Epstein M, Fikes A, Frost C, Furman JJ, Ghemawat S, Gubarev A, Heiser C, Hochschild P, et al. Spanner: Google\u2019s globally distributed database. ACM Trans Comput Syst (TOCS). 2013;31(3):1\u201322.","journal-title":"ACM Trans Comput Syst (TOCS)"},{"key":"1435_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podda AS, Pompianu L. An overview of blockchain based systems and smart contracts for digital coupons. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM 42nd international conference on software engineering workshops, 2020, pp. 770\u2013778.","DOI":"10.1145\/3387940.3391500"},{"key":"1435_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Nguyen T. Blockchain in healthcare: a new technology benefit for both patients and doctors. In: 2018 Portland international conference on management of engineering and technology (PICMET). IEEE, 2018, pp. 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.23919\/PICMET.2018.8481969"},{"key":"1435_CR34","unstructured":"Linn LA, Koo MB. Blockchain for health data and its potential use in health it and health care related research. In: ONC\/NIST use of blockchain for healthcare and research workshop. Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States: ONC\/NIST. sn, 2016, pp. 1\u201310."},{"key":"1435_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karlsson K, Jiang W, Wicker S, Adams D, Ma E, van Renesse R, Weatherspoon H. Vegvisir: a partition-tolerant blockchain for the internet-of-things. In: 2018 IEEE 38th international conference on distributed computing systems (ICDCS). IEEE, 2018, pp. 1150\u20131158.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2018.00114"},{"issue":"2","key":"1435_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2886932","volume":"21","author":"MS Ali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ali MS, Vecchio M, Pincheira M, Dolui K, Antonelli F, Rehmani MH. Applications of blockchains in the internet of things: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor. 2018;21(2):1676\u2013717.","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutor"},{"key":"1435_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58822","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2914675","volume":"7","author":"SK Lo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lo SK, Liu Y, Chia SY, Xu X, Lu Q, Zhu L, Ning H. Analysis of blockchain solutions for IoT: a systematic literature review. IEEE Access. 2019;7:58822\u201335.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1435_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yetis R, Sahingoz OK. Blockchain based secure communication for IoT devices in smart cities. In: 2019 7th international Istanbul smart grids and cities congress and fair (ICSG). IEEE, 2019, pp. 134\u2013138.","DOI":"10.1109\/SGCF.2019.8782285"},{"key":"1435_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korpela K, Hallikas J, Dahlberg T. Digital supply chain transformation toward blockchain integration. In: Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii international conference on system sciences, 2017.","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2017.506"},{"key":"1435_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caro MP, Ali MS, Vecchio M, Giaffreda R. Blockchain-based traceability in agri-food supply chain management: a practical implementation. In: 2018 IoT vertical and topical summit on agriculture-Tuscany (IOT Tuscany). IEEE, 2018, pp. 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1109\/IOT-TUSCANY.2018.8373021"},{"issue":"4","key":"1435_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458218769699","volume":"25","author":"V Patel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patel V. A framework for secure and decentralized sharing of medical imaging data via blockchain consensus. Health Inform J. 2019;25(4):1398\u2013411.","journal-title":"Health Inform J"},{"key":"1435_CR42","unstructured":"Barinov I, Lysenko V, Beloussov S, Shmulevich M, Protasov S. System and method for verifying data integrity using a blockchain network. 30 Oct. 2018, uS Patent 10,114,980."},{"issue":"14","key":"1435_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-017-5224-6","volume":"77","author":"Q Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu Q, Jin C, Rasid MFBM, Veeravalli B, Aung KMM. Blockchain-based decentralized content trust for docker images. Multimedia Tools Appl. 2018;77(14):18223\u201348.","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl"},{"key":"1435_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubovitskaya A, Xu Z, Ryu S, Schumacher M, Wang F. \u201cHow blockchain could empower ehealth: an application for radiation oncology. In: VLDB workshop on data management and analytics for medicine and healthcare. Springer, 2017, pp. 3\u20136.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67186-4_1"},{"key":"1435_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrmann M, Petzold J, Bombatkar V. Blockchainbacked analytics. Adding blockchain-based quality gates to data science projects. In: 2nd International conference on advanced research methods and analytics (CARMA 2018). Proceedings, 2018.","DOI":"10.4995\/CARMA2018.2018.8292"},{"key":"1435_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang J, Zhou Y, Li X, Xu T, Qiu T. A node rating based sharding scheme for blockchain. In: 2019 IEEE 25th international conference on parallel and distributed systems (ICPADS). IEEE, 2019, pp. 302\u2013309.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPADS47876.2019.00050"},{"key":"1435_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Bassam M, Sonnino A, Bano S, Hrycyszyn D, Danezis G. Chainspace: a sharded smart contracts platform. arXiv preprint arXiv:1708.03778, 2017.","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2018.23241"},{"key":"1435_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Androulaki E, Barger A, Bortnikov V, Cachin C, Christidis K, De Caro A, Enyeart D,Ferris C, Laventman G, Manevich Y, et al. Hyperledger fabric: a distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains. In: Proceedings of the thirteenth EuroSys conference, 2018, pp. 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1145\/3190508.3190538"},{"key":"1435_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danezis G, Meiklejohn S. Centrally banked cryptocurrencies. arXiv preprint arXiv:1505.06895, 2015.","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2016.23187"},{"key":"1435_CR50","unstructured":"Wang J, Wang H. Monoxide: scale out blockchains with asynchronous consensus zones. In: 16th USENIX symposium on networked systems design and implementation (NSDI 19), 2019, pp. 95\u2013112."},{"key":"1435_CR51","first-page":"1","volume":"2021","author":"J Xi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xi J, Zou S, Xu G, Guo Y, Lu Y, Xu J, Zhang X. A comprehensive survey on sharding in blockchains. Mob Inf Syst. 2021;2021:1\u2013122.","journal-title":"Mob Inf Syst"},{"key":"1435_CR52","unstructured":"Bano S, Sonnino A, AlBassam M, Azouvi S, McCorry P, Meiklejohn S, Danezis G. Sok: consensus in the age of blockchains. In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM conference on advances in financial technologies, 2019, pp. 183\u2013198."},{"key":"1435_CR53","unstructured":"Curran B. What is nakamoto consensus?. https:\/\/blockonomi.com\/nakamoto-consensus\/, Accessed 20 Mar 2021"},{"key":"1435_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eyal I, Sirer EG. Majority is not enough: bitcoin mining is vulnerable. In: International conference on financial cryptography and data security. Springer, 2014, pp. 436\u2013454.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45472-5_28"},{"key":"1435_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garay J, Kiayias A, Leonardos N. The bitcoin backbone protocol: analysis and applications. In: Annual international conference on the theory and applications of cryptographic techniques. Springer, 2015, pp. 281\u2013310.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46803-6_10"},{"key":"1435_CR56","unstructured":"Eyal I, Gencer AE, Sirer EG, Van Renesse R. Bitcoin-ng: a scalable blockchain protocol. In: 13th {USENIX} symposium on networked systems design and implementation ({NSDI} 16), 2016, pp. 45\u201359."},{"key":"1435_CR57","unstructured":"Kogias EK, Jovanovic P, Gailly N, Khoffi I, Gasser L, Ford B. Enhancing bitcoin security and performance with strong consistency via collective signing. In: 25th {usenix} security symposium ({usenix} security 16), 2016, pp. 279\u2013296."},{"key":"1435_CR58","unstructured":"Pass R, Shi E. Hybrid consensus: Efficient consensus in the permissionless model. In: 31st International symposium on distributed computing (DISC 2017). Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, 2017"},{"key":"1435_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilad Y, Hemo R, Micali S, Vlachos G, Zeldovich N. \u201cAlgorand: scaling byzantine agreements for cryptocurrencies. In: Proceedings of the 26th symposium on operating systems principles, 2017, pp. 51\u201368.","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132757"},{"key":"1435_CR60","unstructured":"Mazieres D. The stellar consensus protocol: a federated model for internet-level consensus. Stellar Development Foundation, vol. 32, 2015."},{"key":"1435_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartoletti M, Lande S, Podda AS. A proof-of-stake protocol for consensus on bitcoin subchains. In: International conference on financial cryptography and data security. Springer, 2017, pp. 568\u2013584.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70278-0_36"},{"issue":"5","key":"1435_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-021-01749-x","volume":"26","author":"B Guidi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guidi B, Michienzi A, Ricci L. Analysis of witnesses in the steem blockchain. Mobile Netw Appl. 2021;26(5):2099\u2013110.","journal-title":"Mobile Netw Appl"},{"issue":"5","key":"1435_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.20965\/jaciii.2019.p0856","volume":"23","author":"Y Gao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao Y, Kawai S, Nobuhara H. Scalable blockchain protocol based on proof of stake and sharding. J Adv Comput Intell Intell Inform. 2019;23(5):856\u201363.","journal-title":"J Adv Comput Intell Intell Inform"},{"issue":"3","key":"1435_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1145\/2402.322398","volume":"30","author":"L Lamport","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lamport L. The weak byzantine generals problem. J ACM (JACM). 1983;30(3):668\u201376.","journal-title":"J ACM (JACM)"},{"issue":"1999","key":"1435_CR65","first-page":"173","volume":"99","author":"M Castro","year":"1999","unstructured":"Castro M, Liskov B, et al. Practical byzantine fault tolerance. OSDI. 1999;99(1999):173\u201386.","journal-title":"OSDI"},{"key":"1435_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16440","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2967218","volume":"8","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou Q, Huang H, Zheng Z, Bian J. Solutions to scalability of blockchain: a survey. IEEE Access. 2020;8:16440\u201355.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1435_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125244","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3007251","volume":"8","author":"A Hafid","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hafid A, Hafid AS, Samih M. Scaling blockchains: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Access. 2020;8:125244\u201362.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"11","key":"1435_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7650","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3051607","volume":"17","author":"X Cai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cai X, Geng S, Zhang J, Wu D, Cui Z, Zhang W, Chen J. A sharding scheme-based many-objective optimization algorithm for enhancing security in blockchain-enabled industrial internet of things. IEEE Trans Ind Inform. 2021;17(11):7650\u20138.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Inform"},{"issue":"1","key":"1435_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000214","volume":"35","author":"B Ghimire","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghimire B, Rawat DB, Liu C, Li J. Sharding-enabled blockchain for software-defined internet of unmanned vehicles in the battlefield. IEEE Netw. 2021;35(1):101\u20137.","journal-title":"IEEE Netw"},{"key":"1435_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halgamuge MN, Hettikankanamge SC, Mohammad A. Trust model to minimize the influence of malicious attacks in sharding based blockchain networks. In: 2020 IEEE third international conference on artificial intelligence and knowledge engineering (AIKE). IEEE, 2020, pp. 162\u2013167.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIKE48582.2020.00032"},{"key":"1435_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kantesariya S, Goswami D. Determining optimal shard size in a hierarchical blockchain architecture. In: 2020 IEEE international conference on blockchain and cryptocurrency (ICBC). IEEE, 2020, pp. 1\u20133.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBC48266.2020.9169448"},{"key":"1435_CR72","unstructured":"Ometoruwa T. Solving the blockchain trilemma: decentralization, security & scalability. Retrieved May, vol. 17, p. 2018, 2018."}],"container-title":["SN Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-022-01435-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42979-022-01435-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-022-01435-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]],"date-time":"2023-01-07T22:14:07Z","timestamp":1673129647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42979-022-01435-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-022-01435-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2661-8907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2661-8907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"2"}}