{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T15:16:36Z","timestamp":1777130196611,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000185","name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SN COMPUT. SCI."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Requirement change management is a challenging issue in software development. One of the main objectives of the Intent-Defined Adaptive Software program is to verify the satisfaction of requirement changes during software development. In this paper, we develop an ontology-based method to detect inconsistencies in Systems Modeling Language (SysML) models with Object Constraint Language (OCL) constraints as a first step of requirement change management. Specifically, we map the SysML\/OCL models to Web Ontology Language (OWL), so that the consistency of the corresponding ontology can be checked by OWL reasoners automatically. We propose a set of mapping rules to interpret the components of SysML state machine diagrams, along with OCL constraints, to OWL. Toward this objective, we demonstrate three consistency reasoning tasks over a state machine diagram using OWL reasoners. In each case, the result of reasoning is accompanied by an explanation of the logic behind the decision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-022-01577-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T18:25:57Z","timestamp":1674152757000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Detection of Inconsistencies in SysML\/OCL Models Using OWL Reasoning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6937-4308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shan","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Tazin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanji","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mieczyslaw M.","family":"Kokar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1577_CR1","unstructured":"DARPA.: Intent-defined adaptive software (IDAS). https:\/\/www.darpa.mil\/program\/intent-defined-adaptive-software."},{"key":"1577_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsanad AA, Chikh A, Mirza A. A domain ontology for software requirements change management in global software development environment. IEEE Access. 2019;7:49352\u201361, 100223.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2909839"},{"key":"1577_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eito-Brun R, G\u00f3mez-Berb\u00eds JM, de\u00a0Amescua\u00a0Seco A. Knowledge tools to organise software engineering data: development and validation of an ontology based on ECSS standard. Adv Space Res. 2022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2022.04.052"},{"key":"1577_CR4","unstructured":"W3C.: OWL web ontology language: overview. https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/owl-features\/."},{"key":"1577_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu S, Tazin A, Chen Y, Kokar MM, Smith J. Ontology-based detection of inconsistencies in UML\/OCL models. In: international conference on model-driven engineering and software development. 2022.","DOI":"10.5220\/0010814500003119"},{"key":"1577_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belgueliel Y, Bourahla M, Brik M. Towards an ontology for UML state machines. Lect Notes Softw Eng. 2014;2(1):116.","DOI":"10.7763\/LNSE.2014.V2.106"},{"key":"1577_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6ner G, Staab S. Specialization and validation of statecharts in OWL. In: international conference on knowledge engineering and knowledge management. Springer; 2010:360\u2013370.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16438-5_26"},{"key":"1577_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mkhinini MM, Labbani-Narsis O, Nicolle C. Combining UML and ontology: an exploratory survey. Comput Sci Rev. 2020;35:100223.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2019.100223"},{"key":"1577_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Der\u00a0Straeten R, Van R, Straeten D. Using description logic in object-oriented software development. 2002.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE.2002.1115046"},{"key":"1577_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad MA, Nadeem A. Consistency checking of UML models using description logics: a critical review. In: 2010 6th international conference on emerging technologies (ICET). IEEE. 2010:310\u2013315.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICET.2010.5638468"},{"key":"1577_CR11","unstructured":"Elaasar M, Briand L. An overview of UML consistency management. Carleton University, Canada, Technical Report SCE-04-18. 2004."},{"key":"1577_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usman M, Nadeem A, Kim Th, Cho Es A. A survey of consistency checking techniques for UML models. Adv Softw Eng Appl IEEE. 2008;2008:57\u201362.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASEA.2008.40"},{"key":"1577_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baclawski K, Kokar MK, Kogut PA, Hart L, Smith J, Holmes WS, et\u00a0al. Extending UML to support ontology engineering for the semantic web. In: international conference on the unified modeling language. Springer. 2001:342\u2013360.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45441-1_26"},{"key":"1577_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anastasakis G Bordbar, Ray. On challenges of model transformation from UML to Alloy. Software & Systems Modeling. 2010;9(1):69\u201386.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-008-0110-3"},{"key":"1577_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Przigoda W Soeken, Drechsler. Verifying the structure and behavior in UML\/OCL models using satisfiability solvers. IET Cyber-Phys Syst: Theor Appl. 2016;1:49\u201359.","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cps.2016.0022"},{"key":"1577_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwivedi AK, Rath SK. Transformation of alloy notation into a semantic notation. ACM SIGSOFT Softw Eng Notes. 2018;43(1):1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1145\/3178315.3178331"},{"key":"1577_CR17","unstructured":"Gogolla M, Bttner F, Kuhlmann M. System modeling with USE (UML-based Specification Environment). Genie Logiciel. 2008;85:57\u20138."},{"key":"1577_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gogolla M, B\u00fcttner F, Richters M. USE: A UML-based specification environment for validating UML and OCL. Sci Comput Program. 2007;69(1\u20133):27\u201334.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scico.2007.01.013"},{"key":"1577_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latif S, Rehman A, Zafar NA. Modeling of Sewerage System Linking UML, Automata and TLA+. In: 2018 international conference on computing, electronic and electrical engineering (ICE Cube); 2018:1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECUBE.2018.8610971"},{"key":"1577_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latif S, Rehman A, Zafar NA. NFA based formal modeling of smart parking system using TLA+. In: 2019 international conference on information science and communication technology (ICISCT); 2019:1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISCT.2019.8777445"},{"key":"1577_CR21","unstructured":"Lamport L. The TLA+ Toolbox. https:\/\/lamport.azurewebsites.net\/tla\/toolbox.html."},{"key":"1577_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rull G, Farr\u00e9 C, Queralt A, Teniente E, Urp\u00ed T. AuRUS: explaining the validation of UML\/OCL conceptual schemas. Softw & Syst Model. 2015;14:953\u201380.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-013-0350-8"},{"key":"1577_CR23","unstructured":"Filipovikj P. Automated approaches for formal verification of embedded systems artifacts. M\u00e4lardalen University. 2019."},{"key":"1577_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmud N, Seceleanu C, Ljungkrantz O. ReSA tool: structured requirements specification and SAT-based consistency-checking. In: proceedings of the federated conference on computer science and information systems. IEEE. 2016:1737 \u2013 1746.","DOI":"10.15439\/2016F404"},{"key":"1577_CR25","unstructured":"Parreiras FS, Staab S, Winter A. TwoUse: integrating UML models and OWL ontologies. University of Koblenz-Landau. 2007."},{"key":"1577_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berardi D, Calvanese D, De Giacomo G. Reasoning on UML class diagrams. Artif intell. 2005;168(1\u20132):70\u2013118.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2005.05.003"},{"key":"1577_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan AH, Porres I. Consistency of UML class, object and statechart diagrams using ontology reasoners. J Vis Lang & Comput. 2015;26:42\u201365.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvlc.2014.11.006"},{"key":"1577_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan AH, Rauf I, Porres I. Consistency of UML class and statechart diagrams with state invariants. In: MODELSWARD. 2013:14\u201324.","DOI":"10.5220\/0004320100140024"},{"key":"1577_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruber TR. A translation approach to portable ontology specifications. Knowl Acquis. 1993;5(2):199\u2013220.","DOI":"10.1006\/knac.1993.1008"},{"key":"1577_CR30","unstructured":"Stanford University.: Prot$$\\acute{e}$$g$$\\acute{e}$$. http:\/\/protege.stanford.edu\/."},{"key":"1577_CR31","unstructured":"NoMagic.: Cameo concept modeler 2021x plugin documentation. https:\/\/docs.nomagic.com\/."},{"key":"1577_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu C, Yang D, Zhang X, Hu H. An approach to translating OCL invariants into OWL 2 DL axioms for checking inconsistency. Autom Softw Eng. 2017;24(2):295\u2013339.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10515-017-0210-9"}],"container-title":["SN Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-022-01577-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42979-022-01577-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-022-01577-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T16:13:24Z","timestamp":1728749604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42979-022-01577-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-022-01577-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2661-8907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2661-8907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 May 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 December 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"175"}}