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SCI."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Humanity has long since used models, in different shapes and forms, to understand, redesign, communicate about, and shape, the world around us; including many different social, economic, biological, chemical, physical, and digital aspects. This has resulted in a wide range of <jats:italic>modeling practices<\/jats:italic>. When the models as used in such <jats:italic>modeling practices<\/jats:italic> have a key role to play in the activities in which these practices are \u2018embedded\u2019, the need emerges to consider the effectiveness and efficiency of such processes, and speak about <jats:italic>modeling capabilities<\/jats:italic>. In the latter situation, it also becomes relevant to develop a thorough understanding of the artifacts involved in modeling practices\/capabilities. One context in which models play (an increasingly) important role is <jats:italic>model-driven systems development<\/jats:italic>, including software engineering, information systems engineering, business process engineering, enterprise engineering, and enterprise architecture management. In such a context, we come across a rich variety of modeling related artifacts, such as views, diagrams, programs, animations, specifications, etc. In this paper, which is actually part of an ongoing \u2018journey\u2019 in which we aim to gain deeper insights into the foundations of modeling, we take a fundamental look at the variety of modeling related artifacts as used in the context of model-driven (systems) development, while also presenting an associated <jats:italic>framework for understanding<\/jats:italic>, synthesizing the insights we obtained during the \u2018journey\u2019 so-far. In doing so, we will also argue that the aforementioned artifacts are actually specific kinds of models, albeit for fundamentally different purposes. The provided <jats:italic>framework for understanding<\/jats:italic> involves definitions of <jats:italic>domain model<\/jats:italic>, the <jats:italic>Return on Modeling Effort<\/jats:italic> (RoME), the <jats:italic>conceptual fidelity<\/jats:italic> of domain models, as well as <jats:italic>views<\/jats:italic> as a mechanism to manage the complexity of domain models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-024-03163-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T06:02:20Z","timestamp":1725861740000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Understanding the Variety of Domain Models: Views, Programs, Animations, and Other Models"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7318-2496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henderik A.","family":"Proper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Guizzardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"3163_CR1","first-page":"125","volume":"12","author":"L Apostel","year":"1960","unstructured":"Apostel L. 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