{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T17:56:32Z","timestamp":1775066192348,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733961600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SN COMPUT. SCI."],"DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-024-03548-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T13:21:43Z","timestamp":1734009703000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Multi-Level Blockchain-Based Architecture for Securing and Controlling Data Flow in 6G Networks"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Sourour","family":"Maalem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6622-4355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makhlouf","family":"Derdour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akram","family":"Bennour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelatif","family":"Sahraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"3548_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.08.198","volume":"135","author":"N Surantha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Surantha N, Wicaksono WR. Design of smart home security system using object recognition and PIR sensor. Proc Comput Sci. 2018;135:465\u201372.","journal-title":"Proc Comput Sci"},{"key":"3548_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelatif S, Ghozlane A, Roose P. A Virtual clustering for data dissemination in vehicular fog computing. In: 2022 4th International conference on pattern analysis and intelligent systems (PAIS). IEEE; 2022. pp. 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/PAIS56586.2022.9946907"},{"key":"3548_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2023.103595","volume":"213","author":"N-N Dao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dao N-N, Tu NH, Thanh TT, Bao VNQ, Na W, Cho S. Neglected infrastructures for 6G\u2014underwater communications: how mature are they? J Network Comput Appl. 2023;213:103595.","journal-title":"J Network Comput Appl"},{"key":"3548_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakraoui S, Derdour M, Ahmim A. 6G-SECUREIDS: blockchain-enhanced secure knowledge transfer for distributed intrusion detection systems in advanced networks. In: 2023 International conference on networking and advanced systems (ICNAS). IEEE; 2023. pp. 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNAS59892.2023.10330507"},{"key":"3548_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25568","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3361801","volume":"11","author":"G Rathee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rathee G, Iqbal R, Kerrache CA, Song H. TrustNextGen: security aspects of trustworthy next generation industrial internet of things (IIoT). IEEE Internet Things J. 2024;11:25568\u201376.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"3548_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aung N, Dhelim S, Ning H, Kerrache A, Boumaraf S, Chen L, Kechadi MT. Web3-enabled metaverse: the internet of digital twins in a decentralised metaverse. Authorea Preprints; 2024.","DOI":"10.36227\/techrxiv.170421448.84658585\/v1"},{"issue":"5","key":"3548_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051073","volume":"19","author":"H El-Sayed","year":"2019","unstructured":"El-Sayed H, Chaqfeh M. Exploiting mobile edge computing for enhancing vehicular applications in smart cities. Sensors. 2019;19(5):1073.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"3548_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelatif S, Makhlouf D, Roose P, Becktache D. Loop speed trap data collection method for an accurate short-term traffic flow forecasting. In: Mobile web and intelligent information systems: 13th international conference, MobiWIS 2016, Vienna, Austria, August 22\u201324, 2016, Proceedings 13. Springer International Publishing; 2016. pp. 56\u201364.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44215-0_5"},{"issue":"4","key":"3548_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4018\/IJGHPC.2018100104","volume":"10","author":"A Sahraoui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sahraoui A, Makhlouf D, Roose P. Smart traffic management system for anticipating unexpected road incidents in intelligent transportation systems. Int J Grid High Perform Comput (IJGHPC). 2018;10(4):67\u201382.","journal-title":"Int J Grid High Perform Comput (IJGHPC)"},{"issue":"2","key":"3548_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4018\/IJSITA.2018040104","volume":"9","author":"A Sahraoui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sahraoui A, Derdour M, Marzak B. A multi-objective ACO to solve the daily carpool problem. Int J Strat Inf Technol Appl (IJSITA). 2018;9(2):50\u201360.","journal-title":"Int J Strat Inf Technol Appl (IJSITA)"},{"key":"3548_CR11","unstructured":"Abdelatif S, Makhlouf D, Roose P. Extended iCanCloud simulation framework for VANET-Cloud architectures. In: 3rd International conference on networking and advanced systems; 2017."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3548_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1504\/IJITST.2020.104578","volume":"10","author":"S Abdelatif","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdelatif S, Makhlouf D, Ahmim A, Roose P. Vehicular-cloud simulation framework for predicting traffic flow data. Int J Internet Technol Secur Trans. 2020;10(1\u20132):102\u201319.","journal-title":"Int J Internet Technol Secur Trans"},{"issue":"6","key":"3548_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.4288","volume":"33","author":"S Abdelatif","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdelatif S, Derdour M, Ghoualmi-Zine N, Marzak B. VANET: A novel service for predicting and disseminating vehicle traffic information. Int J Commun Syst. 2020;33(6): e4288.","journal-title":"Int J Commun Syst"},{"key":"3548_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105887","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3435920","volume":"12","author":"S Sakraoui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sakraoui S, Ahmim A, Derdour M, Ahmim M, Namane S, Dhaou IB. FBMP-IDS: FL-based blockchain-powered lightweight MPC-secured IDS for 6G networks. IEEE Access. 2024;12:105887\u2013905.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3548_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mebrek A, Le\u0131la M-B, Moez E. Energy efficient solution using stochastic approach for IoT-Fog-Cloud Computing. Dans WiMob; 2019. pp. 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiMOB.2019.8923298"},{"key":"3548_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bisht T, Dinesh D, Usha G, Gautam K. Edge devices and blockchain integration in IoT system: a novel design approach. In: International conference on intelligent data communication technologies and internet of things (IDCIoT); 2023. pp. 35\u201340.","DOI":"10.1109\/IDCIoT56793.2023.10053481"},{"issue":"2","key":"3548_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2021.05.007","volume":"7","author":"M Liyanage","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liyanage M, Porambage P, Ding A, Yi K. Driving forces for multiaccess edge computing (MEC) IoT integration in 5G. ICT Express. 2021;7(2):127\u201337.","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"key":"3548_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6900","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2778504","volume":"6","author":"W Yu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yu W, Liang F, He X, Hatcher WG, Lu C, Lin J, Yang X. A survey on the edge computing for the internet of things. IEEE Access. 2017;6:6900\u201319.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3548_CR19","volume-title":"An IoT based framework reduces the latency and bandwidth for streaming data using fog and edge computing","author":"C Bharadwaj","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bharadwaj C, Saha S. An IoT based framework reduces the latency and bandwidth for streaming data using fog and edge computing. India: Guwahati University; 2021."},{"key":"3548_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2019.08.006","volume":"6","author":"K Sha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sha K, Yang TA, Wei W, Davari S. A survey of edge computing-based designs for IoT security. Digit Commun Networks. 2020;6:195\u2013202.","journal-title":"Digit Commun Networks"},{"issue":"9","key":"3548_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2000175","volume":"58","author":"T Maksymyuk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maksymyuk T, Gazda J, Volosin M, Bugar G, Horvath D, Klymash M, Dohler M. Blockchain-empowered framework for decentralized network management in 6G. IEEE Commun Mag. 2020;58(9):86\u201392.","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Mag"},{"issue":"3","key":"3548_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2020.06.002","volume":"6","author":"H Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu H, Klaine PV, Onireti O, Cao B, Imran M, Zhang L. Blockchain-enabled resource management and sharing for 6G communications. Digit Commun Networks. 2020;6(3):261\u20139.","journal-title":"Digit Commun Networks"},{"key":"3548_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2021.10.002","volume":"8","author":"X Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen X, Liu D, Huang C, Xue L, Yin H, Zhuang W, Sun R, Ying B. Blockchain for transparent data management toward 6G. Engineering. 2022;8:74\u201385.","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"3548_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2000409","volume":"28","author":"Hu Shisheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shisheng Hu, Liang Y-C, Xiong Z, Niyato D. Blockchain and artificial intelligence for dynamic resource sharing in 6G and beyond. IEEE Wirel Commun. 2021;28(4):145\u201351.","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"3548_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1049\/cmu2.12113","volume":"15","author":"R Gupta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gupta R, Nair A, Tanwar S, Kumar N. Blockchain assisted secure UAV communication in 6G environment: Architecture, opportunities, and challenges. IET Commun. 2021;15(10):1352\u201367.","journal-title":"IET Commun"},{"key":"3548_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hewa T, Gurkan G, Kalla A, Ylianttila M, Braeken A, Liyanagek M. The role of blockchain in 6G: challenges, opportunities and research directions. In: 2nd 6G wireless summit (6G SUMMIT); 2020. pp. 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/6GSUMMIT49458.2020.9083784"},{"issue":"4","key":"3548_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3390\/inventions7040109","volume":"7","author":"HH Pajooh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pajooh HH, Demidenko S, Aslam S, Harris M. Blockchain and 6G-Enabled IoT. Inventions. 2022;7(4):109.","journal-title":"Inventions"},{"key":"3548_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2023.103677","volume":"217","author":"A Jahid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jahid A, Alsharif MH, Hall TJ. The convergence of Blockchain, IoT and 6G: potential, opportunities, challenges and research roadmap. J Network Comput Appl. 2023;217:103677.","journal-title":"J Network Comput Appl"},{"issue":"7","key":"3548_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5416","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3020819","volume":"8","author":"S Aggarwal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aggarwal S, Kumar N, Tanwar S. Blockchain envisioned UAV communication using 6G networks: open issues, use cases, and future directions. IEEE Internet Things J. 2020;8(7):5416\u201341.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3548_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2100255","volume":"29","author":"AH Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan AH, Hassan NUL, Yuen C, Zhao J, Niyato D, Zhang Y, Vincent Poor H. Blockchain and 6G: the future of secure and ubiquitous communication. IEEE Wirel Commun. 2021;29(1):194\u2013201.","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"3548_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nwab069","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwab069","volume":"8","author":"J Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang J, Ling X, Le Y, Huang Y, You X. Blockchain-enabled wireless communications: a new paradigm towards 6G. Natl Sci Rev. 2021;8(9):nwab069.","journal-title":"Natl Sci Rev"}],"container-title":["SN Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-024-03548-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42979-024-03548-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-024-03548-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T14:15:32Z","timestamp":1734012932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42979-024-03548-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3548"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-024-03548-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2661-8907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2661-8907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interests"}},{"value":"This paper does not include any research studies involving human participants or animals conducted by the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research Involving Human and\/or Animals"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}],"article-number":"1165"}}