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SCI."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Camera calibration is a fundamental process for essential sports analytics tasks, including augmented reality, player tracking, and scene reconstruction. In soccer, camera calibration aims to estimate the geometric relationship between the field and broadcast footage. The international guidelines for soccer fields, however, permit a size variance of up to <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$1850 \\, \\text {m}^2$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mn>1850<\/mml:mn>\n                    <mml:mspace\/>\n                    <mml:msup>\n                      <mml:mtext>m<\/mml:mtext>\n                      <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:msup>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula> in soccer fields. This paper investigates whether a generic virtual template can serve as a calibration object for soccer broadcast footage from any internationally approved fields. An experiment is conducted to assess if the <jats:italic>F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Football Association<\/jats:italic> (FIFA) recommended field size can be adapted to fit any internationally-approved field. An initial experiment is conducted with regards to four extreme fields and an arbitrary camera view, after which the experiment is enlarged to cover a thousand camera views for all integer-based allowable field shapes. The direct linear transform is utilised to establish a homography matrix\u00a0between the generic template and the extreme fields. The initial findings indicate that the generic template can achieve accuracies of at least <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$93\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mn>93<\/mml:mn>\n                    <mml:mo>%<\/mml:mo>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>, as calculated by the standard metric, however, the extended analysis indicated that some arbitrary camera perspectives limit the accuracy to less than <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$90\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mn>90<\/mml:mn>\n                    <mml:mo>%<\/mml:mo>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>. This accuracy metric, however, considers the overall area of the field rather than its distinct segments. Consequently, in addition to the standard metrics employed in the literature, a novel approach is proposed to calculate the combined <jats:italic>intersection over union<\/jats:italic> (IoU) as the average IoU per field segment within the visible plane.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-024-03636-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T12:22:17Z","timestamp":1737721337000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the Accuracy of a Generic Field Template for Camera Calibration in Soccer Broadcast Footage"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1272-3191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhardt","family":"Breytenbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1868-0759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacomine","family":"Grobler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"3636_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dzia\u0142owski K, Forczma\u0144ski P. 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