{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T04:01:51Z","timestamp":1771473711384,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SN COMPUT. SCI."],"DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-025-03661-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T21:57:48Z","timestamp":1738101468000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["hChain 2.0: Leveraging Blockchain and Distributed File System for EHR Management in Smart Healthcare"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3047-486X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Musharraf N.","family":"Alruwaill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2959-6541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saraju P.","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1616-7628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias","family":"Kougianos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"3661_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S179259","volume":"12","author":"K Adane","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adane K, Gizachew M, Kendie S. The role of medical data in efficient patient care delivery: a review. Risk Manag Healthcare Policy. 2019;12:67\u201373.","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthcare Policy"},{"key":"3661_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alkhodair A, Mohanty SP, Kougianos E. Flexichain 3.0: Distributed ledger technology-based intelligent transportation for vehicular digital asset exchange in smart cities. Sensors 2023;23(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23084114. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/8\/4114","DOI":"10.3390\/s23084114"},{"key":"3661_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alruwaill M, Bapatla AK, Mohanty SP, Kougianos E. FarmIns: blockchain leveraged secure and reliable crop insurance management system. In: 2023 IFIP International Internet of Things Conference (IFIP-IoT-2023), pp. 1\u20138. Denton, USA 2023.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-45882-8_26"},{"key":"3661_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alruwaill MN, Mohanty SP, Kougianos E. Forti-ins: A blockchain based framework to automate healthcare insurance processing in smart cities. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Smart Electronic Systems (iSES), pp. XX\u2013YY 2023. DOIurl: XXX","DOI":"10.1109\/iSES58672.2023.00078"},{"key":"3661_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alruwaill MN, Mohanty SP, Kougianos E. Hchain: Blockchain based healthcare data sharing with enhanced security and privacy location-based-authentication. In: Proceedings of the Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI 2023, GLSVLSI \u201923, p. 97-102. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3583781.3590255.","DOI":"10.1145\/3583781.3590255"},{"key":"3661_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arane SP, Mandhare VV, Vikhe PS. Design of medi-chain: A blockchain and cloud based health record system. In: 2021 Fourth International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT), 2021;1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICECCT52121.2021.9616821","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECCT52121.2021.9616821"},{"key":"3661_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28889","DOI":"10.3390\/s151128889","volume":"15","author":"A Ben Amar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ben Amar A, Kouki AB, Cao H. Power approaches for implantable medical devices. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland). 2015;15:28889\u2013914.","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"3661_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bhushan B, Kumar A, Agarwal AK, Kumar A, Bhattacharya P, Kumar A. Towards a secure and sustainable internet of medical things (iomt): Requirements, design challenges, security techniques, and future trends. Sustainability 2023;15(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15076177. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/7\/6177","DOI":"10.3390\/su15076177"},{"key":"3661_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De\u00a0Fazio R, Mastronardi VM, De\u00a0Vittorio M, Visconti P. Wearable sensors and smart devices to monitor rehabilitation parameters and sports performance: An overview. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2023;23","DOI":"10.3390\/s23041856"},{"issue":"6","key":"3661_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2022.3209804","volume":"26","author":"TV Doan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Doan TV, Psaras Y, Ott J, Bajpai V. Toward decentralized cloud storage with ipfs: Opportunities, challenges, and future considerations. IEEE Internet Comput. 2022;26(6):7\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MIC.2022.3209804.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput"},{"issue":"14","key":"3661_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11717","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3058946","volume":"8","author":"BS Egala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Egala BS, Pradhan AK, Badarla V, Mohanty SP. Fortified-chain: A blockchain-based framework for security and privacy-assured internet of medical things with effective access control. IEEE Internet Things J. 2021;8(14):11717\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3058946.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"14","key":"3661_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12308","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3247452","volume":"10","author":"BS Egala","year":"2023","unstructured":"Egala BS, Pradhan AK, Dey P, Badarla V, Mohanty SP. Fortified-chain 2.0: Intelligent blockchain for decentralized smart healthcare system. IEEE Internet Things J. 2023;10(14):12308\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3247452.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"3661_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82753","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3412754","volume":"12","author":"S Fugkeaw","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fugkeaw S, Prasad Gupta R, Worapaluk K. Secure and fine-grained access control with optimized revocation for outsourced iot ehrs with adaptive load-sharing in fog-assisted cloud environment. IEEE Access. 2024;12:82753\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3412754.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3661_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jain M, Pandey D, Singh NP. Ehr: Patient electronic health records using blockchain security framework. In: 2023 International Conference on Innovative Data Communication Technologies and Application (ICIDCA), 2023;710\u2013715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICIDCA56705.2023.10099789","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIDCA56705.2023.10099789"},{"key":"3661_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur M, Gupta S, Kumar D, Raboaca MS, Goyal SB, Verma C. Ipfs: An off-chain storage solution for blockchain. In: Y.\u00a0Singh, P.K. Singh, M.H. Kolekar, A.K. Kar, P.J.S. Gon\u00e7alves (eds.) Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Innovations in Computing, pp. 513\u2013525. Springer Nature Singapore, Singapore 2023.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-9876-8_39"},{"key":"3661_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L\u00fccking M, Manke R, Schinle M, Kohout L, Nickel S, Stork W. Decentralized patient-centric data management for sharing iot data streams. In: 2020 International Conference on Omni-layer Intelligent Systems (COINS), 2020;1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COINS49042.2020.9191653","DOI":"10.1109\/COINS49042.2020.9191653"},{"key":"3661_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahamuni CV, Sayyed Z, Mishra A. Machine learning for smart cities: A survey. In: 2022 IEEE International Power and Renewable Energy Conference (IPRECON), 2022;1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IPRECON55716.2022.10059521","DOI":"10.1109\/IPRECON55716.2022.10059521"},{"key":"3661_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.05.004","volume":"165\u2013166","author":"NK Mandsberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mandsberg NK, Christfort JF, Kamguyan K, Boisen A, Srivastava SK. Orally ingestible medical devices for gut engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2020;165\u2013166:142\u201354.","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"3661_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manickam P, Mariappan SA, Murugesan SM, Hansda S, Kaushik A, Shinde R, Thipperudraswamy SP. Artificial intelligence (ai) and internet of medical things (iomt) assisted biomedical systems for intelligent healthcare. Biosensors 2022;12","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12080562"},{"key":"3661_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Micucci D, Mobilio M, Napoletano P. Unimib shar: A dataset for human activity recognition using acceleration data from smartphones. Applied Sciences 2017;7(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app7101101. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/7\/10\/1101","DOI":"10.3390\/app7101101"},{"issue":"10","key":"3661_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2023.3303315","volume":"56","author":"NN Minhas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Minhas NN, Mubeen MW, Khawaja H. Distributed ledger technologies for electronic health care: Iota-based remote patient monitoring and telemedicine system. Computer. 2023;56(10):31\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MC.2023.3303315.","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"3661_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mishra P, Singh G. Internet of medical things healthcare for sustainable smart cities: Current status and future prospects. Applied Sciences 2023;13(15). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13158869. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/15\/8869","DOI":"10.3390\/app13158869"},{"key":"3661_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mishra R, Ramesh D, Edla DR. Deletable blockchain based secure ehr storage scheme in multi-cloud environment. In: 2020 IEEE 22nd International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications; IEEE 18th International Conference on Smart City; IEEE 6th International Conference on Data Science and Systems (HPCC\/SmartCity\/DSS), 2020;1057\u20131064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HPCC-SmartCity-DSS50907.2020.00142","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC-SmartCity-DSS50907.2020.00142"},{"key":"3661_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-10200-8","volume":"23","author":"Z Mohammadzadeh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohammadzadeh Z, Saeidnia HR, Lotfata A, Hassanzadeh M, Ghiasi N. Smart city healthcare delivery innovations: a systematic review of essential technologies and indicators for developing nations. BMC Health Serv Res. 2023;23:1180.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"3661_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oladipo ID, AbdulRaheem M, Awotunde JB, Bhoi AK, Adeniyi EA, Abiodun MK. Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms for Smart Cities: A Start-of-the-Art Review, pp. 143\u2013162. Springer International Publishing, Cham 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-82715-1_7.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-82715-1_7"},{"issue":"9","key":"3661_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10802","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2024.3397343","volume":"20","author":"S Reddi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reddi S, Rao PM, Saraswathi P, Jangirala S, Das AK, Jamal SS, Park Y. Privacy-preserving electronic medical record sharing for iot-enabled healthcare system using fully homomorphic encryption, iota, and masked authenticated messaging. IEEE Trans Industr Inf. 2024;20(9):10802\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TII.2024.3397343.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Industr Inf"},{"key":"3661_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reza MR, Singh SK. A framework to secure electronic health records using privacy-enabled hyperledger fabric. In: 2023 IEEE IAS Global Conference on Emerging Technologies (GlobConET), 2023;1\u20137 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GlobConET56651.2023.10150086","DOI":"10.1109\/GlobConET56651.2023.10150086"},{"key":"3661_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sadashiv N, G VS. Swaasthya sampathee: Blockchain based ehr framework. In: 2022 International Conference on Industry 4.0 Technology (I4Tech), 2022;1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/I4Tech55392.2022.9952557","DOI":"10.1109\/I4Tech55392.2022.9952557"},{"key":"3661_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saweros E, Song YT. Connecting personal health records together with ehr using tangle. In: 2019 20th IEEE\/ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel\/Distributed Computing (SNPD), 2019;547\u2013554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SNPD.2019.8935646","DOI":"10.1109\/SNPD.2019.8935646"},{"key":"3661_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shaikh R. Blockchain based cloud storage of patients health records. In: 2022 IEEE Delhi Section Conference (DELCON), 2022;1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DELCON54057.2022.9753574","DOI":"10.1109\/DELCON54057.2022.9753574"},{"key":"3661_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3236451","volume":"18","author":"J Shen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shen J, Zeng P, Choo KKR, Li C. A certificateless provable data possession scheme for cloud-based ehrs. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur. 2023;18:1156\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3236451.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"key":"3661_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sherstinsky A. Fundamentals of recurrent neural network (rnn) and long short-term memory (lstm) network. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena. 2020;404: 132306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physd.2019.132306. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0167278919305974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physd.2019.132306"},{"key":"3661_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shuaib K, Abdella J, Sallabi F, Serhani MA. Secure decentralized electronic health records sharing system based on blockchains. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences 2022;34(8, Part A):5045\u20135058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jksuci.2021.05.002. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1319157821001051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2021.05.002"},{"issue":"6","key":"3661_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4883","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3219113","volume":"10","author":"A Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh A, Chatterjee K, Singh AK, Kumar N. Secure smart healthcare framework using lightweight dna sequence and chaos for mobile-edge computing. IEEE Internet Things J. 2023;10(6):4883\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3219113.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"3661_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh S, Gupta S. Indu: Medehr-electronic health record using blockchain. In: 2023 International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communication Technology and Networking (CICTN), 2023;58\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CICTN57981.2023.10141053","DOI":"10.1109\/CICTN57981.2023.10141053"},{"key":"3661_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7218113","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7218113","volume":"2022","author":"J Srivastava","year":"2022","unstructured":"Srivastava J, Routray S, Ahmad S, Waris MM. Internet of medical things (iomt)-based smart healthcare system: Trends and progress. Comput Intell Neurosci. 2022;2022:7218113.","journal-title":"Comput Intell Neurosci"},{"key":"3661_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Taherdoost H. Smart contracts in blockchain technology: A critical review. Information 2023;14(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info14020117. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/14\/2\/117","DOI":"10.3390\/info14020117"},{"key":"3661_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thong\u00a0Tran ND, Leung CK, Madill EW, Binh PT. A deep learning based predictive model for healthcare analytics. In: 2022 IEEE 10th International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI), 2022;547\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICHI54592.2022.00106","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHI54592.2022.00106"},{"key":"3661_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tripathi G, Ahad MA, Casalino G. A comprehensive review of blockchain technology: Underlying principles and historical background with future challenges. Decision Analytics Journal. 2023;9: 100344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dajour.2023.100344. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2772662223001844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dajour.2023.100344"},{"key":"3661_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Verma,P, Fatima S. Smart Healthcare Applications and Real-Time Analytics Through Edge Computing, pp. 241\u2013270. Springer International Publishing, Cham 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-37526-3_11.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-37526-3_11"},{"key":"3661_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Walid R, Joshi KP, Geol\u00a0Choi S, Kim Dy. Cloud-based encrypted ehr system with semantically rich access control and searchable encryption. In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), 2020;4075\u20134082.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/BigData50022.2020.9378002","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData50022.2020.9378002"},{"issue":"6","key":"3661_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3668","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2021.3085913","volume":"15","author":"R Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang R, Xue R, Liu L. Security and privacy for healthcare blockchains. IEEE Trans Serv Comput. 2022;15(6):3668\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSC.2021.3085913.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Serv Comput"}],"container-title":["SN Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-025-03661-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42979-025-03661-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-025-03661-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T21:57:52Z","timestamp":1738101472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42979-025-03661-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["3661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-025-03661-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2661-8907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2661-8907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors confirm that there are no competing interests in this work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"116"}}