{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T15:35:45Z","timestamp":1777995345418,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SN COMPUT. SCI."],"DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-025-03989-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T12:29:49Z","timestamp":1746448189000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["EIMF: An Enhanced Iterative Mean Filter for Effective Denoising of Medical CT Images"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Bhaskar Jyoti","family":"Singha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nitya","family":"Jitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2564-426X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosy","family":"Sarmah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dhruba K.","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"3989_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374457-9.00007-X","volume-title":"The essential guide to image processing","author":"C Boncelet","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boncelet C. Chapter 7\u2013Image noise models. In: Bovik A, editor. The essential guide to image processing. Boston: Academic Press; 2009. p. 143\u201367."},{"key":"3989_CR2","volume-title":"Introduction to image processing","author":"A Marion","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marion A. Introduction to image processing. New York: Springer; 2013."},{"key":"3989_CR3","first-page":"359","volume":"23","author":"S Memi\u015f","year":"2021","unstructured":"Memi\u015f S, Erkan U. Different adaptive modified Riesz mean filter for high-density salt-and-pepper noise removal in grayscale images. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2021;23:359\u201367.","journal-title":"Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi"},{"key":"3989_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.04.031","volume":"171","author":"D Thanh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thanh D, Hien NN, Kalavathi P, Surya Prasath VB. Adaptive switching weight mean filter for salt and pepper image denoising. Procedia Comput Sci. 2020;171:292\u2013301.","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"key":"3989_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35401","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-08110-1","volume":"78","author":"S Engino\u011flu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Engino\u011flu S, Erkan U, Memi\u015f S. Pixel similarity-based adaptive Riesz mean filter for salt-and-pepper noise removal. Multimedia Tools Appl. 2019;78:35401\u201318.","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl"},{"key":"3989_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167847","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2953924","volume":"7","author":"U Erkan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erkan U, Thanh DNH, Hieu LM, Enginoglu S. An iterative mean filter for image denoising. IEEE Access. 2019;7:167847\u201359.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR7","first-page":"304","volume":"7","author":"S Engino\u011flu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Engino\u011flu S, Erkan U, Memi\u015f S. Adaptive Ces\u00e1ro mean filter for salt-and-pepper noise removal. El-Cezeri. 2020;7(1):304\u201314.","journal-title":"El-Cezeri"},{"issue":"15","key":"3989_CR8","first-page":"7037","volume":"11","author":"JR Chang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang JR, Chen YS, Lo CM, Chen HC. An advanced AFWMF model for identifying high random-valued impulse noise for image processing. Appl Sci (Switzerland). 2021;11(15):7037.","journal-title":"Appl Sci (Switzerland)"},{"issue":"2","key":"3989_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2012.08.022","volume":"93","author":"X Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang X, Zhan Y, Ding M, Hou W, Yin Z. Decision-based non-local means filter for removing impulse noise from digital images. Signal Process. 2013;93(2):517\u201324.","journal-title":"Signal Process"},{"issue":"10","key":"3989_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2014.2333012","volume":"21","author":"P Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang P, Li F. A new adaptive weighted mean filter for removing salt-and-pepper noise. IEEE Signal Process Lett. 2014;21(10):1280\u20133.","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Lett"},{"issue":"11","key":"3989_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5815\/ijigsp.2012.11.08","volume":"4","author":"P Patel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Patel P. Dynamic adaptive median filter (DAMF) for removal of high density impulse noise. Int J Image Graph Signal Process. 2012;4(11):53\u201362.","journal-title":"Int J Image Graph Signal Process"},{"issue":"3","key":"3989_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2009.2038769","volume":"17","author":"K Toh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Toh K, Isa N. Noise adaptive fuzzy switching median filter for salt-and-pepper noise reduction. IEEE Signal Process Lett. 2010;17(3):281\u20134.","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"3989_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2018.2805289","volume":"26","author":"V Singh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Singh V, Dev R, Dhar NK, Agrawal P, Verma NK. Adaptive type-2 fuzzy approach for filtering salt and pepper noise in grayscale images. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst. 2018;26(5):3170\u20136.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst"},{"key":"3989_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamir SW, Arora A, Khan S, Hayat M, Khan FS, Yang M-H. Restormer: efficient transformer for high-resolution image restoration. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 2022. pp. 5728\u20135739.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00564"},{"key":"3989_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang J, Cao J, Sun G, Zhang K, Van GL, Timofte R. SwinIR: image restoration using swin transformer. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision. 2021. pp. 1833\u20131844.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW54120.2021.00210"},{"issue":"8","key":"3989_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2007.901238","volume":"16","author":"K Dabov","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dabov K, Foi A, Katkovnik V, Egiazarian K. Image denoising by sparse 3-D transform-domain collaborative filtering. IEEE Trans Image Process. 2007;16(8):2080\u201395.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"3989_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu S, Zhang L, Zuo W, Feng X. Weighted nuclear norm minimization with application to image denoising. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 2014. pp. 2862\u20132869.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.366"},{"issue":"7","key":"3989_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2017.2662206","volume":"26","author":"K Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang K, Zuo W, Chen Y, Meng D, Zhang L. Beyond a gaussian denoiser: Residual learning of deep CNN for image denoising. IEEE Trans Image Process. 2017;26(7):3142\u201355.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"3989_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang K, Zuo W, Gu S, Zhang L. Learning deep CNN denoiser prior for image restoration. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 2017. pp. 3929\u20133938.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.300"},{"issue":"9","key":"3989_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4608","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2839891","volume":"27","author":"K Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang K, Zuo W, Zhang L. FFDNet: toward a fast and flexible solution for CNN-based image denoising. IEEE Trans Image Process. 2018;27(9):4608\u201322.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"3989_CR21","unstructured":"Pl\u00f6tz T, Roth S. Neural nearest neighbors networks. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, vol. 31. 2018."},{"key":"3989_CR22","unstructured":"Liu D, Wen B, Fan Y, Loy CC, Huang TS. Non-local recurrent network for image restoration. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, vol. 31. 2018."},{"key":"3989_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu P, Zhang H, Zhang K, Lin L, Zuo W. Multi-level wavelet-CNN for image restoration. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops. 2018. pp. 773\u2013782.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2018.00121"},{"key":"3989_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia X, Liu S, Feng X, Zhang L. FOCNet: a fractional optimal control network for image denoising. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 2019. pp. 6054\u20136063.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00621"},{"key":"3989_CR25","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Li K, Li K, Zhong B, Fu Y. Residual non-local attention networks for image restoration. 2019. arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.10082."},{"issue":"10","key":"3989_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6360","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2021.3088914","volume":"44","author":"K Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang K, Li Y, Zuo W, Zhang L, Van Gool L, Timofte R. Plug-and-play image restoration with deep denoiser prior. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell. 2021;44(10):6360\u201376.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2007.12.026","volume":"201","author":"A Peiravi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Peiravi A, Kheibari HT. A fast algorithm for connectivity graph approximation using modified Manhattan distance in dynamic networks. Appl Math Comput. 2008;201(1):319\u201332.","journal-title":"Appl Math Comput"},{"key":"3989_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin D, Fowlkes C, Tal D, Malik J. A database of human segmented natural images and its application to evaluating segmentation algorithms and measuring ecological statistics. In: Proceedings eighth IEEE international conference on computer vision. ICCV 2001, vol. 2. IEEE; 2001. pp. 416\u2013423.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2001.937655"},{"key":"3989_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang J-B, Singh A, Ahuja N. Single image super-resolution from transformed self-exemplars. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 2015. pp. 5197\u20135206.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7299156"},{"key":"3989_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hor\u00e9 A, Ziou D. Image quality metrics: PSNR vs. SSIM. In: Proceedings\u2014international conference on pattern recognition. 2010. pp. 2366\u20132369.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2010.579"},{"issue":"4","key":"3989_CR31","first-page":"506","volume":"13","author":"J-F F\u00e9raud","year":"2017","unstructured":"F\u00e9raud J-F. Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. Dictionaire critique de la langue fran\u00e7aise. 2017;13(4):506\u201375.","journal-title":"Dictionaire critique de la langue fran\u00e7aise"},{"issue":"1","key":"3989_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3354\/cr030079","volume":"30","author":"CJ Willmott","year":"2005","unstructured":"Willmott CJ, Matsuura K. Advantages of the mean absolute error (MAE) over the root mean square error (RMSE) in assessing average model performance. Clim Res. 2005;30(1):79\u201382.","journal-title":"Clim Res"}],"container-title":["SN Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-025-03989-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42979-025-03989-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-025-03989-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T12:29:56Z","timestamp":1746448196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42979-025-03989-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["3989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-025-03989-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2661-8907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2661-8907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained for this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"449"}}