{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T04:09:14Z","timestamp":1747282154986,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SN COMPUT. SCI."],"DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-025-04002-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T09:57:34Z","timestamp":1747216654000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Presence to Plausibility: Towards a Comprehensive Questionnaire for the Full Mixed Reality Spectrum"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1435-3224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Ballestin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3642-7037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heike","family":"Diepeveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7156-3430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ece","family":"Alev \u00c7atar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3591-3577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Borsci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"4002_CR1","unstructured":"Alexander T, et al. Assessment of Presence in Augmented and Mixed Reality: Presence in Augmented and Mixed Reality\u201d. In: Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 2021. ACM SigCHI. 2021."},{"key":"4002_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandre A, et al. \u201cAssessing the Impact of Mixed Reality Immersion on Presence and Embodiment\u201d. In: Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Motion, Interaction and Games. 2021;1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1145\/3487983.3488304"},{"key":"4002_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ballestin G, Diepeveen H. Sense of Presence, Realism, and Simulation Sickness in Operational Tasks: A Comparative Analysis of Virtual and Mixed Reality. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications - Volume 1: GRAPP, HUCAPP and IVAPP. 2024, pp.\u00a0341\u2013349. ISBN: 978-989-758-679-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5220\/0012256300003660.","DOI":"10.5220\/0012256300003660"},{"issue":"1","key":"4002_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-021-01582-9","volume":"26","author":"S Borsci","year":"2022","unstructured":"Borsci S, et al. The Chatbot Usability Scale: The Design and Pilot of a Usability Scale for Interaction with AI-Based Conversational Agents. Personal Ubiquit Comput. 2022;26(1):95\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00779-021-01582-9.","journal-title":"Personal Ubiquit Comput."},{"issue":"6","key":"4002_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650212450585","volume":"41","author":"H Cho","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cho H, Shen L, Wilson K. Perceived Realism: Dimensions and Roles in Narrative Persuasion. Commun Res. 2014;41(6):828\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093650212450585.","journal-title":"Commun Res."},{"key":"4002_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christoph A, et al. State of the art of virtual reality technology. 2016 IEEE aerospace conference. IEEE. 2016;1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2016.7500674"},{"key":"4002_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1017\/pds.2022.37","volume":"2","author":"C Cox","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cox C, Hicks B, Gopsill J. Improving mixed-reality prototyping through a classification and characterisation of fidelity. Proc Design Soc. 2022;2:353\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/pds.2022.37.","journal-title":"Proc Design Soc."},{"key":"4002_CR8","unstructured":"DeVellis RF. Scale Development: Theory and Applications. SAGE, 2012."},{"key":"4002_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64828","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3075780","volume":"9","author":"Ballestin Giorgio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giorgio Ballestin, Manuela Chessa, Fabio Solari. A registration framework for the comparison of video and optical see-through devices in interactive augmented reality. IEEE Access. 2021;9:64828\u201343.","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"issue":"4","key":"4002_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2003.tb02914.x","volume":"53","author":"A Hall","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hall A. Reading realism: audiences\u2019 evaluations of the reality of media texts. J Commun. 2003;53(4):624\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2003.tb02914.x.","journal-title":"J Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"4002_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-019-00422-9","volume":"24","author":"D Harris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harris D, Wilson M, Vine S. Development and validation of a simulation workload measure: The simulation task load index (SIM-TLX). Virtual Real. 2020;24(4):557\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-019-00422-9.","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"4002_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hart Sandra G. NASA-task load index (NASA-TLX); 20 years later. In: Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting. Vol.\u00a050(9). Sage publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA. 2006;904\u2013908.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120605000909"},{"key":"4002_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2020.00002","author":"M Hofer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hofer M, et al. The Role of Plausibility in the Experience of Spatial Presence in Virtual Environments. Front Virtual Real. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2020.00002.","journal-title":"Front Virtual Real"},{"issue":"4","key":"4002_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164417709314","volume":"78","author":"H Hoofs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoofs H, et al. Evaluating Model Fit in Bayesian Confirmatory Factor Analysis With Large Samples: Simulation Study Introducing the BRMSEA. Educ Psychol Measur. 2018;78(4):537\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164417709314.","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Measur."},{"key":"4002_CR15","unstructured":"ISO, International Organization for Standardization. Ergonomics of human-system interaction \u2014 Part 11: Usability: Definitions and concepts (ISO Standard No.9241-11:2018). Tech. rep. Retrieved July 16, 2023. 2018. https:\/\/www.iso.org\/obp\/ui\/#iso:std:iso:9241:-11:ed-2:v1:en."},{"issue":"5","key":"4002_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2022.3150496","volume":"28","author":"Br\u00fcbach Larissa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Larissa Br\u00fcbach, et al. Breaking plausibility without breaking presence-Evidence for the multi-layer nature of plausibility. IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graph. 2022;28(5):2267\u201376.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graph."},{"key":"4002_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.694433","author":"ME Latoschik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Latoschik ME, Wienrich C. Congruence and Plausibility, Not Presence: Pivotal Conditions for XR Experiences and Effects, a Novel Approach. Front Virtual Real. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2022.694433.","journal-title":"Front Virtual Real"},{"key":"4002_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis JR, Utesch BS, Maher DE. UMUX-LITE: when there\u2019s no time for the SUS. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 2013;2099\u20132102.","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2481287"},{"key":"4002_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mal D, et al. Virtual Human Coherence and Plausibility \u2013 Towards a Validated Scale. In: 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW). 2022;788\u2013789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VRW55335.2022.00245.","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW55335.2022.00245"},{"key":"4002_CR20","unstructured":"Milgram P, Kishino F. A Taxonomy of Mixed Reality Visual Displays. IEICE Trans Inf Syst. 1994;E77-D.12:1321\u20131329."},{"key":"4002_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3501953","author":"T Muender","year":"2022","unstructured":"Muender T, et al. Haptic fidelity framework: defining the factors of realistic haptic feedback for virtual reality. CHI Conf Human Fact Comput Syst. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3491102.3501953.","journal-title":"CHI Conf Human Fact Comput Syst."},{"key":"4002_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller J, et al. A qualitative comparison between augmented and virtual reality collaboration with handheld devices. In: Proceedings of Mensch und Computer 2019. 2019;399\u2013410.","DOI":"10.1145\/3340764.3340773"},{"key":"4002_CR23","unstructured":"Naik Anil G, Reddy Anurag. Industrial Trends, Challenges & Opportunities in the field of Augmented & Virtual Reality. Int J Comput Eng Technol (IJCET). 2023;14(2):1\u201316."},{"key":"4002_CR24","unstructured":"Piatek R. BayesFM: bayesian inference for factor modeling (0.1.5). 2021. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/BayesFM\/index.html."},{"key":"4002_CR25","unstructured":"Popova LN. Perceived reality of media messages: Concept explication and testing. 2010. https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Perceived-reality-of-media-messages%3A-Concept-and-Popova\/da210ee10cc6d54b3f98725abe1d3693a8e39451."},{"key":"4002_CR26","unstructured":"Revelle W. An overview of the psych package. 2010."},{"key":"4002_CR27","unstructured":"Riva G, Davide F, IJsselsteijn WA. Being there: Concepts, effects and measurements of user presence in synthetic environments. Ios Press, 2003."},{"key":"4002_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rolland JP, Fuchs H. Optical versus video see-through head-mounted displays in medical visualization. In: Presence. 2000;9(3):287\u2013309.","DOI":"10.1162\/105474600566808"},{"issue":"6","key":"4002_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2016.1157207","volume":"35","author":"M Schmettow","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmettow M, Sommer J. Linking card sorting to browsing performance - are congruent municipal websites more efficient to use? Behav Inf Technol. 2016;35(6):452\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144929X.2016.1157207.","journal-title":"Behav Inf Technol."},{"key":"4002_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schubert T, Friedmann F, Regenbrecht H (2001). The experience of presence: Factor analytic insights. Presence: Teleoper Virtual Environ. 10(3):266\u2013281.","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601300343603"},{"issue":"2","key":"4002_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1089\/109493101300117884","volume":"4","author":"J Schuemie Martijn","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schuemie Martijn J, et al. Research on presence in virtual reality: a survey. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2001;4(2):183\u2013201.","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav."},{"issue":"6","key":"4002_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96:1","DOI":"10.1145\/3134301","volume":"50","author":"R Skarbez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Skarbez R, Brooks FP, Whitton MC. A Survey of Presence and Related Concepts. ACM Comput Surveys. 2017;50(6):96:1-96:39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3134301.","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surveys."},{"key":"4002_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.647997","volume":"2","author":"R Skarbez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Skarbez R, Smith M, Whitton MC. Revisiting Milgram and Kishino\u2019s reality-virtuality continuum. Front Virtual Real. 2021;2: 647997.","journal-title":"Front Virtual Real"},{"issue":"4","key":"4002_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1162\/1054746041944849","volume":"13","author":"M Slater","year":"2004","unstructured":"Slater M. How colorful was your day? Why questionnaires cannot assess presence in virtual environments. Presence. 2004;13(4):484\u201393.","journal-title":"Presence."},{"issue":"1535","key":"4002_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0138","volume":"364","author":"M Slater","year":"2009","unstructured":"Slater M. Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments. Philos Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci. 2009;364(1535):3549\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2009.0138.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci."},{"key":"4002_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.914392","author":"M Slater","year":"2022","unstructured":"Slater M, et al. A Separate Reality: An Update on Place Illusion and Plausibility in Virtual Reality. Front Virtual Real. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2022.914392.","journal-title":"Front Virtual Real"},{"key":"4002_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slater M, Usoh M, Steed A. Depth of Presence in Immersive Virtual Environments. Teleoper Virtual Environ Presence 1994;3.","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1994.3.2.130"},{"issue":"8","key":"4002_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3466817","volume":"54","author":"V Souza","year":"2022","unstructured":"Souza V, et al. Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Survey. ACM Comput Surv. 2022;54(8):1\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3466817.","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv."},{"key":"4002_CR39","unstructured":"Tang A, Biocca F, Lim L, et al. Comparing differences in presence during social interaction in augmented reality versus virtual reality environments: An exploratory study. Proc Presence. 2004;204\u2013208."},{"key":"4002_CR40","unstructured":"Taylor JM. Overview and illustration of Bayesian confirmatory factor Analysis with ordinal indicators. Pract Assess Res Eval 2019;24(1)."},{"issue":"5","key":"4002_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1162\/105474600566989","volume":"9","author":"M Usoh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Usoh M, et al. Using presence questionnaires in reality. Presence. 2000;9(5):497\u2013503.","journal-title":"Presence."},{"issue":"4","key":"4002_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.18.4.249","volume":"18","author":"I Wagner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wagner I, et al. On the role of presence in mixed reality. Presence. 2009;18(4):249\u201376.","journal-title":"Presence."},{"issue":"5","key":"4002_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2680","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3247046","volume":"29","author":"F Westermeier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Westermeier F, et al. Exploring Plausibility and Presence in Mixed Reality Experiences. IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graph. 2023;29(5):2680\u20139.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graph."},{"key":"4002_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wienrich C, D\u00f6llinger N, Hein R. Behavioral Framework of Immersive Technologies (BehaveFIT): How and Why Virtual Reality can Support Behavioral Change Processes. Front Virtual Reality 2021:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2021.627194.","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.627194"},{"issue":"3","key":"4002_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1162\/105474605323384654","volume":"14","author":"BG Witmer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Witmer BG, Jerome CJ, Singer MJ. The Factor Structure of the Presence Questionnaire. Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ. 2005;14(3):298\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/105474605323384654.","journal-title":"Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ."},{"key":"4002_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR55827.2022.00065","volume":"2022","author":"E Wolf","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wolf E, et al. Plausibility and Perception of Personalized Virtual Humans between Virtual and Augmented Reality. IEEE Int Symp Mixed Augment Real (ISMAR). 2022;2022:489\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISMAR55827.2022.00065.","journal-title":"IEEE Int Symp Mixed Augment Real (ISMAR)."},{"key":"4002_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yale RN. Measuring Narrative Believability: Development and Validation of the Narrative Believability Scale (NBS-12). 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcom.12035.","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12035"},{"key":"4002_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youngblut C. Experience of presence in virtual environments. Institute for defense analyses alexandria va: Tech. rep 2003.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA427495"},{"key":"4002_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rio.2021.100160","volume":"5","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Zhang J, Fang F. Vergence-accommodation conflict in optical see-through display: Review and prospect. Results Opt. 2021;5: 100160.","journal-title":"Results Opt."}],"container-title":["SN Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-025-04002-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42979-025-04002-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-025-04002-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T09:57:45Z","timestamp":1747216665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42979-025-04002-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["4002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-025-04002-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2661-8907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2661-8907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no Conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Maritime Research Study Netherlands (MARIN).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research Involving Humans"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}],"article-number":"470"}}