{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T15:27:02Z","timestamp":1777735622289,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India","award":["Visvesvaraya Ph.D. scheme with grant number 1000110674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Visvesvaraya Ph.D. scheme with grant number 1000110674"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SN COMPUT. SCI."],"DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-025-04381-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T10:38:40Z","timestamp":1758278320000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sparse Volterra Equalizer for Compensation of Frequency Offset and Laser Phase Noise in Standard Single Mode Fiber"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2398-604X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neeraj","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satyasai Jagannath","family":"Nanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravi Kumar","family":"Maddila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"4381_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1109\/3.42059","volume":"25","author":"GP Agrawal","year":"1989","unstructured":"Agrawal GP, Olsson NA. Self-phase modulation and spectral broadening of optical pulses in semiconductor laser amplifiers. IEEE J Quantum Electron. 1989;25(11):2297\u2013306.","journal-title":"IEEE J Quantum Electron"},{"issue":"4","key":"4381_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2719958","volume":"19","author":"A Amari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Amari A, Dobre OA, Venkatesan R, Kumar OS, Ciblat P, Jaou\u00ebn Y. A survey on fiber nonlinearity compensation for 400 gb\/s and beyond optical communication systems. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor. 2017;19(4):3097\u2013113.","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutor"},{"issue":"20","key":"4381_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.92.208301","volume":"92","author":"T Brixner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brixner T, Krampert G, Pfeifer T, Selle R, Gerber G, Wollenhaupt M, et al. Quantum control by ultrafast polarization shaping. Phys Rev Lett. 2004;92(20):208\u2013301.","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"7033","key":"4381_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03429","volume":"434","author":"T Brixner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brixner T, Stenger J, Vaswani HM, Cho M, Blankenship RE, Fleming GR. Two-dimensional spectroscopy of electronic couplings in photosynthesis. Nature. 2005;434(7033):625\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"4381_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3031195","volume":"25","author":"DF Carrera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carrera DF, Zabala-Blanco D, Vargas-Rosales C, Azurdia-Meza CA. Extreme learning machine-based receiver for multi-user massive mimo systems. IEEE Commun Lett. 2020;25(2):484\u20138.","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Lett"},{"key":"4381_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chaoui F, Aghzout O, Alejos AV, Falcone F, Chakkour M, Yakhloufi ME. Reduction of four-wave mixing nonlinear effects in dense wdm optical long-haul networks. In: 2016 5th International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems (ICMCS), 2016; pp. 468\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICMCS.2016.7905573.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMCS.2016.7905573"},{"issue":"11","key":"4381_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e350","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2015.123","volume":"4","author":"D Colas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Colas D, Dominici L, Donati S, Pervishko AA, Liew TC, Shelykh IA, et al. Polarization shaping of poincar\u00e9 beams by polariton oscillations. Light Sci Appl. 2015;4(11):e350\u2013e350.","journal-title":"Light Sci Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"4381_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/50.108732","volume":"10","author":"SG Evangelides","year":"1992","unstructured":"Evangelides SG, Mollenauer LF, Gordon JP, Bergano NS. Polarization multiplexing with solitons. J Lightwave Technol. 1992;10(1):28\u201335.","journal-title":"J Lightwave Technol"},{"key":"4381_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2024.103889","volume":"88","author":"X Fang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fang X, Xu Y, Zuo S, Zhou H, Li L. A novel sparse Volterra model based fiber nonlinear equalization method for polarization-division-multiplexed co-ofdm systems. Opt Fiber Technol. 2024;88:103\u2013889.","journal-title":"Opt Fiber Technol"},{"issue":"17","key":"4381_CR10","first-page":"1246","volume":"23","author":"I Fatadin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fatadin I, Savory SJ. Compensation of frequency offset for 16-qam optical coherent systems using qpsk partitioning. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett. 2011;23(17):1246\u20138.","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol Lett"},{"issue":"21","key":"4381_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6733","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3108006","volume":"39","author":"PJ Freire","year":"2021","unstructured":"Freire PJ, Abode D, Prilepsky JE, Costa N, Spinnler B, Napoli A, et al. Transfer learning for neural networks-based equalizers in coherent optical systems. J Lightwave Technol. 2021;39(21):6733\u201345.","journal-title":"J Lightwave Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4381_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.002446","volume":"25","author":"M Gagni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gagni M, Guiomar FP, Wabnitz S, Pinto AN. Simplified high-order Volterra series transfer function for optical transmission links. Opt Express. 2017;25(3):2446\u201359.","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"issue":"12","key":"4381_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2009.03.002","volume":"282","author":"Y Gao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gao Y, Zhang F, Dou L, Chen Z, Xu A. Intra-channel nonlinearities mitigation in pseudo-linear coherent qpsk transmission systems via nonlinear electrical equalizer. Opt Commun. 2009;282(12):2421\u20135.","journal-title":"Opt Commun"},{"issue":"14","key":"4381_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2014.2321434","volume":"26","author":"E Giacoumidis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Giacoumidis E, Aldaya I, Jarajreh MA, Tsokanos A, Le ST, Farjady F, et al. Volterra-based reconfigurable nonlinear equalizer for coherent ofdm. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett. 2014;26(14):1383\u20136.","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"4381_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.000276","volume":"21","author":"FP Guiomar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guiomar FP, Reis JD, Carena A, Bosco G, Teixeira AL, Pinto AN. Experimental demonstration of a frequency-domain Volterra series nonlinear equalizer in polarization-multiplexed transmission. Opt Express. 2013;21(1):276\u201388.","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"issue":"2","key":"4381_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.001360","volume":"20","author":"FP Guiomar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guiomar FP, Reis JD, Teixeira AL, Pinto AN. Mitigation of intra-channel nonlinearities using a frequency-domain Volterra series equalizer. Opt Express. 2012;20(2):1360\u20139.","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"issue":"18","key":"4381_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2008.928846","volume":"20","author":"S Hoffmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hoffmann S, Bhandare S, Pfau T, Adamczyk O, Wordehoff C, Peveling R, et al. Frequency and phase estimation for coherent qpsk transmission with unlocked dfb lasers. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett. 2008;20(18):1569\u201371.","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol Lett"},{"key":"4381_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang C, Fujisawa S, de\u00a0Lima TF, Tait AN, Blow E, Tian Y, Bilodeau S, Jha A, Yaman F, Batshon HG, Peng HT, Shastri BJ, Inada Y, Wang T, Prucnal PR. Demonstration of photonic neural network for fiber nonlinearity compensation in long-haul transmission systems. In: 2020 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), pp. 1\u20133 2020.","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2020.Th4C.6"},{"issue":"1","key":"4381_CR19","first-page":"14","volume":"5","author":"H Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang H, Milione G, Lavery MP, Xie G, Ren Y, Cao Y, et al. Mode division multiplexing using an orbital angular momentum mode sorter and mimo-dsp over a graded-index few-mode optical fibre. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):14\u2013931.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4381_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2017.2649223","volume":"9","author":"A Jain","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jain A, Krishnamurthy PK, Landais P, Anandarajah PM. Ekf for joint mitigation of phase noise, frequency offset and nonlinearity in 400 gb\/s pm-16-qam and 200 gb\/s pm-qpsk systems. IEEE Photonics J. 2017;9(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J"},{"key":"4381_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2019.124360","volume":"454","author":"M Kasmi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kasmi M, Mhatli S, Bahloul F, Dayoub I, Oh K. Performance analysis of ufmc waveform in graded index fiber for 5g communications and beyond. Optics Communications. 2020;454:124360.","journal-title":"Optics Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"4381_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2015.2463719","volume":"34","author":"K Kikuchi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kikuchi K. Fundamentals of coherent optical fiber communications. J Lightwave Technol. 2016;34(1):157\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JLT.2015.2463719.","journal-title":"J Lightwave Technol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4381_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1109\/50.387804","volume":"13","author":"N Kikuchi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kikuchi N, Sasaki S. Analytical evaluation technique of self-phase-modulation effect on the performance of cascaded optical amplifier systems. J Lightwave Technol. 1995;13(5):868\u201378.","journal-title":"J Lightwave Technol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4381_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2022.3148336","volume":"40","author":"M Kong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kong M, Shi J, Sang B, Ding J, Wang K, Li W, et al. 800-gb\/s\/carrier wdm coherent transmission over 2000 km based on truncated ps-64qam utilizing mimo volterra equalizer. J Lightwave Technol. 2022;40(9):2830\u20139.","journal-title":"J Lightwave Technol"},{"issue":"16","key":"4381_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2009.2024091","volume":"27","author":"R Kudo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kudo R, Kobayashi T, Ishihara K, Takatori Y, Sano A, Miyamoto Y. Coherent optical single carrier transmission using overlap frequency domain equalization for long-haul optical systems. J Lightwave Technol. 2009;27(16):3721\u20138.","journal-title":"J Lightwave Technol"},{"issue":"21","key":"4381_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2011.2164788","volume":"23","author":"M Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li M, Chen LK. Blind carrier frequency offset estimation based on eighth-order statistics for coherent optical qam systems. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett. 2011;23(21):1612\u20134.","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol Lett"},{"key":"4381_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li X, Alphones A, Zhong WD, Yu C. Improved us ofdm for fiber nonlinearity mitigation in long haul transmission. In: 2013 18th OptoElectronics and Communications Conference held jointly with 2013 International Conference on Photonics in Switching (OECC\/PS), pp. 1\u20132. IEEE 2013.","DOI":"10.1364\/OECC_PS.2013.TuR4_5"},{"issue":"3","key":"4381_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2011.2182038","volume":"30","author":"L Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu L, Li L, Huang Y, Cui K, Xiong Q, Hauske FN, et al. Intrachannel nonlinearity compensation by inverse Volterra series transfer function. J Lightwave Technol. 2011;30(3):310\u20136.","journal-title":"J Lightwave Technol"},{"key":"4381_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin E, Shao T, Anandarajah P, Vujicic V, Browning C, Barry L, Llorente R. Impact and reduction of fibre nonlinearities in a 25 gb\/s ofdm 60 ghz radio over fibre system. In: Microwave Photonics (MWP) and the 2014 9th Asia-Pacific Microwave Photonics Conference (APMP) 2014 International Topical Meeting on, pp. 446\u2013449. IEEE 2014.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWP.2014.6994595"},{"issue":"4","key":"4381_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1987.1165167","volume":"35","author":"V Mathews","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mathews V, Cho S. Improved convergence analysis of stochastic gradient adaptive filters using the sign algorithm. IEEE Trans Acoust Speech Signal Process. 1987;35(4):450\u20134.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Acoust Speech Signal Process"},{"issue":"2","key":"4381_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2005.861965","volume":"18","author":"V Mikhailov","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mikhailov V, Doerr CR, Appathurai S, Killey RI, Bayvel P. Fiber nonlinearity and dispersion mitigation in 40-gb\/s nrz wdm transmission using a multichannel optical equalizer. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett. 2006;18(2):376\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LPT.2005.861965.","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol Lett"},{"key":"4381_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2012.04.019","volume":"285","author":"S Naderi Shahi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Naderi Shahi S, Kumar S. Reduction of nonlinear impairments in fiber transmission system using fiber and\/or transmitter diversity. Opt Commun. 2012;285:3553\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optcom.2012.04.019.","journal-title":"Opt Commun"},{"issue":"24","key":"4381_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20001391","volume":"36","author":"M Nakazawa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nakazawa M, Yamamoto T, Tamura K. 1.28 tbit\/s\u201370 km otdm transmission using third-and fourth-order simultaneous dispersion compensation with a phase modulator. Electron Lett. 2000;36(24):2027\u20139.","journal-title":"Electron Lett"},{"key":"4381_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan Z, Ch\u00e2telain B, Chagnon M, Plant DV. Volterra filtering for nonlinearity impairment mitigation in dp-16qam and dp-qpsk fiber optic communication systems. In: Optical Fiber Communication Conference, p. JThA040. Optica Publishing Group 2011.","DOI":"10.1364\/NFOEC.2011.JThA040"},{"issue":"12","key":"4381_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1109\/50.643545","volume":"15","author":"K Peddanarappagari","year":"1997","unstructured":"Peddanarappagari K, Brandt-Pearce M. Volterra series transfer function of single-mode fibers. J Lightwave Technol. 1997;15(12):2232\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/50.643545.","journal-title":"J Lightwave Technol"},{"issue":"27","key":"4381_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26557","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.026557","volume":"19","author":"JD Reis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reis JD, Neves DM, Teixeira AL. Weighting nonlinearities on future high aggregate data rate pons. Opt Express. 2011;19(27):26557\u201367.","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"issue":"5","key":"4381_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.94","volume":"7","author":"DJ Richardson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Richardson DJ, Fini JM, Nelson LE. Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres. Nat Photonics. 2013;7(5):354\u201362.","journal-title":"Nat Photonics"},{"key":"4381_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2011.2172405","volume":"24","author":"R Schmogrow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schmogrow R, Nebendahl B, Winter M, Josten A, Hillerkuss D, Koenig S, et al. Error vector magnitude as a performance measure for advanced modulation formats. Photonics Technol Lett IEEE. 2012;24:61\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LPT.2011.2172405.","journal-title":"Photonics Technol Lett IEEE"},{"key":"4381_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuh K, Buchali F, Idler W, Eriksson TA, Schmalen L, Templ W, Altenhain L, D\u00fcmler U, Schmid R, M\u00f6ller M, et\u00a0al. Single carrier 1.2 tbit\/s transmission over 300 km with pm-64 qam at 100 gbaud. In: Optical Fiber Communication Conference, pp. Th5B\u20135. Optica Publishing Group 2017.","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2017.Th5B.5"},{"key":"4381_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-93771-5","volume-title":"High-order modulation for optical fiber transmission. Springer Series in Optical Sciences","author":"M Seimetz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Seimetz M. High-order modulation for optical fiber transmission. Springer Series in Optical Sciences. Berlin: Springer; 2009."},{"key":"4381_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma N, Nanda SJ, Maddila RK. A Volterra equalizer for compensation of nonlinear phase noise and frequency offset in 100 giga-baud fiber system. In: International Conference on data science and applications, 2024; pp. 245\u2013256. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-96-1185-0_19"},{"issue":"14","key":"4381_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2017.2702602","volume":"29","author":"J Shi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shi J, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Zhang J, Yu J, Chi N. 200-gbps dft-s ofdm using dd-mzm-based twin-ssb with a mimo-volterra equalizer. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett. 2017;29(14):1183\u20136.","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol Lett"},{"issue":"27","key":"4381_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29035","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.029035","volume":"20","author":"G Shulkind","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shulkind G, Nazarathy M. Estimating the Volterra series transfer function over coherent optical ofdm for efficient monitoring of the fiber channel nonlinearity. Opt Express. 2012;20(27):29035\u201362.","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"issue":"11","key":"4381_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13145","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.013145","volume":"21","author":"G Shulkind","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shulkind G, Nazarathy M. Nonlinear digital back propagation compensator for coherent optical ofdm based on factorizing the Volterra series transfer function. Opt Express. 2013;21(11):13145\u201361.","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"key":"4381_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian D, Miao P, Peng H, Yin W, Li X. Volterra-aided neural network equalization for channel impairment compensation in visible light communication system. In: Photonics, vol.\u00a09, p. 845. MDPI 2022.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics9110845"},{"key":"4381_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weidenfeld R, Nazarathy M, Noe R, Shpantzer I. Volterra nonlinear compensation of 100g coherent ofdm with baud-rate adc, tolerable complexity and low intra-channel fwm\/xpm error propagation. In: Optical Fiber Communication Conference, p. OTuE3. Optica Publishing Group; 2010.","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2010.OTuE3"},{"issue":"1","key":"4381_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/68.974157","volume":"14","author":"B Xu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Xu B, Brandt-Pearce M. Modified volterra series transfer function method. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett. 2002;14(1):47\u20139.","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol Lett"},{"key":"4381_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu Z, Ji T, Wu Q, Lu W, Ji H, Yang Y, Qiao G, Tang J, Cheng C, Liu L et\u00a0al. Advanced neural network-based equalization in intensity-modulated direct-detection optical systems: current status and future trends. In: Photonics, vol.\u00a011, p. 702. MDPI; 2024.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics11080702"},{"issue":"10","key":"4381_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17514","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.520062","volume":"32","author":"H Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan H, Xie T, Li X, Pan X, Bi J, Fang L, et al. Hybrid transmission of ps-gs4qam and qpsk data in the form of a ps-16qam mm-wave signal enabled by optical asymmetrical dual-ssb modulation. Opt Express. 2024;32(10):17514\u201324.","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"issue":"12","key":"4381_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3774","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2023.3267241","volume":"41","author":"D Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang D, Zuo M, Chen H, Ge D, Feng Z, Yan B, et al. Technological prospection and requirements of 800g transmission systems for ultra-long-haul all-optical terrestrial backbone networks. J Lightwave Technol. 2023;41(12):3774\u201382.","journal-title":"J Lightwave Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4381_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13649","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13649","volume":"5","author":"J Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang J, Yu J, Chi N. Transmission and full-band coherent detection of polarization-multiplexed all-optical Nyquist signals generated by sinc-shaped nyquist pulses. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):13649.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"4381_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6098","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.006098","volume":"27","author":"J Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang J, Yu J, Li X, Wei Y, Wang K, Zhao L, et al. 100 gbit\/s vsb-pam-n im\/dd transmission system based on 10 ghz dml with optical filtering and joint nonlinear equalization. Opt Express. 2019;27(5):6098\u2013105.","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"key":"4381_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2018.05.010","volume":"43","author":"K Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang K, Gao G, Zhang J, Fei A, Cvijetic M. Mitigation of nonlinear fiber distortion using optical phase conjugation for mode-division multiplexed transmission. Opt Fiber Technol. 2018;43:169\u201374.","journal-title":"Opt Fiber Technol"},{"key":"4381_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2024.130326","volume":"557","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Liu T, Jin C, Xu T, Tan M, Zhao J, et al. Improved carrier phase recovery for high-capacity optical communication systems with high-order modulation formats. Opt Commun. 2024;557:130326.","journal-title":"Opt Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"4381_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7347","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.007347","volume":"18","author":"X Zhu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhu X, Kumar S. Nonlinear phase noise in coherent optical ofdm transmission systems. Opt Express. 2010;18(7):7347\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.18.007347.","journal-title":"Opt Express"}],"container-title":["SN Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-025-04381-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42979-025-04381-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-025-04381-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T23:03:14Z","timestamp":1758322994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42979-025-04381-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["4381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-025-04381-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2661-8907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2661-8907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}],"article-number":"841"}}