{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T08:14:33Z","timestamp":1761380073288,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SN COMPUT. SCI."],"DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-025-04420-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T08:07:45Z","timestamp":1761379665000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-Class Bias Mitigation Methods for Classification Without Discrimination"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9593-7601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur","family":"Quadros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dauberson","family":"Mol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wladmir","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4420_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001","DOI":"10.56355\/ijfrms.2024.3.2.0024","volume":"3","author":"EE Agu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Agu EE, Abhulimen AO, Obiki-Osafiele AN, et al. Discussing ethical considerations and solutions for ensuring fairness in AI-driven financial services. Int J Front Res Sci. 2024;3(2):001\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.56355\/ijfrms.2024.3.2.0024.","journal-title":"Int J Front Res Sci"},{"key":"4420_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2205.15860","volume":"35","author":"IM Alabdulmohsin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alabdulmohsin IM, Schrouff J, Koyejo S. A reduction to binary approach for debiasing multiclass datasets. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst. 2022;35:2480\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2205.15860.","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"4420_CR3","unstructured":"Altman A. Discrimination. In: Zalta EN, editor. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter. 2020th ed. Metaphysics Research Lab: Stanford University; 2020."},{"key":"4420_CR4","unstructured":"Bird S, Dud\u00edk M, Edgar R, et\u00a0al. Fairlearn: A toolkit for assessing and improving fairness in AI. Technical report. MSR-TR-2020-32, Microsoft, 2020. https:\/\/www.fairlearn.org."},{"key":"4420_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blakeney C, Atkinson G, Huish N, et\u00a0al. Measuring bias and fairness in multiclass classification. In: 2022 IEEE international conference on networking, architecture and storage (NAS), IEEE, 2022;1\u20136, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/NAS55553.2022.9925287.","DOI":"10.1109\/NAS55553.2022.9925287"},{"key":"4420_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/144855","author":"AS Blinder","year":"1973","unstructured":"Blinder AS. Wage discrimination: reduced form and structural estimates. J Human Res. 1973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/144855.","journal-title":"J Human Res."},{"key":"4420_CR7","unstructured":"Brownstein M. Implicit bias. In: Zalta EN, editor. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall. 2019th ed. Metaphysics Research Lab: Stanford University; 2019."},{"key":"4420_CR8","unstructured":"Byun MS, Hui WWY, Lau WK. Mitigating algorithmic bias in multiclass CNN classifications using causal modeling. 2025. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.07885."},{"issue":"1","key":"4420_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3542921","volume":"30","author":"\u00c1A Cabrera","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cabrera \u00c1A, Tulio Ribeiro M, Lee B, et al. What did my AI learn? How data scientists make sense of model behavior. ACM Trans Comput-Human Interact. 2023;30(1):1\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3542921.","journal-title":"ACM Trans Comput-Human Interact"},{"key":"4420_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Calders T, Kamiran F, Pechenizkiy M. Building classifiers with independency constraints. In: 2009 IEEE international conference on data mining workshops, IEEE, 2009;13\u201318, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICDMW.2009.83.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDMW.2009.83"},{"key":"4420_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3390\/a15090303","volume":"15","author":"J Castaneda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Castaneda J, Jover A, Calvet L, et al. Dealing with gender bias issues in data-algorithmic processes: a social-statistical perspective. Algorithms. 2022;15:303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a15090303.","journal-title":"Algorithms"},{"key":"4420_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3616865","author":"S Caton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Caton S, Haas C. Fairness in machine learning: a survey. ACM Comput Surv. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3616865.","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv."},{"issue":"130","key":"4420_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2109.13642","volume":"25","author":"C Denis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Denis C, Elie R, Hebiri M, et al. Fairness guarantees in multi-class classification with demographic parity. J Mach Learn Res. 2024;25(130):1\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2109.13642.","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"4420_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Emerson A, Ramesh A, Houghton P, et\u00a0al. Multimodal, multi-class bias mitigation for predicting speaker confidence. In: Proceedings of the 17th international conference on educational data mining, 2024;610\u2013616, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.12729895","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.12729895"},{"issue":"1","key":"4420_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-019-0177-4","volume":"6","author":"M Favaretto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Favaretto M, Clercq E, Elger BS. Big data and discrimination: perils, promises and solutions. a systematic review. J Big Data. 2019;6(1):1\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40537-019-0177-4.","journal-title":"J Big Data"},{"issue":"2","key":"4420_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/MTS.2021.3056293","volume":"40","author":"X Ferrer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferrer X, Nuenen T, Such JM, et al. Bias and discrimination in AI: a cross-disciplinary perspective. IEEE Technol Soc Mag. 2021;40(2):72\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MTS.2021.3056293.","journal-title":"IEEE Technol Soc Mag"},{"issue":"2","key":"4420_CR17","first-page":"459","volume":"86","author":"TB Gillis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gillis TB, Spiess JL. Big data and discrimination. Univ Chicago Law Rev. 2019;86(2):459\u201388.","journal-title":"Univ Chicago Law Rev"},{"key":"4420_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Holstein K, Wortman\u00a0Vaughan J, Daum\u00e9\u00a0III H, et\u00a0al. Improving fairness in machine learning systems: What do industry practitioners need? In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, 2019;1\u201316, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3290605.3300830.","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300830"},{"issue":"2","key":"4420_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3631326","volume":"1","author":"M Hort","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hort M, Chen Z, Zhang JM, et al. Bias mitigation for machine learning classifiers: a comprehensive survey. ACM J Respons Comput. 2024;1(2):1\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3631326.","journal-title":"ACM J Respons Comput"},{"key":"4420_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hui W, Lau WK. Detecting and mitigating algorithmic bias in binary classification using causal modeling. In: 2024 4th international conference on computer communication and information systems (CCCIS), IEEE, 2024;47\u201351, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2501.07885","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2501.07885"},{"key":"4420_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/146012","author":"WG Johnson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Johnson WG, Lambrinos J. Wage discrimination against handicapped men and women. J Human Res. 1985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/146012.","journal-title":"J Human Res."},{"key":"4420_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kamiran F, Calders T. Classifying without discriminating. In: 2009 2nd international conference on computer, control and communication, IEEE, 2009;1\u20136, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IC4.2009.4909197.","DOI":"10.1109\/IC4.2009.4909197"},{"issue":"1","key":"4420_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-011-0463-8","volume":"33","author":"F Kamiran","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kamiran F, Calders T. Data preprocessing techniques for classification without discrimination. Knowl Inf Syst. 2012;33(1):1\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10115-011-0463-8.","journal-title":"Knowl Inf Syst"},{"key":"4420_CR24","first-page":"857","volume":"58","author":"PT Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim PT. Data-driven discrimination at work. Wm Mary L Rev. 2016;58:857.","journal-title":"Wm Mary L Rev"},{"key":"4420_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/IASC.2021.014437","author":"JY Kuo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kuo JY, Lin HC, Liu CH. Building graduate salary grading prediction model based on deep learning. Intell Autom Soft Comput. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/IASC.2021.014437.","journal-title":"Intell Autom Soft Comput"},{"issue":"6","key":"4420_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3457607","volume":"54","author":"N Mehrabi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mehrabi N, Morstatter F, Saxena N, et al. A survey on bias and fairness in machine learning. ACM Comput Surv (CSUR). 2021;54(6):1\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3457607.","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv (CSUR)"},{"key":"4420_CR27","unstructured":"Mitchell TM. The discipline of machine learning, CMU-CS machine learning department, vol\u00a09. Carnegie Mellon University, 2006."},{"key":"4420_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/145830","author":"D Neumark","year":"1988","unstructured":"Neumark D. Employers\u2019 discriminatory behavior and the estimation of wage discrimination. J Human Res. 1988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/145830.","journal-title":"J Human Res"},{"key":"4420_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e222607","DOI":"10.1590\/198055272607","volume":"26","author":"L Passos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Passos L, Machado DC. Diferenciais salariais de g\u00eanero no brasil: comparando os setores p\u00fablico e privado. Revista de Economia Contempor\u00e2nea. 2022;26:e222607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/198055272607.","journal-title":"Revista de Economia Contempor\u00e2nea"},{"issue":"1","key":"4420_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4993089","volume":"2","author":"K Patel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patel K. Ethical reflections on data-centric AI: balancing benefits and risks. Int J Artif Intell Res Dev. 2024;2(1):1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4993089.","journal-title":"Int J Artif Intell Res Dev"},{"issue":"11","key":"4420_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2021.08.001","volume":"25","author":"BK Payne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Payne BK, Hannay JW. Implicit bias reflects systemic racism. Trends Cogn Sci. 2021;25(11):927\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2021.08.001.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"4420_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Putri A, Suakanto S, Siswanto J, et\u00a0al. Human resource application development using person-job matching for placement of prospective employees. In: 2023 International conference on advancement in data science, E-learning and information system (ICADEIS), 2023;1\u20137, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICADEIS58666.2023.10270866.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICADEIS58666.2023.10270866"},{"key":"4420_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qraitem M, Saenko K, Plummer BA. Bias mimicking: A simple sampling approach for bias mitigation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, 2023;20311\u201320320, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2209.15605.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2209.15605"},{"key":"4420_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Quadros de ARS, Magalh\u00e3es S, Castro de\u00a0GZ, et\u00a0al. Impacts of social factors in wage definitions. In: International conference on web information systems and technologies, 2023 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5220\/0012236300003584.","DOI":"10.5220\/0012236300003584"},{"issue":"1","key":"4420_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01614-0","volume":"28","author":"P Rajpurkar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rajpurkar P, Chen E, Banerjee O, et al. Ai in health and medicine. Nat Med. 2022;28(1):31\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01614-0.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4420_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023262","DOI":"10.1080\/23322039.2021.2023262","volume":"10","author":"H Sadok","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sadok H, Sakka F, Maknouzi MEH. Artificial intelligence and bank credit analysis: a review. Cogent Econ Finance. 2022;10(1):2023262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23322039.2021.2023262.","journal-title":"Cogent Econ Finance"},{"key":"4420_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0083","DOI":"10.34133\/icomputing.0083","volume":"3","author":"Z Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang Z, Lu T, Li T. Metric-independent mitigation of unpredefined bias in machine classification. Intell Comput. 2024;3:0083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/icomputing.0083.","journal-title":"Intell Comput"},{"issue":"4157","key":"4420_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4157.1124","volume":"185","author":"A Tversky","year":"1974","unstructured":"Tversky A, Kahneman D. Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Science. 1974;185(4157):1124\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.185.4157.1124.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4420_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"United Nations (General Assembly). International covenant on civil and political rights. Treaty Series. 1966;999:171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/law:epil\/9780199231690\/e835.","DOI":"10.1093\/law:epil\/9780199231690\/e835"},{"key":"4420_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Verma P, Sharma S. Artificial intelligence based recommendation system. In: 2020 2nd international conference on advances in computing, communication control and networking (ICACCCN), 2020;669\u2013673, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICACCCN51052.2020.9362962.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCCN51052.2020.9362962"},{"key":"4420_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Viroonluecha P, Kaewkiriya T. Salary predictor system for thailand labour workforce using deep learning. In: 2018 18th international symposium on communications and information technologies (ISCIT), 2018;473\u2013478, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISCIT.2018.8587998.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCIT.2018.8587998"},{"key":"4420_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Z. Technologies raise the effectiveness of airport security control. In: 2019 IEEE 1st international conference on civil aviation safety and information technology (ICCASIT), IEEE, 2019;431\u2013434, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/iccasit48058.2019.8973152.","DOI":"10.1109\/iccasit48058.2019.8973152"},{"key":"4420_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-016-9182-5","volume":"24","author":"I \u017dliobait\u0117","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u017dliobait\u0117 I, Custers BHM. Using sensitive personal data may be necessary for avoiding discrimination in data-driven decision models. Artif Intell Law. 2016;24:183\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10506-016-9182-5.","journal-title":"Artif Intell Law"}],"container-title":["SN Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-025-04420-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42979-025-04420-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-025-04420-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T08:07:48Z","timestamp":1761379668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42979-025-04420-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-025-04420-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2661-8907"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2661-8907"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"925"}}