{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T20:33:51Z","timestamp":1774384431420,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SN COMPUT. SCI."],"DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-026-04890-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T15:37:55Z","timestamp":1774366675000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring Urdu OCR Systems Across Handwritten, Printed, Online, Offline, Multilingual, Natural Scene, and Video Scenarios: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Shaik Moinuddin","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Wahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1334-2651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasir","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"4890_CR1","first-page":"3666","volume":"6","author":"M Ahmed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmed M, Awel MA, Abidi AI. Review on optical character recognition. Int Res J Eng Technol. 2019;6(6):3666\u20139.","journal-title":"Int Res J Eng Technol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4890_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953004","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001419530045","volume":"33","author":"SSR Rizvi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rizvi SSR, Sagheer A, Adnan K, Muhammad A. Optical Character Recognition System for Nastalique Urdu-Like Script Languages Using Supervised Learning. Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell. 2019;33(10):1953004.","journal-title":"Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell"},{"issue":"3","key":"4890_CR3","first-page":"1825","volume":"135","author":"S Alghyaline","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alghyaline S. Arabic optical character recognition: a review. C - Comput Model Eng Sci. 2023;135(3):1825\u201361.","journal-title":"C - Comput Model Eng Sci"},{"key":"4890_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srivastava S, Verma A, Sharma S. Optical Character Recognition Techniques: A Review, in 2022 IEEE International Students\u2019 Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS), 2022, pp. 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/SCEECS54111.2022.9740911"},{"issue":"01","key":"4890_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860007","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218001418600078","volume":"32","author":"M Rabi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rabi M, Amrouch M, Mahani Z. Recognition of cursive Arabic handwritten text using embedded training based on hidden Markov models. Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell. 2017;32(01):1860007.","journal-title":"Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell"},{"issue":"03","key":"4890_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.jei.28.3.033004","volume":"28","author":"I Uddin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Uddin I, Javed N, Siddiqi I, Khalid S, Khurshid K. Recognition of printed Urdu ligatures using convolutional neural networks. J Electron Imaging. 2019;28(03):1.","journal-title":"J Electron Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"4890_CR7","first-page":"299","volume":"17","author":"R Ahmad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmad R, Naz S, Afzal M, Rashid S, Liwicki M, Dengel A. A deep learning based arabic script recognition system: benchmark on khat. Int Arab J Inf Technol. 2020;17(3):299\u2013305.","journal-title":"Int Arab J Inf Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4890_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-017-0990-5","volume":"21","author":"I Ahmad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmad I, Wang X, hao Mao Y, Liu G, Ahmad H, Ullah R. Ligature based Urdu Nastaleeq sentence recognition using gated bidirectional long short term memory. Cluster Comput. 2018;21(1):703\u201314.","journal-title":"Cluster Comput"},{"key":"4890_CR9","volume":"18","author":"S Zia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zia S, Azhar M, Lee B, Tahir A, Ferzund J, Murtaza F, et al. Recognition of printed Urdu script in Nastaleeq font by using CNN-BiGRU-GRU based encoder-decoder framework. Intell Syst Appl. 2023;18:200194.","journal-title":"Intell Syst Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"4890_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-3442-4","volume":"5","author":"S Naz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Naz S, Umar AI, Ahmed R, Razzak MI, Rashid SF, Shafait F. Urdu Nasta\u2019liq text recognition using implicit segmentation based on multi-dimensional long short term memory neural networks. Springerplus. 2016;5(1):2010.","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"issue":"2","key":"4890_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-06498-2","volume":"34","author":"NulS Zia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zia NulS, Naeem MF, Raza SMK, Khan MM, Ul-Hasan A, Shafait F. A convolutional recursive deep architecture for unconstrained Urdu handwriting recognition. Neural Comput Appl. 2022;34(2):1635\u201348.","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"issue":"4","key":"4890_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-022-00416-5","volume":"25","author":"N Riaz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riaz N, Arbab H, Maqsood A, Nasir K, Ul-Hasan A, Shafait F. Conv-transformer architecture for unconstrained off-line Urdu handwriting recognition. Int J Doc Anal Recognit. 2022;25(4):373\u201384.","journal-title":"Int J Doc Anal Recognit"},{"issue":"5","key":"4890_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302590","volume":"19","author":"A Hamza","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hamza A, Ren S, Saeed U. ET-Network: a novel efficient transformer deep learning model for automated Urdu handwritten text recognition. PLoS One. 2024;19(5):e0302590.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4890_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-023-08976-1","author":"AF Ganai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ganai AF, Khursheed F. Computationally efficient recognition of unconstrained handwritten Urdu script using BERT with vision transformers. Neural Comput Appl. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-023-08976-1.","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"4890_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman A, Ghosh A, Arora C. UTRNet: High-Resolution Urdu Text Recognition in Printed Documents BT - Document Analysis and Recognition - ICDAR 2023, 2023, pp. 305\u201324.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-41734-4_19"},{"key":"4890_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"PP","author":"T Nasir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nasir T, Malik M, Shahzad K. MMU-OCR-21: towards end-to-end Urdu text recognition using deep learning. IEEE Access. 2021;PP:1.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"4890_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafique A, Ishtiaq M. UOHTD: Urdu Offline Handwritten Text Dataset BT, in Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition: 18th International Conference, ICFHR 2022, Hyderabad, India, 2022, pp. 498\u2013511.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-21648-0_34"},{"issue":"17","key":"4890_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.17485\/IJST\/v13i17.113","volume":"13","author":"MA Chhajro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chhajro MA. Handwritten Urdu character recognition via images using different machine learning and deep learning techniques. Indian J Sci Technol. 2020;13(17):1746\u201354.","journal-title":"Indian J Sci Technol"},{"key":"4890_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan S, Irfan A, Mirza A, Siddiqi I. Cursive Handwritten Text Recognition using Bi-Directional LSTMs: A Case Study on Urdu Handwriting, in 2019 International Conference on Deep Learning and Machine Learning in Emerging Applications (Deep-ML), 2019, pp. 67\u201372.","DOI":"10.1109\/Deep-ML.2019.00021"},{"key":"4890_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/app9132758","volume":"9","author":"M Husnain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Husnain M, Missen MMS, Mumtaz S, Jhanidr MZ, Coustaty M, Luqman MM, Ogier JM, Choi GS. Recognition of urdu handwritten characters using convolutional neural network. Appl Sci. 2019;9:13.","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"22","key":"4890_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-06144-x","volume":"33","author":"F Mushtaq","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mushtaq F, Misgar MM, Kumar M, Khurana SS. UrduDeepNet: offline handwritten Urdu character recognition using deep neural network. Neural Comput Appl. 2021;33(22):15229\u201352.","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"4890_CR22","unstructured":"Hussain SM, Mughal K, Ali N, Hassan I, S., Daudpota. Urdu news dataset 1\u00a0M. Mendeley Data, 3. 2021."},{"key":"4890_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102629","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3208959","volume":"10","author":"A Rasheed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rasheed A, Ali N, Zafar B, Shabbir A, Sajid M, Mahmood MT. Handwritten Urdu characters and digits recognition using transfer learning and augmentation with AlexNet. IEEE Access. 2022;10:102629\u201345.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"4890_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-022-00414-7","volume":"25","author":"A Ganai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ganai A, Khurshid F. A novel holistic unconstrained handwritten urdu recognition system using convolutional neural networks. Int J Doc Anal Recognit. 2022;25(4):351\u201371.","journal-title":"Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit"},{"issue":"4","key":"4890_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-017-3146-x","volume":"31","author":"S Bin Ahmed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bin Ahmed S, Naz S, Swati S, Razzak MI. Handwritten Urdu character recognition using one-dimensional BLSTM classifier. Neural Comput Appl. 2019;31(4):1143\u201351.","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"4890_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1544\/1\/012016","author":"W Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang W. Evaluation of deep learning models for urdu handwritten characters recognition. J Phys Conf Ser. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1544\/1\/012016.","journal-title":"J Phys Conf Ser"},{"key":"4890_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13031624","author":"A Bhatti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bhatti A, Arif A, Khalid W, Khan B, Ali A, Khalid S, et al. Recognition and classification of handwritten urdu numerals using deep learning techniques. Appl Sci. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13031624.","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"4890_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2017.02.081","volume":"243","author":"S Naz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Naz S, Umar AI, Ahmad R, Siddiqi I, Ahmed SB, Razzak MI, Shafait F. Urdu Nastaliq recognition using convolutional\u2013recursive deep learning. Neurocomputing. 2017;243:80\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"1","key":"4890_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13640-020-00523-5","volume":"2020","author":"A Mirza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mirza A, Zeeshan O, Aatif M, Siddiqi I. Mirza A, Zeeshan O, Aatif M, Siddiqi I. Detection and recognition of cursive text from video frames. J Image Video Process. 2020;2020(1):34.","journal-title":"J. Image Video Process."},{"key":"4890_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehman A, Ul-Hasan A, Shafait F. High Performance Urdu and Arabic Video Text Recognition Using Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks BT - Document Analysis and Recognition \u2013 ICDAR 2021 Workshops, 2021, pp. 336\u201352.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86198-8_24"},{"issue":"24","key":"4890_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/app122412652","volume":"12","author":"M Umair","year":"2022","unstructured":"Umair M, Zubair M, Dawood F, Ashfaq S, Bhatti MS, Hijji M, et al. A multi-layer holistic approach for cursive text recognition. Appl Sci. 2022;12(24):1\u201316.","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"4890_CR32","unstructured":"Narwani K, Lin H, Pirbhulal S, Hassan M. Towards AI-Enabled Approach for Urdu Text Recognition: A Legacy for Urdu Image Apprehension. IEEE Access, p. 1, 2022."},{"key":"4890_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2020.013715","author":"NH Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan NH, Adnan A, Waheed A, Zareei M, Aldosary A, Mohamed EM. Urdu ligature recognition system: an evolutionary approach. Comput Mater Contin. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/cmc.2020.013715.","journal-title":"Comput Mater Contin"},{"key":"4890_CR34","first-page":"234","volume-title":"Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention \u2013 MICCAI 2015: 18th international conference, Munich, Germany, October 5-9, 2015, proceedings, part III","author":"O Ronneberger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ronneberger O, Fischer P, Brox T. \u201cU-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation BT - Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention \u2013 MICCAI 2015,.\u201d In: Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention \u2013 MICCAI 2015: 18th international conference, Munich, Germany, October 5-9, 2015, proceedings, part III. 2018. p. 234\u201341."},{"key":"4890_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganai AF, Khurshid F. In: Parah SA, Hurrah NN, Khan E, editors. Handwritten Urdu Recognition Using BERT with Vision Transformers BT - Intelligent Multimedia Signal Processing for Smart Ecosystems. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2023. pp. 351\u201366.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-34873-0_15"},{"key":"4890_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ki Chan CC, Kumar V, Delaney S, Gochoo M. Combating Deepfakes: Multi-LSTM and Blockchain as Proof of Authenticity for Digital Media, 2020 IEEE \/ ITU Int. Conf. Artif. Intell. Good, AI4G 2020, pp. 55\u201362, 2020.","DOI":"10.1109\/AI4G50087.2020.9311067"},{"issue":"6","key":"4890_CR37","first-page":"4865","volume":"29","author":"M Jameel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jameel M, Shuja M, Mittal S. Improved handwritten offline urdu characters recognition system using machine learning techniques. Int J Adv Sci Technol. 2020;29(6):4865\u2013978.","journal-title":"Int J Adv Sci Technol"},{"issue":"5 D","key":"4890_CR38","first-page":"2419","volume":"29","author":"QA Safdar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Safdar QA, Khan KU, Peng L. A novel similar character discrimination method for online handwritten Urdu character recognition in half forms. Sci Iran. 2022;29(5 D):2419\u201336.","journal-title":"Sci Iran"},{"key":"4890_CR39","first-page":"2796863","volume":"2016","author":"PK Singh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singh PK, Sarkar R, Nasipuri M. A study of moment based features on handwritten digit recognition. Appl Comput Intell Soft Comput. 2016;2016:2796863.","journal-title":"Appl Comput Intell Soft Comput"},{"issue":"3","key":"4890_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-020-00168-1","volume":"1","author":"AAA Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali AAA, Suresha M, Ahmed HAM. A survey on Arabic handwritten character recognition. SN Comput Sci. 2020;1(3):401\u201326.","journal-title":"SN Comput Sci"},{"key":"4890_CR41","unstructured":"Shatnawi M. Off-line handwritten Arabic character recognition: A survey, Proc. 2015 Int. Conf. Image Process. Comput. Vision, Pattern Recognition, IPCV 2015, pp. 52\u201358, 2015."},{"key":"4890_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-21648-0_3","volume-title":"Frontiers in handwriting recognition: 18th international conference, ICFHR 2022, Hyderabad, India, December 4\u20137, 2022, proceedings","author":"B Kiessling","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kiessling B. \u201cCurT: End-to-End Text Line Detection in Historical Documents with Transformers BT - Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition,.\u201d In: Frontiers in handwriting recognition: 18th international conference, ICFHR 2022, Hyderabad, India, December 4\u20137, 2022, proceedings. 2022. p. 34\u201348."},{"issue":"3","key":"4890_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s12530-023-09504-1","volume":"15","author":"ST Nabi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nabi ST, Kumar M, Singh P. DeepNet-WI: a deep-net model for offline Urdu writer identification. Evol Syst. 2023;15(3):759\u201369.","journal-title":"Evol Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"4890_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-13320-1","volume":"82","author":"MM Misgar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Misgar MM, Mushtaq F, Khurana SS, Kumar M. Recognition of offline handwritten Urdu characters using RNN and LSTM models. Multimed Tools Appl. 2023;82(2):2053\u201376.","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"4890_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186039","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3028131","volume":"8","author":"S Kausar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kausar S, Tahir B, Mehmood MA. Prosoul: a framework to identify propaganda from online urdu content. IEEE Access. 2020;8:186039\u201354.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"4890_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131119","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3010166","volume":"8","author":"FF Farooqui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farooqui FF, Hassan M, Younis MS, Siddhu MK. Offline hand written Urdu word spotting using random data generation. IEEE Access. 2020;8:131119\u201336.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"4890_CR47","unstructured":"Singla J. A Novel System for Multi-Linguistic Text Identification and Recognition in Natural Scenes using Deep Learning. no. December, 2021."},{"key":"4890_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandio AA, Pickering M. Convolutional feature fusion for multi-language text detection in natural scene images, 2019 2nd Int. Conf. Comput. Math. Eng. Technol. iCoMET 2019, pp. 1\u20136, 2019.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOMET.2019.8673517"},{"issue":"5","key":"4890_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-021-03253-2","volume":"13","author":"SNM Khosroshahi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khosroshahi SNM, Razavi SN, Sangar AB, Majidzadeh K. Deep neural networks-based offline writer identification using heterogeneous handwriting data: an evaluation via a novel standard dataset. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput. 2022;13(5):2685\u2013704.","journal-title":"J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"4890_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5436","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09381-9","volume":"12","author":"L Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan L, Amjad A, Ashraf N, Chang HT. Multi-class sentiment analysis of urdu text using multilingual BERT. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):5436.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"4890_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/e23030340","volume":"23","author":"R Ahmed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmed R, Gogate M, Tahir A, Dashtipour K, Al-Tamimi B, Hawalah A, El-Affendi MA, Hussain A. Deep neural network-based contextual recognition of arabic handwritten scripts. Entropy. 2021;23(3):4\u20136.","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"issue":"ii","key":"4890_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10603","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2795104","volume":"6","author":"P Sahare","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sahare P, Dhok SB. Multilingual character segmentation and recognition schemes for Indian document images. IEEE Access. 2018;6(ii):10603\u201317.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"4890_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang M. Deep Learning Based Text Detection and Recognition in Natural Scenes. SSRN Electron J, 2022.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3972447"},{"key":"4890_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-17671-1","author":"K Dutta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dutta K, Sarkhel R, Kundu M, Nasipuri M, Das N. Natural scene text localization and detection using MSER and its variants: a comprehensive survey. Multimedia Tools Appl. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-023-17671-1.","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl"},{"key":"4890_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang X, Shen T, Wang R, Gao C. Text detection and recognition in natural scene images, Proc. 2015 Int. Conf. Estim. Detect. Inf. Fusion, ICEDIF 2015, pp. 44\u201349, 2015.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEDIF.2015.7280160"},{"key":"4890_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Y, Ibrahim G, Zhu Y, Mamat H, Ubul K. A Method of Text Detection and Script Identification in Natural Scene, in 2022 International Conference on Virtual Reality, Human-Computer Interaction and Artificial Intelligence (VRHCIAI), 2022, pp. 43\u201348.","DOI":"10.1109\/VRHCIAI57205.2022.00014"},{"key":"4890_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10062","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3144844","volume":"10","author":"AA Chandio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chandio AA, Asikuzzaman M, Pickering MR, Leghari M. Cursive text recognition in natural scene images using deep convolutional recurrent neural network. IEEE Access. 2022;10:10062\u201378.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"4890_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96787","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2994214","volume":"8","author":"SY Arafat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arafat SY, Iqbal MJ. Urdu-text detection and recognition in natural scene images using deep learning. IEEE Access. 2020;8:96787\u2013803.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"4890_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.22581\/muet1982.2001.05","volume":"39","author":"M Leghari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leghari M, Memon MA, Leghari M, Jalbani AH. A database for Urdu text detection and recognition in natural scene images. Mehran Univ Res J Eng Technol. 2020;39(1):47\u201354.","journal-title":"Mehran Univ Res J Eng Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4890_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3390\/forecast3030033","volume":"3","author":"H Butt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Butt H, Raza MR, Ramzan MJ, Ali MJ, Haris M. Attention-based CNN-RNN arabic text recognition from natural scene images. Forecasting. 2021;3(3):520\u201340.","journal-title":"Forecasting"},{"key":"4890_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandio AA, Pickering M, Shafi K. Character classification and recognition for Urdu texts in natural scene images, in 2018 International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Engineering Technologies (iCoMET), 2018, pp. 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOMET.2018.8346341"},{"issue":"6","key":"4890_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1428","volume":"11","author":"P Shivakumara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shivakumara P, Alaei A, Pal U. Mining text from natural scene and video images: a survey. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Data Min Knowl Discov. 2021;11(6):1\u201326.","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Data Min Knowl Discov"},{"key":"4890_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen PX, Wang K, Belongie S. Video text detection and recognition: Dataset and benchmark. 2014 IEEE Winter Conf Appl Comput Vis WACV 2014, pp. 776\u201383, 2014.","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2014.6836024"},{"key":"4890_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou T, Wang K, Wu J, Li R. Video Text Processing Method Based on Image Stitching, 2019 IEEE 4th Int. Conf. Image, Vis. Comput. ICIVC 2019, pp. 561\u2013566, 2019.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIVC47709.2019.8980893"},{"issue":"4","key":"4890_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2018.2817642","volume":"29","author":"KS Raghunandan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raghunandan KS, Shivakumara P, Roy S, Kumar GH, Pal U, Lu T. Multi-script-oriented text detection and recognition in video\/scene\/born digital images. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol. 2019;29(4):1145\u201362.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol"},{"issue":"14","key":"4890_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3444","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2019.1070","volume":"14","author":"A Mirza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mirza A, Siddiqi I. Recognition of cursive video text using a deep learning framework. IET Image Process. 2020;14(14):3444\u201355.","journal-title":"IET Image Process"},{"key":"4890_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirza A, Siddiqi I, Mustufa SG, Hussain M. Impact of Pre-Processing on Recognition of Cursive Video Text BT - Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, 2019, pp. 565\u201376.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-31332-6_49"},{"issue":"2","key":"4890_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.22581\/muet1982.1802.18","volume":"37","author":"S Unar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Unar S, Jalbani AH, Jawaid MM, Shaikh M, Chandio AA. Artificial Urdu text detection and localization from individual video frames. Mehran Univ Res J Eng Technol. 2018;37(2):429\u201338.","journal-title":"Mehran Univ Res J Eng Technol"},{"key":"4890_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40198","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2851942","volume":"6","author":"W Lu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lu W, Sun H, Chu J, Huang X, Yu J. A novel approach for video text detection and recognition based on a corner response feature map and transferred deep convolutional neural network. IEEE Access. 2018;6:40198\u2013211.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"4890_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayat U, Aatif M, Zeeshan O, Siddiqi I. Ligature recognition in Urdu caption text using deep convolutional neural networks, 2018 14th Int. Conf. Emerg. Technol. ICET 2018, no. November, 2019.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICET.2018.8603586"}],"container-title":["SN Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-026-04890-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42979-026-04890-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-026-04890-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T17:02:59Z","timestamp":1774371779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42979-026-04890-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["4890"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-026-04890-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2661-8907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2661-8907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests related to this work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"Not required","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval\u00a0and Consent to Participate"}}],"article-number":"303"}}