{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T03:49:41Z","timestamp":1776484181451,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SN COMPUT. SCI."],"DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-026-04969-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T03:33:04Z","timestamp":1776483184000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing Walking Safety for Overweight Individuals in Urban Neighborhoods Using Wearable Sensors and Deep Learning Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0720-8747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tasriva","family":"Sikandar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"I. Mohd","family":"Izzeldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kamarul Hawari","family":"Ghazali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S. A. M. Matiur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad Fazle","family":"Rabbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"4969_CR1","unstructured":"Risk factors to health. overweight and obesity., 2017. [Online]. https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/risk-factors\/risk-factors-to-health\/contents\/overweight-and-obesity. [Accessed: 04 Jul 2023]."},{"key":"4969_CR2","unstructured":"Reducing the. burden due to overweight (including obesity) and physical inactivity, 2023. [Online]. https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/burden-of-disease\/reducing-the-burden-due-to-overweight\/contents\/summary. [Accessed: 16 Jul 2023]."},{"key":"4969_CR3","unstructured":"Overweight. and obesity (2017\u20132018)., 2018. [Online]. https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/health\/health-conditions-and-risks\/overweight-and-obesity\/latest-release#cite-window1. [Accessed: 01 Jul 2023]."},{"key":"4969_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-012-9592-6","volume":"38","author":"C Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee C, Ory MG, Yoon J, Forjuoh SN. Neighborhood walking among overweight and obese adults: age variations in barriers and motivators. J Commun Health. 2013;38:12\u201322.","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"4969_CR5","first-page":"203","volume":"3","author":"MV Corazza","year":"2016","unstructured":"Corazza MV, Mascio PD, Moretti L. Managing sidewalk pavement maintenance: A case study to increase pedestrian safety. J traffic Transp Eng (English Ed. 2016;3(3):203\u201314.","journal-title":"J traffic Transp Eng (English Ed"},{"issue":"4","key":"4969_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17544","DOI":"10.2196\/17544","volume":"8","author":"KPL Chong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chong KPL, Guo JZ, Deng X, Woo BKP. Consumer perceptions of wearable technology devices: retrospective review and analysis. JMIR mHealth uHealth. 2020;8(4):e17544.","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"4969_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sikandar T, Rabbi MF, Ghazali KH, Altwijri O, Almijalli M, Ahamed NU. Evaluating the difference in walk patterns among normal-weight and overweight\/obese individuals in real-world surfaces using statistical analysis and deep learning methods with inertial measurement unit data. Phys Eng Sci Med, 2022.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-022-01195-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"4969_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43428-9","volume":"13","author":"T Sikandar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sikandar T, Rabbi MF, Ghazali KH, Altwijri O, Almijalli M, Ahamed NU. Minimum number of inertial measurement units needed to identify significant variations in walk patterns of overweight individuals walking on irregular surfaces. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):16177.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4969_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lockhart TE, Frames CW, Soangra R, Lieberman A. Effects of obesity and fall risk on gait and posture of community-dwelling older adults. Int J Progn Heal Manag, 10, 1, 2019.","DOI":"10.36001\/ijphm.2019.v10i1.2750"},{"key":"4969_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.01.019","volume":"53","author":"H Meng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meng H, O\u2019Connor DP, Lee B-C, Layne CS, Gorniak SL. Alterations in over-ground walking patterns in obese and overweight adults. Gait Posture. 2017;53:145\u201350.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"19","key":"4969_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4221","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194221","volume":"19","author":"V Rosso","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosso V, Agostini V, Takeda R, Tadano S, Gastaldi L. Influence of BMI on gait characteristics of young adults: 3D evaluation using inertial sensors. Sensors. 2019;19(19):4221.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"4","key":"4969_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-024-01659-4","volume":"49","author":"S Scataglini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Scataglini S, Dellaert L, Meeuwssen L, Staeljanssens E, Truijen S. The difference in gait pattern between adults with obesity and adults with a normal weight, assessed with 3D-4D gait analysis devices: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes. 2025;49(4):541\u201353.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"1","key":"4969_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1680083","volume":"38","author":"W-H Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen W-H, et al. Determining motions with an IMU during level walking and slope and stair walking. J Sports Sci. 2020;38(1):62\u20139.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"4969_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2021.103414","volume":"96","author":"B Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu B, Li S, Chen Y, Kavi R, Coppola S. Applying deep neural networks and inertial measurement unit in recognizing irregular walking differences in the real world. Appl Ergon. 2021;96:103414.","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"4969_CR15","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health. [Online]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/dietphysicalactivity\/childhood_what\/en\/. [Accessed 19 Jan 2022]."},{"issue":"1","key":"4969_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-022-00992-x","volume":"19","author":"J O\u2019Day","year":"2022","unstructured":"O\u2019Day J, et al. Assessing inertial measurement unit locations for freezing of gait detection and patient preference. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2022;19(1):1\u201315.","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"4969_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-015-0212-3","volume":"15","author":"J Huberty","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huberty J, Ehlers DK, Kurka J, Ainsworth B, Buman M. Feasibility of three wearable sensors for 24 hour monitoring in middle-aged women. BMC Womens Health. 2015;15(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4969_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0563-y","volume":"7","author":"Y Luo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luo Y, Coppola SM, Dixon PC, Li S, Dennerlein JT, Hu B. A database of human gait performance on irregular and uneven surfaces collected by wearable sensors. Sci data. 2020;7(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Sci data"},{"key":"4969_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.111159","volume":"139","author":"V Shah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shah V, Flood MW, Grimm B, Dixon PC. Generalizability of deep learning models for predicting outdoor irregular walking surfaces. J Biomech. 2022;139:111159.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"4969_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Um TT et al. Data augmentation of wearable sensor data for parkinson\u2019s disease monitoring using convolutional neural networks, in Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on multimodal interaction, 2017, pp. 216\u2013220.","DOI":"10.1145\/3136755.3136817"},{"issue":"9","key":"4969_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0239148","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239148","volume":"15","author":"M Grimmer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grimmer M, et al. Lower limb joint biomechanics-based identification of gait transitions in between level walking and stair ambulation. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(9):e0239148.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"4969_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12209","volume":"7","author":"JA Do Nascimento","year":"2017","unstructured":"Do Nascimento JA, Silva CC, Dos Santos HH, de Almeida Ferreira JJ, De Andrade PR. A preliminary study of static and dynamic balance in sedentary obese young adults: the relationship between BMI, posture and postural balance. Clin Obes. 2017;7(6):377\u201383.","journal-title":"Clin Obes"},{"issue":"15","key":"4969_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5167","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155167","volume":"21","author":"N Baker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baker N, Gough C, Gordon SJ. Inertial sensor reliability and validity for static and dynamic balance in healthy adults: a systematic review. Sensors. 2021;21(15):5167.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"4969_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimmer M, Schmidt K, Duarte JE, Neuner L, Koginov G, Riener R. Stance and swing detection based on the angular velocity of lower limb segments during walking. Front Neurorobot, p. 57, 2019.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2019.00057"},{"issue":"1","key":"4969_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29314-4","volume":"13","author":"SR Donahue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Donahue SR, Hahn ME. Estimation of gait events and kinetic waveforms with wearable sensors and machine learning when running in an unconstrained environment. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):2339.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"4969_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0389-5","volume":"46","author":"L Donath","year":"2016","unstructured":"Donath L, van Die\u00ebn J, Faude O. Exercise-based fall prevention in the elderly: what about agility? Sport Med. 2016;46(2):143\u20139.","journal-title":"Sport Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4969_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12152","volume":"38","author":"RJ Mitchell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mitchell RJ, Lord SR, Harvey LA, Close JCT. Associations between obesity and overweight and fall risk, health status and quality of life in older people. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2014;38(1):13\u20138.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"4969_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.03.038","volume":"185","author":"KM Diaz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Diaz KM, et al. Fitbit\u00ae: An accurate and reliable device for wireless physical activity tracking. Int J Cardiol. 2015;185:138\u201340.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"4969_CR29","unstructured":"Shin NK, Nishiura K, Torii, Ogawa H. Pedometer, US D504,632 S, May-2005."},{"issue":"3","key":"4969_CR30","first-page":"608","volume":"63","author":"J Vasa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vasa J, Thakkar A. Deep learning: Differential privacy preservation in the era of big data. J Comput Inf Syst. 2023;63(3):608\u201331.","journal-title":"J Comput Inf Syst"},{"key":"4969_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wohlin C, Runeson P, H\u00f6st M, Ohlsson MC, Regnell B, Wessl\u00e9n A. Experimentation in software engineering. Springer Science & Business Media; 2012.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29044-2"}],"container-title":["SN Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-026-04969-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42979-026-04969-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-026-04969-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T03:33:08Z","timestamp":1776483188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42979-026-04969-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["4969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-026-04969-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2661-8907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2661-8907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Decalarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research involving human and\/or animals"}},{"value":"All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"372"}}