{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T12:05:37Z","timestamp":1779278737296,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005765","name":"Universidade de Lisboa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005765","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SN COMPUT. SCI."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We present PaintBranch, a novel VR prototype for asynchronous collaborative art creation that incorporates version control to encourage ideation and minimise creative conflicts during the collaborative process. Our first user study (N = 8) allowed us to iterate over PaintBranch\u2019s branching UI. Our second user study involved four pairs of participants collaborating asynchronously over several days: 32 painting sessions in total (four pairs of participants\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$\\times $$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    two painting sessions per day\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$\\times $$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    four days). Our first user study suggested higher perceived collaboration and closeness in PaintBranch than in the pen-and-paper baseline, but these patterns should be interpreted cautiously given our fixed-order, cross-medium study design. The second illustrated different uses and collaboration profiles that emerged from our sessions. This includes how experienced artists painted for shorter periods over larger areas, how participants reported high satisfaction with their collaborator\u2019s work, how participants\u2019 satisfaction with their own work increased towards the last painting session, and how the majority of pairs of participants engaged with PaintBranch\u2019s branching features. Our results highlight how artists could leverage PaintBranch to fulfil collaborative and personal needs. We conclude by discussing how PaintBranch can be further explored through collaborations involving larger participant numbers to synchronous, collocated experiences, and how those experiences can affect co-presence, UX, and ownership of the artwork.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-026-04980-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T11:12:24Z","timestamp":1779275544000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the Effects of Asynchronous Collaborative Art in VR with PaintBranch"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"David","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1674-8876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Giunchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2649-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9034-3020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Steed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1621-5375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augusto","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"4980_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bigliazzi S. Collaboration in the arts from the middle ages to the present, vol.\u00a035. 2017. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=K_hADwAAQBAJ. Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351161480"},{"key":"4980_CR2","unstructured":"Basquiat J-M, Warhol A. Olympic rings. 1985. https:\/\/gagosian.com\/exhibitions\/2012\/jean-michel-basquiat-and-andy-warhol-olympic-rings\/. Accessed January 15, 2024."},{"key":"4980_CR3","unstructured":"Bernd, Becher H. The question \u2018is this a work of art or not?\u2019 is not very interesting for us. 2022. https:\/\/fraenkelgallery.com\/artists\/bernd-and-hilla-becher.\u00a0Accessed January 15, 2024."},{"key":"4980_CR4","volume-title":"The one and the many: contemporary collaborative art in a global context","author":"GH Kester","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kester GH. The one and the many: contemporary collaborative art in a global context. Duke University Press; 2020."},{"key":"4980_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laal M, Ghodsi SM. Benefits of collaborative learning. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2012;31:486\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.12.091. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1877042811030205. World Conference on Learning, Teaching & Administration - 2011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.12.091"},{"key":"4980_CR6","unstructured":"Lai ER . Collaboration: a literature review. 2011. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:146619329."},{"key":"4980_CR7","unstructured":"Lydiate H. Collaborative Works. 2004. https:\/\/artquest.org.uk\/artlaw-article\/collaborative-works\/.\u00a0Accessed January 15, 2024."},{"key":"4980_CR8","unstructured":"Sherwin B. The legal side of artistic collaboration. 2014. https:\/\/theartedge.faso.com\/blog\/70701\/the-legal-side-of-artistic-collaboration.\u00a0Accessed January 15, 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"4980_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/0276237419868943","volume":"38","author":"O Friedman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Friedman O. Questions and potential answers about ways ownership and art matter for one another. Empir Stud Arts. 2020;38(1):119\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0276237419868943.","journal-title":"Empir Stud Arts"},{"key":"4980_CR10","unstructured":"Roa C. Artistic collaboration and conflict and some advice from experienced professionals. 2018. https:\/\/www.theartblog.org\/2018\/07\/artistic-collaboration-and-conflict-and-some-advice-from-experienced-professionals\/.\u00a0Accessed January 15, 2024."},{"key":"4980_CR11","volume-title":"The nightmare of participation","author":"M Miessen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miessen M. The nightmare of participation. Sternberg Press; 2010."},{"issue":"4","key":"4980_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/aesthj\/ayq029","volume":"50","author":"P Livingston","year":"2010","unstructured":"Livingston P, Archer C. Artistic collaboration and the completion of works of art. Br J Aesth. 2010;50(4):439\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aesthj\/ayq029.","journal-title":"Br J Aesth"},{"issue":"4","key":"4980_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1858116","volume":"31","author":"S Obeid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Obeid S, Demirkan H. The influence of virtual reality on design process creativity in basic design studios. Interact Learn Environ. 2023;31(4):1841\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2020.1858116.","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"4980_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1821717","volume":"31","author":"YS Chang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chang YS, Chou CH, Chuang MJ, Li WH, Tsai IF. Effects of virtual reality on creative design performance and creative experiential learning. Interact Learn Environ. 2023;31(2):1142\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2020.1821717.","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"key":"4980_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-018-9604-z","volume":"66","author":"X Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang X, Lin L, Cheng PY, Yang X, Ren Y, Huang YM. Examining creativity through a virtual reality support system. Educ Tech Res Dev. 2018;66:1231\u201354.","journal-title":"Educ Tech Res Dev"},{"key":"4980_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graessler I, Taplick P. Supporting creativity with virtual reality technology. In: Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design, vol.\u00a01, Cambridge University Press, 2019; pp. 2011\u20132020.","DOI":"10.1017\/dsi.2019.207"},{"issue":"3","key":"4980_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12290","volume":"109","author":"X Pan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pan X, Hamilton AFC. Why and how to use virtual reality to study human social interaction: the challenges of exploring a new research landscape. Br J Psychol. 2018;109(3):395\u2013417.","journal-title":"Br J Psychol"},{"key":"4980_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maloney D, Freeman G. Falling asleep together: what makes activities in social virtual reality meaningful to users. In: Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2020; CHI PLAY \u201920, p. 510\u2013521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3410404.3414266.","DOI":"10.1145\/3410404.3414266"},{"key":"4980_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang CY, Sakashita M, Ehsan U, Li J, Won AS. Again, together: socially reliving virtual reality experiences when separated. In: Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2020; CHI \u201920, p. 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3313831.3376642.","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376642"},{"key":"4980_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Freeman G, Acena D. Hugging from a distance: building interpersonal relationships in social virtual reality. In: Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Conference on interactive media experiences, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2021; IMX \u201921, p. 84\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3452918.3458805.","DOI":"10.1145\/3452918.3458805"},{"issue":"4","key":"4980_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.15187\/adr.2017.11.30.4.17","volume":"30","author":"B Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee B. Analysis of digital art content created through collaboration. Arch Des Res. 2017;30(4):17\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15187\/adr.2017.11.30.4.17.","journal-title":"Arch Des Res"},{"key":"4980_CR22","unstructured":"Figliuzzi A. Cryptocurrency as a positive force of change in the classical music industry. Student Pubs., Presentations, and Projects. 2021. https:\/\/spiral.lynn.edu\/studentpubs\/95\/."},{"key":"4980_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang L, Agrawal A, Oney S, Guo A, Vrgit: a version control system for collaborative content creation in virtual reality. In: Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on human factors in computing systems, 2023; pp. 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581136"},{"key":"4980_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kn\u00f6pfle C. Working together\u2014a VR based approach for cooperative digital design review. In: Proceedings of the Working Conference on advanced visual interfaces, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2002, AVI \u201902, p. 361\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1556262.1556322.","DOI":"10.1145\/1556262.1556322"},{"key":"4980_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Henrikson R, Araujo B, Chevalier F, Singh K, Balakrishnan R. Multi-Device Storyboards for Cinematic Narratives in VR. In: Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2016; UIST \u201916, p. 787\u2013796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2984511.2984539.","DOI":"10.1145\/2984511.2984539"},{"key":"4980_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leetaru KH. ShadowLight: an immersive environment for rapid prototyping and design. In: Woods AJ, Merritt JO, Bolas MT, McDowall IE, editors. Stereoscopic displays and virtual reality systems XII, vol. 5664. International Society for Optics and Photonics; 2005. p. 606\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.587154. (SPIE).","DOI":"10.1117\/12.587154"},{"key":"4980_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nebeling M, Lewis K, Chang YC, Zhu L, Chung M, Wang P, Nebeling J, XRDirector: a role-based collaborative immersive authoring system. In: Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on human factors in computing systems, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2020; CHI \u201920, p. 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3313831.3376637.","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376637"},{"key":"4980_CR28","volume-title":"Looking at dada","author":"S Blythe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Blythe S, Powers E. Looking at dada. The Museum of Modern Art; 2006."},{"key":"4980_CR29","unstructured":"Tanguy Y, Pr\u00e9vert J, Breton A, Duchamp M. Cadavre exquis. 1925. https:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/art\/art-terms\/c\/cadavre-exquis-exquisite-corpse.\u00a0Accessed January 15, 2024."},{"key":"4980_CR30","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9 B, surrealisme L, et la peinture: Nouv. Ed. rev. Corr. Gallimard. 1965."},{"key":"4980_CR31","volume-title":"Co-art: artists on creative collaboration","author":"EM De Wachter","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Wachter EM. Co-art: artists on creative collaboration. Phaidon Press; 2017."},{"key":"4980_CR32","unstructured":"Sherwin B. Collaboration in Art\u2014mutual respect, mutual work, mutual exposure. 2011. https:\/\/fineartviews.com\/blog\/34275\/collaboration-in-art-mutual-respect-mutual-work-mutual-exposure.\u00a0Accessed January 15, 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"4980_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.5216\/33738","volume":"18","author":"M Barth","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barth M, Pacheco J, Pinheiro C. Intera\u00e7\u00e3o, engajamento e crowdsourcing: um estudo do caso The Johnny Cash Project. Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o & Informa\u00e7\u00e3o. 2015;18(1):76\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5216\/33738 (https:\/\/www.radicalmedia.com\/work\/the-johnny-cash-project\/).","journal-title":"Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o & Informa\u00e7\u00e3o"},{"key":"4980_CR34","unstructured":"Someguy. The 1000 journals project book. 2007. https:\/\/fineartviews.com\/blog\/34275\/collaboration-in-art-mutual-respect-mutual-work-mutual-exposure. https:\/\/someguy.is\/1000-Journals-Project.\u00a0Accessed January 15, 2024."},{"key":"4980_CR35","unstructured":"Kemp J. Practical Ethics v3.0: Version Control. 2021; pp. 209\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11588\/arthistoricum.1047.c14537."},{"key":"4980_CR36","unstructured":"Fischer M. A proposal for a virtual reality museum for virtual reality art. In: MW17 2017;2. https:\/\/mw17.mwconf.org\/paper\/a-proposal-for-a-virtual-reality-museum-for-virtual-reality-art\/.\u00a0Accessed January 15, 2024."},{"key":"4980_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu Z, Guerrero P, Mitra NJ, Steed A. Open3D: crowd-sourced distributed curation of city models. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Web3D Technology, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2016; Web3D \u201916, p. 87\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2945292.2945302.","DOI":"10.1145\/2945292.2945302"},{"key":"4980_CR38","unstructured":"Snowtrack. Snowfs. 2021. https:\/\/www.snowtrack.io.\u00a0Accessed January 15, 2024."},{"key":"4980_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Merkle RC. A digital signature based on a conventional encryption function. In: Pomerance C. editors. Advances in Cryptology\u2014CRYPTO \u201987. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1988; pp. 369\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-48184-2_32.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48184-2_32"},{"key":"4980_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58465-8_10","volume-title":"Augmented reality, virtual reality, and computer graphics","author":"C Pidel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pidel C, Ackermann P. Collaboration in virtual and augmented reality: a systematic overview. In: De Paolis LT, Bourdot P, editors. Augmented reality, virtual reality, and computer graphics. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020. p. 141\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-58465-8_10."},{"key":"4980_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Nguyen H, Ladev\u00e8ze N, Fleury C, Bourdot P. Virtual workspace positioning techniques during teleportation for co-located collaboration in virtual reality using HMDs. In: 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), 2022; pp. 674\u2013682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VR51125.2022.00088.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR51125.2022.00088"},{"issue":"7","key":"4980_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633119854035","volume":"57","author":"D Beck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beck D. Special issue: Augmented and virtual reality in education: Immersive learning research. J Educ Comput Res. 2019;57(7):1619\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0735633119854035.","journal-title":"J Educ Comput Res"},{"key":"4980_CR43","unstructured":"Adobe. Medium. 2016. https:\/\/www.meta.com\/en-gb\/experiences\/pcvr\/1336762299669605\/.\u00a0Accessed January 15, 2024."},{"key":"4980_CR44","unstructured":"Software B. Masterpiecevr. 2017. https:\/\/www.oculus.com\/experiences\/rift\/361221470668584\/.\u00a0Accessed January 15, 2024."},{"key":"4980_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van\u00a0den Berge T. Vermillion: oil painting simulation in virtual reality: a new tool for digital artists offering the analog control of traditional painting with the benefits of a virtual environment. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2021 Immersive Pavilion, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2021; SIGGRAPH \u201921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3450615.3464542.","DOI":"10.1145\/3450615.3464542"},{"key":"4980_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Knispel J, Bullock F. Collaborative VR painting in web browsers. In: SIGGRAPH Asia 2017 VR Showcase, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2017; SA \u201917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3139468.3148451.","DOI":"10.1145\/3139468.3148451"},{"key":"4980_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chow K, Coyiuto C, Nguyen C, Yoon D. Challenges and design considerations for multimodal asynchronous collaboration in vr. In: Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 2019;3(CSCW). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3359142.","DOI":"10.1145\/3359142"},{"key":"4980_CR48","unstructured":"GoogleVR. Tiltbrus. 2017. https:\/\/www.tiltbrush.com\/.\u00a0Accessed January 15, 2024."},{"key":"4980_CR49","unstructured":"Serrano F. A-Painter. 2016. https:\/\/aframe.io\/blog\/a-painter\/.\u00a0Accessed January 15, 2024."},{"key":"4980_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Friston S, Congdon B, Swapp D, Izzouzi L, Brandst\u00e4tter K, Archer D, Olkkonen O, Thiel F, Steed F. Ubiq: a system to build flexible social virtual reality experiences. In: Proceedings of the 27th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2021; pp. 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3489849.3489871.","DOI":"10.1145\/3489849.3489871"},{"key":"4980_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.912078","volume":"3","author":"A Steed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Steed A, Izzouzi L, Brandst\u00e4tter K, Friston S, Congdon B, Olkkonen O, et al. Ubiq-exp: a toolkit to build and run remote and distributed mixed reality experiments. Front Virtual Reality. 2022;3:912078.","journal-title":"Front Virtual Reality"},{"key":"4980_CR52","unstructured":"Openbrush BA. 2021. https:\/\/openbrush.app\/.\u00a0Accessed January 15, 2024."},{"key":"4980_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vallbona R, P\u00e9rez B. Ilustraci\u00f3n digital y realidad virtual: un marco de investigaci\u00f3n para el aprendizaje inclusivo a trav\u00e9s de herramientas de software libre. In: GKA VISUAL 2021, 2021; pp. 13\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.18324.22400.","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.18324.22400"},{"issue":"3","key":"4980_CR54","first-page":"189","volume":"189","author":"J Brooke","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brooke J. Sus: a \u201cquick and dirty\u2019 usability. Usabil Eval Ind. 1996;189(3):189\u201394.","journal-title":"Usabil Eval Ind"},{"issue":"6","key":"4980_CR55","first-page":"103","volume":"4","author":"M Schrepp","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schrepp M, Thomaschewski J, Hinderks A. Design and evaluation of a short version of the user experience questionnaire (ueq-s). Int J Interact Multimedia Artif Intell. 2017;4(6):103\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9781\/ijimai.2017.09.001 (http:\/\/www.ijimai.org\/journal\/sites\/default\/files\/files\/2017\/09\/ijimai20174_6_14_pdf_20309.pdf).","journal-title":"Int J Interact Multimedia Artif Intell"},{"issue":"4","key":"4980_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2657239","volume":"23","author":"LJ Gerry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gerry LJ. Paint with me: stimulating creativity and empathy while painting with a painter in virtual reality. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph. 2017;23(4):1418\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2657239.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph"},{"issue":"3","key":"4980_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686","volume":"7","author":"BG Witmer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Witmer BG, Singer MJ. Measuring presence in virtual environments: a presence questionnaire. Presence Teleop Virt. 1998;7(3):225\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/105474698565686.","journal-title":"Presence Teleop Virt"},{"issue":"6","key":"4980_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/job.656","volume":"31","author":"S Parise","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parise S, Rollag K. Emergent network structure and initial group performance: the moderating role of pre-existing relationships. J Organ Behav. 2010;31(6):877\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/job.656 (https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/job.656).","journal-title":"J Organ Behav"},{"key":"4980_CR59","unstructured":"Icosa Foundation. Icosa. 2020. https:\/\/beta.icosa.gallery\/.\u00a0Accessed January 15, 2024."},{"key":"4980_CR60","unstructured":"The immersive web working group\/community group. 2024. https:\/\/immersive-web.github.io\/.\u00a0Accessed January 15, 2024."},{"key":"4980_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reiter K, Pfeuffer K, Esteves A, Mittermeier T, Alt F. Look & turn: one-handed and expressive menu interaction by gaze and arm turns in VR. In: 2022 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2022; ETRA \u201922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3517031.3529233.","DOI":"10.1145\/3517031.3529233"},{"key":"4980_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Handley R, Guerra B, Goli R, Zytko D. Designing social vr: a collection of design choices across commercial and research applications. 2022. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.02253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2201.02253.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2201.02253"},{"key":"4980_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang H, Zhang J, Yin X, Zhou K, Pan Z, El Rhalibi A. Cloud-to-end rendering and storage management for virtual reality in experimental education. Virtual Reality Intell Hardw. 2020;2(4):368\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vrih.2020.07.001, https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2096579620300541. VR and experiment simulation.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vrih.2020.07.001"},{"key":"4980_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gan B, Zhang C. Research on application of distributed server architecture for virtual reality scenarios in big data environment. In: 2020 International Conference on computer information and big data applications (CIBDA), 2020; pp. 52\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CIBDA50819.2020.00020.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIBDA50819.2020.00020"},{"key":"4980_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05029-4_19","volume-title":"iPromotion: a cloud-based platform for virtual reality internet advertising","author":"M Zampoglou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zampoglou M, Malamos AG, Kapetanakis K, Kontakis K, Sardis E, Vafiadis G, et al. iPromotion: a cloud-based platform for virtual reality internet advertising. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014. p. 447\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-05029-4_19."},{"key":"4980_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106588","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2933014","volume":"7","author":"AA Simiscuka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simiscuka AA, Markande TM, Muntean GM. Real-virtual world device synchronization in a cloud-enabled social virtual reality iot network. IEEE Access. 2019;7:106588\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2933014.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"4980_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao S, Abou-zeid H, Atawia R, Manjunath YSK, Sediq AB, Zhang XP. Virtual reality gaming on the cloud: a reality check. In: 2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference, 2021; pp. 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GLOBECOM46510.2021.9685808.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM46510.2021.9685808"},{"key":"4980_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang W, Chen J, Zhang Y, Raychaudhuri D. Towards efficient edge cloud augmentation for virtual reality MMOGs. In: Proceedings of the Second ACM\/IEEE Symposium on Edge Computing, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2017; SEC \u201917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3132211.3134463.","DOI":"10.1145\/3132211.3134463"},{"key":"4980_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goebbels G, Lalioti V. Co-presence and co-working in distributed collaborative virtual environments. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Computer Graphics, Virtual Reality and Visualisation, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2001; AFRIGRAPH \u201901, p. 109\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/513867.513891.","DOI":"10.1145\/513867.513891"},{"key":"4980_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerhard M, Moore D, Hobbs D. Embodiment and copresence in collaborative interfaces. Int J Hum Comput Stud. 2004;61(4):453\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2003.12.014, https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1071581904000126.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2003.12.014"},{"key":"4980_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Virtual reality sculpture using free-form surface deformation. In: International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, vol. Volume 4: Design for Manufacturing Conference. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/DETC97\/DFM-4511.","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC97\/DFM-4511"},{"key":"4980_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moo-Young JK, Hogue A, Szkudlarek V. Virtual materiality: realistic clay sculpting in VR. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2021 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2021; CHI PLAY \u201921, p. 105\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3450337.3483475.","DOI":"10.1145\/3450337.3483475"},{"issue":"1","key":"4980_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1515\/icom-2022-0011","volume":"21","author":"M Stark","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stark M, Thielen E, Holtmann C, Selmanagi\u00e7 A, Droste M, Barsht L. Xr art and culture: successful collaborations in interdisciplinary development processes. i-com. 2022;21(1):123\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/icom-2022-0011.","journal-title":"i-com"},{"key":"4980_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-06203-7_8","volume-title":"Immersive art in augmented reality","author":"T Margolis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Margolis T. Immersive art in augmented reality. Cham: Springer Int. Publishing; 2014. p. 149\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-06203-7_8."},{"key":"4980_CR75","unstructured":"Lee LH, Lin Z, Hu R, Gong Z, Kumar A, Li T, Li S, Hui P. When creators meet the metaverse: a survey on computational arts. 2021."},{"key":"4980_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh J, Zheng L. Combining semantic guidance and deep reinforcement learning for generating human level paintings. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR), 2021; pp. 16387\u201316396.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01612"},{"key":"4980_CR77","unstructured":"Xie N, Hachiya H, Sugiyama M. Artist agent: a reinforcement learning approach to automatic stroke generation in oriental ink painting. In: Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on International Conference on Machine Learning, Omnipress, Madison, WI, USA, 2012; ICML\u201912, p. 1059\u20131066"},{"key":"4980_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giunchi D, Sztrajman A, James S, Steed A. Mixing modalities of 3D sketching and speech for interactive model retrieval in virtual reality. In: Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Conference on Interactive Media Experiences, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2021; IMX \u201821, p. 144\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3452918.3458806.","DOI":"10.1145\/3452918.3458806"},{"key":"4980_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Numan N, Giunchi D, Congdon B, Steed A. Ubiq-genie: leveraging external frameworks for enhanced social vr experiences10.1007\/978-3-319-06203-7_82023 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW), IEEE, 2023; pp. 497\u2013501.","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW58643.2023.00108"},{"key":"4980_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giunchi D, Numan N, Gatti E, Steed A. DreamCodeVR: towards democratizing behavior design in virtual reality with speech-driven programming. In: 2024 IEEE Conference Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), IEEE, 2024; pp. 579\u2013589.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR58804.2024.00078"},{"key":"4980_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnasamy R, Vistisen P, Nikolic LT, Hemmingsen L, Scarpelli M. The meta-stage: utilizing metaverse-enabling technologies for hybrid co-presence experiences. In: 4th EAI International Conference on Technology, Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Education, Springer; 2023.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-59383-3_7"},{"issue":"4","key":"4980_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2022.0261","volume":"26","author":"S Guertin-Lahoud","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guertin-Lahoud S, Coursaris CK, S\u00e9n\u00e9cal S, L\u00e9ger PM. User experience evaluation in shared interactive virtual reality. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2023;26(4):263\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2022.0261. (PMID: 37071640).","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"}],"container-title":["SN Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-026-04980-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42979-026-04980-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42979-026-04980-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T11:12:39Z","timestamp":1779275559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42979-026-04980-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["4980"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-026-04980-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2661-8907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2661-8907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The user study was approved by the IRB at the authors\u2019 institution and complies with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}],"article-number":"456"}}