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SCI."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data leakage, where semantically or visually similar samples exist across training and test splits, continues to threaten the reliability of object detection benchmarks. The D-LeDe method was recently proposed as a statistical technique for detecting data leakage, showing promise in initial applications. This paper extends the D-LeDe method to evaluate its robustness and generalizability through a focused experimental study. We revisit the KITTI dataset which was previously identified as leakage-prone and introduce a new application of D-LeDe on SODA10M. The core investigation centers on whether visually similar images, measured using perceptual hashing, are the primary cause of data leakage indications captured by D-LeDe. To this end, we progressively remove visually similar image pairs from the test sets of both datasets and observe changes in the Relative Increase Rate, the key decision metric of D-LeDe. Results show that even after removing about 50% of similar images from the KITTI test set, D-LeDe continues to detect data leakage, suggesting other forms of redundancy or latent factors causing the leakage. In contrast, SODA10M consistently remains leakage-free across all levels of image pair removal. These findings reinforce the reliability of D-LeDe in detecting non-obvious forms of data leakage, underscoring its applicability as a diagnostic tool for dataset integrity in object detection workflows.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-026-05289-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T12:02:06Z","timestamp":1787227326000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the Robustness and Generalizability of D-LeDe Using Multiple Automotive Datasets"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3747-1319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Abu Ahammed","family":"Babu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9052-0864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslaw","family":"Staron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3901-873X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darko","family":"Durisic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1767-3562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"B\u00e1lint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1882-2435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sushant Kumar","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"5289_CR1","unstructured":"Alimov M, Meiramkhanov T. 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