{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T01:42:13Z","timestamp":1768009333987,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SN Oper. Res. Forum"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s43069-021-00093-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T13:02:48Z","timestamp":1637240568000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ship Routing Using Genetic Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Charalambopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreas C.","family":"Nearchou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"93_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kjeldsen K (2011)\u00a0Classification of ship routing and scheduling problems in liner shipping, INFOR: Inform Syst and Oper Res 49:2:139\u2013152","DOI":"10.3138\/infor.49.2.139"},{"key":"93_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(83)90215-1","volume":"12","author":"D Ronen","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ronen D (1983) Cargo ships routing and scheduling: survey of models and problems. Eur J Oper Res 12:119\u2013126","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"93_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(93)90343-L","volume":"71","author":"D Ronen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ronen D (1993) Ship scheduling: the last decade. Eur J Oper Res 71:325\u2013333","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"93_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2012.12.002","volume":"228","author":"M Christiansen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Christiansen M, Fagerholt K, Nygreen B, Ronen D (2013) Ship routing and scheduling in the new millennium. Eur J Oper Res 228:467\u2013483","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"93_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.1030.0036","volume":"38","author":"M Christiansen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Christiansen M, Fagerholt K, Ronen D (2004) Ship routing and scheduling: status and perspective. Transp Sci 38(1):1\u201318","journal-title":"Transp Sci"},{"key":"93_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00291-007-0100-9","volume":"30","author":"R Stahlbock","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stahlbock R, Voss S (2008) Operations research at container terminals: a literature update. OR Spectrum 30:1\u201352","journal-title":"OR Spectrum"},{"key":"93_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.1979.101","volume":"30","author":"TB Boffey","year":"1979","unstructured":"Boffey TB, Edmond ED, Hinxman AI, Pursglove CJ (1979) Two approaches to scheduling container ships with an application to the north Atlantic route. Journal of the Operational Research Society 30:413\u2013425","journal-title":"Journal of the Operational Research Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"93_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.25.3.201","volume":"25","author":"K Rana","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rana K, Vickson RG (1991) Routing container ships using Lagrangean relaxation and decomposition. Transp Sci 25(3):201\u2013214","journal-title":"Transp Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"93_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/03088839600000087","volume":"23","author":"S-C Cho","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cho S-C, Perakis AN (1996) Optimal liner fleet routing strategies. Marit Policy Manag 23(3):249\u2013259","journal-title":"Marit Policy Manag"},{"issue":"5","key":"93_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-3995.1999.tb00167.x","volume":"6","author":"K Fagerholt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fagerholt K (1999) Optimal fleet design in a ship routing problem. International Transactions in Operations Research 6(5):453\u2013464","journal-title":"International Transactions in Operations Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"93_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(00)00098-9","volume":"131","author":"K Fagerholt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fagerholt K (2001) Ship scheduling with soft time windows: an optimization based approach. Eur J Oper Res 131(3):559\u2013571","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"93_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(03)00030-4","volume":"152","author":"E Sambracos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sambracos E, Paravantis JA, Tarantilis CD, Kiranoudis CT (2004) Dispatching of small containers via coastal freight lines: the case of the Aegean Sea. Eur J Oper Res 152:365\u2013381","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"93_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2005.05.003","volume":"43","author":"K Shintani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shintani K, Imai A, Nishimura E, Papadimitriou S (2007) The container shipping network design problem with empty container repositioning. Transp Res Part E 43:39\u201359","journal-title":"Transp Res Part E"},{"key":"93_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2008.05.001","volume":"45","author":"M Karlaftis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karlaftis M, Kepaptsoglou K, Sambracos E (2009) Containership routing with time deadlines and simultaneous deliveries and pick-ups. Transp Res Part E 45:210\u2013221","journal-title":"Transp Res Part E"},{"key":"93_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3141\/2222-04","volume":"2222","author":"S Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang S, Meng Q (2011) Schedule design and container routing in liner shipping. Transport Res Record 2222:25\u201333","journal-title":"Transport Res Record"},{"issue":"5","key":"93_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2012.01.003","volume":"46","author":"S Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang S, Meng Q (2012) Liner ship route schedule design with sea contingency time and port time uncertainty. Transport Res Part B 46(5):615\u2013633","journal-title":"Transport Res Part B"},{"key":"93_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang S, Alharbi A, Davy P (2015), Ship route schedule based interactions between shipping lines and port operators. In: Lee CY, Meng Q (Eds.), Ocean container transport logistics making global supply chain effective. Elsevier, Amsterdam","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11891-8_10"},{"key":"93_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Castillo-Villar KK, Gonz\u00e1lez-Ram\u00edrez RG, Gonz\u00e1lez PM, Smith NR (2014) A heuristic procedure for a ship routing and scheduling problem with variable speed and discretized time windows, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Article ID 750232.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/750232.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/750232"},{"key":"93_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2014.01.012","volume":"41","author":"S Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang S, Alharbi A, Davy P (2014) Liner ship route schedule design with port time windows. Transp Res Part C 41:1\u201317","journal-title":"Transp Res Part C"},{"issue":"2","key":"93_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.35.2.254","volume":"35","author":"MM Solomon","year":"1987","unstructured":"Solomon MM (1987) Algorithms for vehicle routing and scheduling problems with time window constraints. Oper Res 35(2):254\u2013265","journal-title":"Oper Res"},{"key":"93_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christiansen M, Fagerholt K (2014) Ship routing and scheduling in industrial and tramp shipping, in Vehicle Routing: problems, methods and applications (edited by Toth P. and Vigo D.), MOS-SIAM Series on Optimization, pp. 381\u2013403.","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611973594.ch13"},{"key":"93_CR22","volume-title":"Adaption in natural and artificial systems","author":"JH Holland","year":"1975","unstructured":"Holland JH (1975) Adaption in natural and artificial systems. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI"},{"key":"93_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04131-4","volume-title":"How to solve it: modern heuristics","author":"Z Michalewicz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Michalewicz Z, Fogel DB (2000) How to solve it: modern heuristics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin"},{"issue":"2","key":"93_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5273(03)00184-1","volume":"88","author":"AC Nearchou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nearchou AC (2004) The effect of various operators on the genetic search for large scheduling problems. Int J Prod Econ 88(2):191\u2013203","journal-title":"Int J Prod Econ"},{"key":"93_CR25","unstructured":"Goldberg DE (1989) Sizing populations for serial and parallel genetic algorithms, in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Genetic Algorithms (ICGA 89), pp. 70\u201379"},{"issue":"2","key":"93_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.40.2.342","volume":"40","author":"M Desrochers","year":"1992","unstructured":"Desrochers M, Desrochers J, Solomon M (1992) A new optimization algorithm for the vehicle routing problem with time windows. Oper Res 40(2):342\u2013354","journal-title":"Oper Res"},{"key":"93_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2015.01.004","volume":"59","author":"C Iliopoulou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iliopoulou C, Kepaptsoglou K, Karlaftis M (2015) Route planning for a seaplane service: The case of the Greek Islands. Comput Oper Res Elsevier 59:66\u201377","journal-title":"Comput Oper Res Elsevier"},{"key":"93_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.4236\/apm.2016.65025","volume":"6","author":"NEA Ghani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghani NEA, Shariff SSR, Zahari SM (2016) An alternative algorithm for vehicle routing problem with time windows for daily deliveries. Advances in Pure Mathematics 6:342\u2013350","journal-title":"Advances in Pure Mathematics"},{"key":"93_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"SN Kumar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kumar SN, Panneerselvam R (2017) Development of an efficient genetic algorithm for the time dependent vehicle routing problem with time windows. Am J Oper Res 7:1\u201325","journal-title":"Am J Oper Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"93_CR30","first-page":"180","volume":"2","author":"VN Wijayaningrum","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wijayaningrum VN, Mahmudy WF (2016) Optimization of ship\u2019s route scheduling using genetic algorithm, Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer. J Electr Eng Comput Sci 2(1):180\u2013186","journal-title":"J Electr Eng Comput Sci"},{"key":"93_CR31","first-page":"253","volume-title":"Application handbook of genetic algorithms: new frontiers, 2","author":"S Thangiah","year":"1995","unstructured":"Thangiah S (1995) Vehicle routing with time windows using genetic algorithms. Application handbook of genetic algorithms: new frontiers, 2. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 253\u2013277"},{"key":"93_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s11804-018-0034-4","volume":"17","author":"S MahmoudZadeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"MahmoudZadeh S, Powers DMW, Yazdani AM et al (2018) Efficient AUV path planning in time-variant underwater environment using differential evolution algorithm. J Marine Sci Appl 17:585\u2013591","journal-title":"J Marine Sci Appl"},{"key":"93_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11804-018-0040-6","volume":"18","author":"A Sakaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sakaki A, Ghassemi H, Keyvani S (2019) Evaluation of the hydrodynamic performance of planning boat with trim tab and interceptor and its optimization using genetic algorithm. J Marine Sci Appl 18:131\u2013141","journal-title":"J Marine Sci Appl"}],"container-title":["Operations Research Forum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43069-021-00093-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43069-021-00093-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43069-021-00093-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T13:34:25Z","timestamp":1637242465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43069-021-00093-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["93"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43069-021-00093-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-2556"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-2556","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"45"}}