{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T11:48:39Z","timestamp":1782215319188,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oper. Res. Forum"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s43069-026-00647-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T08:37:55Z","timestamp":1778488675000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Morocco\u2019s Digital Supply-Chain Transformation: Adapting Industry 4.0 and 5.0 for SME-Dominant Economies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8226-0708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayoub","family":"El Ouardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9580-8955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Otman","family":"Abdoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"647_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9929","DOI":"10.3390\/su13179929","volume":"13","author":"J Pyun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pyun J, Rha JS (2021) Review of research on digital supply chain management using network text analysis. Sustainability 13(17):9929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13179929","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"13","key":"647_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10107","DOI":"10.3390\/su151310107","volume":"15","author":"L Ning","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ning L, Yao D (2023) The impact of digital transformation on supply chain capabilities and supply chain competitive performance. Sustainability 15(13):10107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su151310107","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"647_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bendarag A, Boutkhoum O, Abada D, Hanine M (2022) Blockchain adoption barriers in Moroccan sustainable supply chain: a proposed approach. Indones J Electr Eng Comput Sci 27(2):892\u2013899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11591\/ijeecs.v27.i2.pp892-899","DOI":"10.11591\/ijeecs.v27.i2.pp892-899"},{"issue":"1","key":"647_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3390\/su15010649","volume":"15","author":"JY Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma JY, Shi L, Kang TW (2023) The effect of digital transformation on the pharmaceutical sustainable supply chain performance: the mediating role of information sharing and traceability using structural equation modeling. Sustainability 15(1):649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15010649","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"647_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Quan NHK, Singh H, Khanh THT, Rajagopal P (2023) A SWOT analysis with a digital transformation: a case study for hospitals in the pharmaceutical supply chain. J Inf Web Eng 2(1):29\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33093\/jiwe.2023.2.1.4","DOI":"10.33093\/jiwe.2023.2.1.4"},{"issue":"1","key":"647_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1108\/jm2-03-2019-0066","volume":"15","author":"P Agrawal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agrawal P, Narain R, Ullah I (2020) Analysis of barriers in implementation of digital transformation of supply chain using interpretive structural modelling approach. J Model Manag 15(1):297\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jm2-03-2019-0066","journal-title":"J Model Manag"},{"issue":"13","key":"647_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7690","DOI":"10.3390\/su14137690","volume":"14","author":"W Yin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yin W, Ran W (2022) Supply chain diversification, digital transformation, and supply chain resilience: configuration analysis based on fsQCA. Sustainability 14(13):7690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14137690","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"647_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22917-w","volume":"29","author":"W Yin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yin W (2022) Identifying the pathways through digital transformation to achieve supply chain resilience: An fsQCA approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:83733\u201383748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-022-22917-w","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"647_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2019.1631461","volume":"31","author":"Z Seyedghorban","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seyedghorban Z, Tahernejad H, Meriton RF, Graham G (2020) Supply chain digitalization: past, present and future. Production Planning & Control 31(2\u20133):96\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09537287.2019.1631461","journal-title":"Production Planning & Control"},{"key":"647_CR10","unstructured":"Le Site Info (2024) Digital Morocco 2030: Voici les d\u00e9tails de la strat\u00e9gie. https:\/\/www.lesiteinfo.com\/economie\/627971-digital-morocco-2030-voici-les-details-de-la-strategie.html. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"647_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hoa P, Ho\u00e0 N, Chau P (2019) Policy for industrial development in era 4.0 in some pioneering countries and proposing to vietnam. Eur J Eng Technol Res 4(9):129\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24018\/ejers.2019.4.9.1527","DOI":"10.24018\/ejers.2019.4.9.1527"},{"issue":"6","key":"647_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2018.1449244","volume":"29","author":"R De Angelis","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Angelis R, Howard M, Miemczyk J (2018) Supply chain management and the circular economy: towards the circular supply chain. Production Planning & Control 29(6):425\u2013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09537287.2018.1449244","journal-title":"Production Planning & Control"},{"key":"647_CR13","unstructured":"Data.gov.ma (2024) Donn\u00e9es sur les startups. https:\/\/data.gov.ma\/data\/fr\/dataset\/donnees-sur-les-startups. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"issue":"7","key":"647_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1108\/scm-02-2022-0059","volume":"27","author":"LV Lerman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lerman LV, Benitez GB, M\u00fcller JM, de Sousa PR, Frank AG (2022) Smart green supply chain management: A configurational approach to enhance green performance through digital transformation. Supply Chain Manage Int J 27(7):147\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/scm-02-2022-0059","journal-title":"Supply Chain Manage Int J"},{"issue":"1","key":"647_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42488-019-00020-z","volume":"2","author":"J Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu J, Chen M, Liu H (2020) The role of big data analytics in enabling green supply chain management: a literature review. J Data Inf Manag 2(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42488-019-00020-z","journal-title":"J Data Inf Manag"},{"issue":"13","key":"647_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.640","volume":"28","author":"DJ Teece","year":"2007","unstructured":"Teece DJ (2007) Explicating dynamic capabilities: the nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strateg Manag J 28(13):1319\u20131350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smj.640","journal-title":"Strateg Manag J"},{"issue":"2","key":"647_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1108\/jeim-09-2022-0333","volume":"37","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuan Y, Tan H, Liu L (2024) The effects of digital transformation on supply chain resilience: A moderated and mediated model. J Enterp Inf Manag 37(2):488\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jeim-09-2022-0333","journal-title":"J Enterp Inf Manag"},{"key":"647_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khan MR, Manzoor A (2021) Application and impact of new technologies in the supply chain management during covid-19 pandemic: a systematic literature review. Int J Econ Bus Admin IX(2):277\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35808\/ijeba\/703","DOI":"10.35808\/ijeba\/703"},{"key":"647_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh P (2024) Measuring the broader value proposition of digital transformation in supply chains. Int J Supply Chain Manag 13(1):16\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59160\/ijscm.v13i1.6222","DOI":"10.59160\/ijscm.v13i1.6222"},{"key":"647_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peesapati S (2024) Enhancing supply chain visibility in large enterprises: a literature review. Int J Supply Chain Manag 13(3):20\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59160\/ijscm.v13i3.6246","DOI":"10.59160\/ijscm.v13i3.6246"},{"issue":"3","key":"647_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/16258312.2020.1816361","volume":"21","author":"B Ageron","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ageron B, Bentahar O, Gunasekaran A (2020) Digital supply chain: challenges and future directions. Supply Chain Forum Int J 21(3):133\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16258312.2020.1816361","journal-title":"Supply Chain Forum Int J"},{"issue":"2","key":"647_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s42488-020-00027-x","volume":"2","author":"MN Birje","year":"2020","unstructured":"Birje MN, Hanji SS (2020) Internet of things based distributed healthcare systems: a review. J Data Inf Manag 2(2):71\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42488-020-00027-x","journal-title":"J Data Inf Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"647_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/jrfm16010007","volume":"16","author":"S Yerpude","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yerpude S, Sood K, Grima S (2022) Blockchain-augmented digital supply chain management: a way to sustainable business. J Risk Finan Manag 16(1):7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jrfm16010007","journal-title":"J Risk Finan Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"647_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1108\/nbri-06-2022-0066","volume":"14","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Y, Chen T (2022) Blockchain empowers supply chains: challenges, opportunities and prospects. Nankai Bus Rev Int 14(2):230\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/nbri-06-2022-0066","journal-title":"Nankai Bus Rev Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"647_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s42488-020-00030-2","volume":"2","author":"S Panchiwala","year":"2020","unstructured":"Panchiwala S, Shah M (2020) A comprehensive study on critical security issues and challenges of the IoT world. J Data Inf Manag 2(2):101\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42488-020-00030-2","journal-title":"J Data Inf Manag"},{"key":"647_CR26","unstructured":"IBM (2024) What is a digital twin? https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/fr-fr\/topics\/what-is-a-digital-twin"},{"key":"647_CR27","unstructured":"MIT Sloan Management Review (2024) Unlocking the potential of digital twins in supply chains. https:\/\/sloanreview.mit.edu\/article\/unlocking-the-potential-of-digital-twins-in-supply-chains\/"},{"key":"647_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2023.e01821","volume":"21","author":"I Abouzid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abouzid I, Saidi R (2023) Digital twin implementation approach in supply chain processes. Scientific African 21:e01821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sciaf.2023.e01821","journal-title":"Scientific African"},{"key":"647_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2024.e02299","volume":"25","author":"S Seddik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seddik S, Routaib H, Elmounadi A, El Haddadi A (2024) Enhancing african market predictions: Integrating quantum computing with echo state networks. Scientific African 25:e02299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sciaf.2024.e02299","journal-title":"Scientific African"},{"issue":"4","key":"647_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.3390\/s23042006","volume":"23","author":"M Ebadpour","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ebadpour M, Jamshidi MB, Talla J, Hashemi-Dezaki H, Peroutka Z (2023) Digital twin model of electric drives empowered by ekf. Sensors 23(4):2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23042006","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"4","key":"647_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics11040071","volume":"11","author":"FC Andriulo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Andriulo FC, Fiore M, Mongiello M, Traversa E, Zizzo V (2024) Edge computing and cloud computing for Internet of Things: A review. Informatics 11(4):71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/informatics11040071","journal-title":"Informatics"},{"key":"647_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Faubel L, Schmid K, Eichelberger H (2023) Mlops challenges in industry 4.0. SN Computer Science 4:828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-023-02282-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-023-02282-2"},{"key":"647_CR33","unstructured":"Sustainability Success (2023) The industrial revolution from industry 1.0 to industry 4.0. https:\/\/sustainability-success.com\/industry-1-0-to-4-0-2-3-revolution\/. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"647_CR34","unstructured":"Supply Chain Game Changer (2023) The industrial revolution: From industry 1.0 to industry 5.0. https:\/\/supplychaingamechanger.com\/the-industrial-revolution-from-industry-1-0-to-industry-5-0\/. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"647_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rejeb A, Rejeb K, S\u00fcle E, Hassoun A, Keogh JG (2025) Knowledge flows in industry 4.0 research: a longitudinal and dynamic analysis. J Data Inf Manag 7(2):123\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42488-025-00146-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s42488-025-00146-3"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"647_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-021-03956-x","volume":"333","author":"A Belhadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Belhadi A, Mani V, Kamble SS, Khan SAR, Verma S (2021) Artificial intelligence-driven innovation for enhancing supply chain resilience and performance under the effect of supply chain dynamism: an empirical investigation. Ann Oper Res 333(2\u20133):627\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10479-021-03956-x","journal-title":"Ann Oper Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"647_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3390\/su16010304","volume":"16","author":"E Salamah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salamah E (2024) Unveiling the impact of digitalization on supply chain performance in the post-covid-19 era: the mediating role of supply chain integration and efficiency. Sustainability 16(1):304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su16010304","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"647_CR38","unstructured":"SAP (2024) What is a smart factory? https:\/\/www.sap.com\/products\/scm\/what-is-a-smart-factory.html. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"647_CR39","unstructured":"Cyngn (2024) Smart manufacturing: The future of smart factories. https:\/\/www.cyngn.com\/blog\/smart-manufacturing-the-future-of-smart-factories. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"647_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sassi A, Ben\u00a0Ali M, Ifassiouen H, Sahaf K, Rifai S (2022) The supply chain 4.0 in moroccan automotive companies: a state of art. J Opera Manag Optim Decision Support 2(1):49\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34874\/IMIST.PRSM\/JOMODS-V2I1.32955","DOI":"10.34874\/IMIST.PRSM\/JOMODS-V2I1.32955"},{"key":"647_CR41","unstructured":"Reuters (2024) China\u2019s hailiang, shinzoom to build auto battery plants in morocco. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/autos-transportation\/chinas-hailiang-shinzoom-build-auto-battery-plants-morocco-2024-05-15\/. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"647_CR42","unstructured":"AP News (2023) Morocco expands its role as africa\u2019s leading car manufacturer. https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/2981a049578c411b95b525752d243f93. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"647_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pereira R, Santos N (2023) Neoindustrialization\u2014reflections on a new paradigmatic approach for the industry: a scoping review on industry 5.0. Logistics 7(3):43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/logistics7030043","DOI":"10.3390\/logistics7030043"},{"key":"647_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00d6zkanlisoy \u00d6, Akkartal E (2021) Digital transformation in supply chains: current applications, contributions and challenges. Business and Management Studies: an International Journal 9(1):32\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15295\/bmij.v9i1.1673","DOI":"10.15295\/bmij.v9i1.1673"},{"issue":"5","key":"647_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10050842","volume":"10","author":"M Tavana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tavana M, Shaabani A, Vanani I, Gangadhari R (2022) A review of digital transformation on supply chain process management using text mining. Processes 10(5):842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr10050842","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"647_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bienhaus F, Haddud A (2018) Procurement 4.0: factors influencing the digitisation of procurement and supply chains. Bus Proc Manag J 24(4):965\u2013984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/bpmj-06-2017-0139","DOI":"10.1108\/bpmj-06-2017-0139"},{"issue":"2","key":"647_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.9734\/sajsse\/2021\/v10i230262","volume":"10","author":"A Boye","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boye A (2021) Application of fuzzy dematel method on the impact of it innovation on supply chain management of food industry in nigeria. South Asian J Social Stud Econ 10(2):39\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/sajsse\/2021\/v10i230262","journal-title":"South Asian J Social Stud Econ"},{"issue":"5","key":"647_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12051205","volume":"12","author":"A Burlea-Schiopoiu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Burlea-Schiopoiu A, Borcan I, Dragan CO (2023) The impact of the covid-19 crisis on the digital transformation of organizations. Electronics 12(5):1205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics12051205","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"4","key":"647_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/10580530.2020.1820633","volume":"37","author":"R Gabryelczyk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gabryelczyk R (2020) Has covid-19 accelerated digital transformation? initial lessons learned for public administrations. Inf Syst Manag 37(4):303\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10580530.2020.1820633","journal-title":"Inf Syst Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"647_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.056","volume":"60","author":"G Aulakh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aulakh G, Duggal S, Sutton D (2022) Findings from an omfs journal club: Is covid-19 the catalyst we have needed to embrace technology? Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 60(1):46\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.056","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"647_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Israfilov N (2023) Key directions for transforming supply chain management in emerging markets during the post-covid-19 pandemic period. Operations and Supply Chain Management: an International Journal 16(3):346\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31387\/oscm0550407","DOI":"10.31387\/oscm0550407"},{"key":"647_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"El\u00a0Idrissi El-Bouzaidi Y, Abdoun O (2023) Advances in artificial intelligence for accurate and timely diagnosis of COVID-19: A comprehensive review of medical imaging analysis. Scientific African 22:e01961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sciaf.2023.e01961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2023.e01961"},{"key":"647_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-015-1104-y","volume":"29","author":"AM Ledari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ledari AM, Pasandideh SHR, Koupaei MN (2018) A new newsvendor policy model for dual-sourcing supply chains by considering disruption risk and special order. J Intell Manuf 29:237\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10845-015-1104-y","journal-title":"J Intell Manuf"},{"key":"647_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pan M, Wu W (2014) In: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing (Springer, Cham), pp 365\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-06257-0_29","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-06257-0_29"},{"issue":"1","key":"647_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-020-00219-1","volume":"10","author":"JK Konjaang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Konjaang JK, Xu L (2021) Multi-objective workflow optimization strategy (mowos) for cloud computing. J Cloud Comput 10(1):11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13677-020-00219-1","journal-title":"J Cloud Comput"},{"key":"647_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mishra BSP, Das H, Dehuri S, Jagadev AK (eds) (2018) Cloud Computing for Optimization: Foundations, Applications, and Challenges, 1st edn. Studies in Big Data (Springer, Cham). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-73676-1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73676-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"647_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1140\/epjp\/s13360-023-03859-9","volume":"138","author":"TC Bufalo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bufalo TC, Bufalo R, de Figueiredo LPG (2023) Assessing black swan events with the stochastic least action principle, tsallis entropy and heavy-tailed distribution. The European Physical Journal Plus 138(3):282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjp\/s13360-023-03859-9","journal-title":"The European Physical Journal Plus"},{"key":"647_CR58","unstructured":"Le Matin (2024) Digital Morocco 2030 : Les contours de la strat\u00e9gie r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9s. https:\/\/lematin.ma\/economie\/digital-morocco-2030-les-contours-de-la-strategie-reveles\/244163. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"647_CR59","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Modernisation des Secteurs Publics (2024) Lancement officiel de la strat\u00e9gie nationale Digital Morocco 2030. https:\/\/www.mmsp.gov.ma\/fr\/actualites\/lancement-officiel-de-la-strat%C3%A9gie-nationale-digital-morocco-2030. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"647_CR60","unstructured":"Menara.ma (2024) Ghita Mezzour pr\u00e9sente la strat\u00e9gie Digital Morocco 2030. https:\/\/www.menara.ma\/fr\/article\/ghita-mezzour-presente-la-strategie-digital-morocco-2030. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"647_CR61","unstructured":"International Telecommunication Union, Measuring digital development (2024) The ict development index 2024. Tech rep, ITU, Geneva. https:\/\/www.itu.int\/en\/ITU-D\/Statistics\/Pages\/IDI\/2024"},{"key":"647_CR62","unstructured":"GSMA (2025) The mobile economy 2025. Tech rep, GSMA Intelligence. https:\/\/www.gsma.com\/mobileeconomy\/"},{"key":"647_CR63","unstructured":"Partech (2025) 2024 africa tech venture capital report. Tech rep, Partech. https:\/\/partechpartners.com\/africa-reports\/"},{"key":"647_CR64","unstructured":"Startuplinks (2025) Latin america venture capital report 2025. Tech rep, Startuplinks. Data covering Full-Year 2024"},{"key":"647_CR65","unstructured":"United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Review of maritime transport (2025) 2025 Tech rep, UNCTAD, Geneva. Aggregating data from Port Authorities for FY 2024"},{"key":"647_CR66","unstructured":"The World Bank (2023) Connecting to compete 2023: Logistics performance index (lpi). Tech rep, The World Bank Group, Washington, D.C. https:\/\/lpi.worldbank.org\/report"},{"key":"647_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fatih FZ, Junejo S (2024) Enhancing supply chain resilience through digital integration: A case study of moroccan businesses. Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4(1):253\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47760\/cognizance.2024.v04i01.010","DOI":"10.47760\/cognizance.2024.v04i01.010"},{"issue":"5","key":"647_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-2691-6","volume":"2","author":"M Ghita","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghita M, Siham B, Hicham M (2020) Digital twins: development and implementation challenges within moroccan context. SN Appl Sci 2(5):885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42452-020-2691-6","journal-title":"SN Appl Sci"},{"key":"647_CR69","unstructured":"APANews (2024) Morocco, a new home for african startups. https:\/\/apanews.net\/morocco-a-new-home-for-african-startups\/. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"647_CR70","unstructured":"Atalayar (2024) Morocco, africa\u2019s new startup paradise. https:\/\/www.atalayar.com\/en\/articulo\/economy-and-business\/morocco-africas-new-startup-paradise\/20240623080000201694.html. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"647_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elhazziti MA, Ferraz DAC, Elazzouzi E, Master M, Gomes JS (2023) Digital transformation in morocco: Challenges and perspectives. Journal of US-China Public Administration 20(2):83\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17265\/1548-6591\/2023.02.001","DOI":"10.17265\/1548-6591\/2023.02.001"},{"key":"647_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahmoudi Z, Najim I (2024) E-governance as a lever for public administration performance: A qualitative survey. Corporate & Business Strategy Review 5(2):118\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22495\/cbsrv5i2art10","DOI":"10.22495\/cbsrv5i2art10"},{"key":"647_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bentaher C (2023) Examining the necessary conditions for successful digital transformation: A case study of moroccan companies. Eur J Bus Manag Res 8(2):222\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24018\/ejbmr.2023.8.2.1892","DOI":"10.24018\/ejbmr.2023.8.2.1892"},{"key":"647_CR74","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2024) OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Morocco 2024 (OECD Publishing). https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/publications\/oecd-investment-policy-reviews-morocco-2024-abridged-version_bc0c1f25-en.html. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"647_CR75","unstructured":"African Development Bank (2022) Africa Industrialization Index 2022. https:\/\/www.afdb.org\/en\/documents\/africa-industrialization-index-2022. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"647_CR76","unstructured":"Morocco World News (2024) Morocco Overtakes South Africa to Become Africa\u2019s Top Car Producer. https:\/\/www.moroccoworldnews.com\/2024\/07\/364141\/morocco-overtakes-south-africa-to-become-africa-s-top-car-producer. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"647_CR77","unstructured":"Statista (2024) Tanger Med Port: Container Throughput 2021. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1234567\/tanger-med-port-container-throughput\/. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"647_CR78","unstructured":"Wikipedia Contributors (2024) Science and technology in morocco. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Science_and_technology_in_Morocco. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"647_CR79","unstructured":"National Business Environment Committee (CNEA) (2024) Free trade agreements. https:\/\/www.cnea.ma\/en\/investment-climate\/free-trade-agreements. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"647_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3645084","author":"H Nachit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nachit H, Belhcen L (2020) Digital transformation in times of covid-19 pandemic: The case of morocco. SSRN Electron J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3645084","journal-title":"SSRN Electron J"},{"key":"647_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M\u00fcller JM, Kazantsev N (eds) (2021) Industry 4.0 in SMEs Across the Globe: Drivers, Barriers, and Opportunities (CRC Press, Boca Raton). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781003165880","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003165880"},{"key":"647_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H\u00e4ring K, Pimentel C, Teixeira L (2023) Industry 4.0 implementation in small- and medium-sized enterprises: Recommendations extracted from a systematic literature review with a focus on maturity models. Logistics 7(4):99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/logistics7040099","DOI":"10.3390\/logistics7040099"},{"key":"647_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2024.e02429","volume":"26","author":"OS Ebhota","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ebhota OS, Hongxing Y, Sampene AK (2024) Investigating the influence of digital transformation, budgeting and budgetary control on the financial performance of smes. Scientific African 26:e02429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sciaf.2024.e02429","journal-title":"Scientific African"},{"key":"647_CR84","unstructured":"Faouzi A (2025) King mohammed vi: \u2018No Place for a Morocco Moving at Two Speeds\u2019. Morocco World News. https:\/\/www.moroccoworldnews.com\/2025\/07\/234580\/king-mohammed-vi-no-place-for-a-morocco-moving-at-two-speeds\/. Throne Day address coverage"},{"key":"647_CR85","unstructured":"Eljechtimi A (2025) Morocco\u2019s king calls for addressing regional inequalities. Reuters. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/moroccos-king-calls-addressing-regional-inequalities-2025-07-29\/. Throne Day address report"},{"issue":"8","key":"647_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2023.2236726","volume":"62","author":"T Sawik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sawik T, Sawik B (2024) Risk-averse decision-making to maintain supply chain viability under propagated disruptions. Int J Prod Res 62(8):2853\u20132867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207543.2023.2236726","journal-title":"Int J Prod Res"}],"container-title":["Operations Research Forum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43069-026-00647-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43069-026-00647-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43069-026-00647-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T10:58:24Z","timestamp":1782212304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43069-026-00647-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["647"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43069-026-00647-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-2556"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-2556","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This exploratory probe involving human participants was conducted in accordance with general ethical standards for research. All participants provided informed consent for their voluntary and anonymous participation, and data was collected and analysed to ensure confidentiality and privacy. No identifiable personal information of the SMEs or participating individuals is included in this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for the publication of anonymized and aggregated data presented in this study. No individual personal data is presented in a manner that would allow identification.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"60"}}