{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:47:33Z","timestamp":1785538053007,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633305600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-021-00106-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T01:47:16Z","timestamp":1633398436000},"page":"35-40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Towards an ethics of AI in Africa: rule of education"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7737-6928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sountongnoma Martial Anicet","family":"Kiemde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Dooguy","family":"Kora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"106_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951717743530","volume":"4","author":"M Veale","year":"2017","unstructured":"Veale, M., Binns, R.: Fairer machine learning in the real world: Mitigating discrimination without collecting sensitive data. Big Data Soc 4, 2 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951717743530","journal-title":"Big Data Soc"},{"key":"106_CR2","volume-title":"Towards a code of ethics for artificial intelligence","author":"B Paula","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paula, B.: Towards a code of ethics for artificial intelligence, 1st edn. Springer International Publishing (2017)","edition":"1"},{"key":"106_CR3","unstructured":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, \u201cLa D\u00e9claration de Montr\u00e9al en IA responsable.\u201d [Online]. https:\/\/www.declarationmontreal-iaresponsable.com\/la-declaration"},{"key":"106_CR4","unstructured":"Montreal Declaration, \u201cThe declaration,\u201d (2017)"},{"key":"106_CR5","unstructured":"Microsoft: Microsoft AI principles. (2017), [Online]. https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/ai\/our-approach-to-ai"},{"key":"106_CR6","unstructured":"High-Level Expert Group on AI, \u201cEthics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI,\u201d (2019)"},{"key":"106_CR7","unstructured":"Vought, R. T.: Guidance for regulation of artificial intelligence applications introduction. 3967(13), 1\u201311 (2009)"},{"key":"106_CR8","unstructured":"IEEE Standards Association, \u201cThe IEEE global initiative on ethics of autonomous and intelligent systems,\u201d (2019). https:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/industry-connections\/ec\/autonomous-systems.html"},{"issue":"9","key":"106_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2","volume":"1","author":"A Jobin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jobin, A., Ienca, M., Vayena, E.: The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nat. Mach. Intell. 1(9), 389\u2013399 (2019) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"106_CR10","unstructured":"Leonard H.V.T., Sebastian, G.: In the realm of paper tigers \u2013 exploring the failings of AI ethics guidelines. (2020). https:\/\/algorithmwatch.org\/en\/ai-ethics-guidelines-inventory-upgrade-2020\/"},{"key":"106_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arakpogun, E., Elsahn, Z., Olan, F., Elsahn, F.: Artificial intelligence in africa: challenges and opportunities. pp. 375\u2013388 (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62796-6_22"},{"key":"106_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anicet K.S.M., Dooguy K.A.: The challenges facing the development of AI in Africa. (2020) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICATMRI51801.2020.9398454","DOI":"10.1109\/ICATMRI51801.2020.9398454"},{"key":"106_CR13","unstructured":"Verweij, G., Rao, A.: Sizing the prize: what\u2019s the real value of AI for your business and how can you capitalise?,\u201d PwC. 32, (2017)"},{"key":"106_CR14","unstructured":"Andersen, L.: Artificial intelligence in international development: avoiding ethical pitfalls. J. Public Int. Aff. (2019) [Online] https:\/\/jpia.princeton.edu\/news\/artificial-intelligence-international-development-avoiding-ethical-pitfalls"},{"key":"106_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01384-9","author":"V Turb\u00e9","year":"2021","unstructured":"Turb\u00e9, V., et al.: Deep learning of HIV field-based rapid tests. Nat. Med. (2021) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01384-9","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"106_CR16","unstructured":"Gul, E.: Is artificial intelligence the frontier solution to global south\u2019s wicked development challenges? Towards Data Sci https:\/\/towardsdatascience.com\/is-artificial-intelligence-the-frontier-solution-to-global-souths-wicked-development-challenges-4206221a3c78"},{"key":"106_CR17","unstructured":"Wildlife Crime Technology. \u201cWildlife Crime Technology Project | Projects | WWF\u201d. https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/projects\/wildlife-crime-technology-project"},{"key":"106_CR18","unstructured":"Brandusescu, A., Freuler, J.O., Thakur, D.: Artificial intelligence Starting the policy dialogue in Africa. Artif. Intell. pp. 1\u20138, (2017). [Online] www.webfoundation.org."},{"key":"106_CR19","unstructured":"IBM.: \u201cIBM research: IBM brings Watson to Africa for Project Lucy. IBM (2014) http:\/\/www.research.ibm.com\/labs\/africa\/project-lucy.shtml."},{"key":"106_CR20","unstructured":"Micheal, K.: \u201cDigital colonialism is threatening the Global South,\u201d Aljazeera. p. Al Jazeera, (2019). [Online] https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2019\/3\/13\/digital-colonialism-is-threatening-the-global-south\/"},{"key":"106_CR21","unstructured":"Nirina, \u201cAu S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, un Data Center d\u2019Etat accueilli comme une r\u00e9volution,\u201d Lebigdata"},{"key":"106_CR22","unstructured":"Gwagwa, A., Garbe, L.: \u201cExporting repression? China\u2019s artificial intelligence push into Africa,\u201d Council on foreign relations. p. Counc. Foreign relations, [Online] https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/blog\/exporting-repression-chinas-artificial-intelligence-push-africa"},{"issue":"6","key":"106_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/00396338.2020.1851098","volume":"62","author":"WH Gravett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gravett, W.H.: Digital coloniser? China and artificial intelligence in Africa. Survival (Lond) 62(6), 153\u2013178 (2020) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00396338.2020.1851098","journal-title":"Survival (Lond)"},{"key":"106_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berisha, V.: \u201cAI as a threat to democracy\u202f: towards an empirically grounded theory AI as a threat to democracy\u202f: towards an empirically grounded theory. Visar berisha autumn 2017 Supervised by Professor Joakim Palme,\u201d 2017, 0\u201364 (2019) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.33108.24960.","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.33108.24960"},{"key":"106_CR25","unstructured":"I. Development.: AI Readiness Index 2020 full report. (2020)"},{"key":"106_CR26","unstructured":"G. I. S. Watch: Where are we watching. Global Information Society Watch (2019)"},{"key":"106_CR27","unstructured":"Arthur, G.: Reccomendations on the inclusion sub- Saharan Africa in Global AI Ethics. pp. 1\u201313, (2019)"},{"key":"106_CR28","unstructured":"Sallstrom, L., Morris, O., Mehta, H.: Artificial Intelligence in Africa\u2019s Healthcare: Ethical Considerations. ORF Issue Brief No. 312. Observer Research Foundation (2019)"},{"issue":"4","key":"106_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-018-9482-5","volume":"28","author":"L Floridi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Floridi, L., et al.: AI4People\u2014an ethical framework for a good AI society: opportunities, risks, principles, and recommendations. Minds Mach. 28(4), 689\u2013707 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-018-9482-5","journal-title":"Minds Mach."},{"issue":"4","key":"106_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2019.2946107","volume":"26","author":"D Vernon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vernon, D.: Robotics and artificial intelligence in Africa [Regional]. IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag. 26(4), 131\u2013135 (2019) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MRA.2019.2946107","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag."},{"key":"106_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-020-09534-2","author":"M Carman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carman, M., Rosman, B.: Applying a principle of explicability to AI research in Africa: should we do it? Technol. Ethics Inf. (2020) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-020-09534-2","journal-title":"Technol. Ethics Inf."},{"issue":"2","key":"106_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2966\/scrip.170220.389","volume":"17","author":"A Birhane","year":"2020","unstructured":"Birhane, A.: Algorithmic colonization of Africa. SCRIPT-ed 17(2), 389\u2013409 (2020) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2966\/scrip.170220.389","journal-title":"SCRIPT-ed"},{"key":"106_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.23962\/10539\/30361","volume":"26","author":"A Gwagwa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gwagwa, A., Kraemer-Mbula, E., Rizk, N., Rutenberg, I., De Beer, J.: Artificial intelligence (AI) deployments in Africa: benefits, challenges and policy dimensions. African J. Inf. Commun. 26, 1\u201328 (2020) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23962\/10539\/30361","journal-title":"African J. Inf. Commun."},{"key":"106_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-020-09570-y","author":"ST Segun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Segun, S.T.: Critically engaging the ethics of AI for a global audience. Ethics Inf. Technol. (2020) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-020-09570-y","journal-title":"Ethics Inf. Technol."},{"key":"106_CR35","unstructured":"Gwagwa, A., Kachidza, P., Siminyu, K., Smith, M.: Responsible artificial intelligence in sub-saharan Africa: landscape and general state of play. AI4D Africa (2021)"},{"key":"106_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bensalah, M.: Toward an ethical code of AI and human rights in Morocco. (2021) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.26500.45446\/1","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.26500.45446\/1"},{"issue":"1","key":"106_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-020-00002-7","volume":"1","author":"J Borenstein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Borenstein, J., Howard, A.: Emerging challenges in AI and the need for AI ethics education. AI Ethics 1(1), 61\u201365 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-020-00002-7","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"key":"106_CR38","unstructured":"Macaulay, T.: Study: only 18% of data science students are learning about AI ethics. The Next Web. (2020) [Online] https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/neural\/2020\/07\/03\/study-only-18-of-data-scientists-are-learning-about-ai-ethics\/"},{"key":"106_CR39","unstructured":"UNESCO.: Artificial intelligence needs assessment survey in Africa. (2021)"},{"key":"106_CR40","unstructured":"Myers-West, S., Whittaker, M., Crawford, K.: Discriminating systems: gender, race and power in AI. (2019)"},{"key":"106_CR41","unstructured":"Sabelo, M.: \u201cCarr center for human rights policy from rationality to relationality\u202f: ubuntu as an ethical and human intelligence governance. Carr Cent. Hum. Rights Policy. 2020\u2013009 (2020)"},{"issue":"2","key":"106_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-020-00017-0","volume":"1","author":"P Boddington","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boddington, P.: AI and moral thinking: how can we live well with machines to enhance our moral agency? AI Ethics 1(2), 109\u2013111 (2021) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-020-00017-0","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"key":"106_CR43","unstructured":"Yembra, N., et al.: Tech in Africa. The Generalist"},{"key":"106_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1109\/ISTAS50296.2020.9462194","volume":"2020","author":"SMA Kiemde","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kiemde, S.M.A., Kora, A.D.: Fairness of machine learning algorithms for the black community. IEEE Internat Symp Technol Soc (ISTAS) 2020, 373\u2013377 (2020) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISTAS50296.2020.9462194","journal-title":"IEEE Internat Symp Technol Soc (ISTAS)"},{"key":"106_CR45","unstructured":"AI4D: AI4D Afrique"}],"container-title":["AI and Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-021-00106-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43681-021-00106-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-021-00106-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T08:12:33Z","timestamp":1650355953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43681-021-00106-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-021-00106-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-5953","type":"print"},{"value":"2730-5961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}