{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T05:37:40Z","timestamp":1777354660611,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-022-00170-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T08:04:38Z","timestamp":1653379478000},"page":"441-450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Normative ethics, human rights, and artificial intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7493-5496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shailendra","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1417-1735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanghamitra","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"170_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9973.1985.tb00177.x","volume":"16","author":"D Lloyd","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lloyd, D.: Frankenstein\u2019s children: artificial intelligence and human value. Metaphilosophy 16(4), 307\u2013318 (1985)","journal-title":"Metaphilosophy"},{"key":"170_CR2","unstructured":"Gills, A.S.: Internet of Things (IoT). TechTarget. https:\/\/internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com\/definition\/Internet-of-Things-IoT (2020). Accessed 21 June 2021."},{"issue":"2","key":"170_CR3","first-page":"997","volume":"31","author":"S Poudel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poudel, S.: Internet of things: underlying technologies, interoperability, and threats to privacy and security. Berkeley Technol. Law J. 31(2), 997\u20131022 (2016)","journal-title":"Berkeley Technol. Law J."},{"key":"170_CR4","unstructured":"Miller, S.: Artificial intelligence and its impact on legal technology: to boldly go where no legal department has gone before Thompson Reuters.\u00a0https:\/\/legal.thomsonreuters.com\/en\/insights\/articles\/ai-and-its-impact-on-legal-technology (2017). Accessed 20 June 2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"170_CR5","first-page":"1858562","volume":"7","author":"S Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Choudhury, S.: Ancient vedic literature and human rights: resonances and dissonances. Cogent Soc. Sci. 7(1), 1858562 (2021)","journal-title":"Cogent Soc. Sci."},{"key":"170_CR6","volume-title":"Business ethics","author":"S Kumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Rai, A.: Business ethics. Cengage Learning, New Delhi (2019)"},{"key":"170_CR7","unstructured":"Bernstein, J.: Profiles: A.I. The New Yorker. https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/1981\/12\/14\/a-i (1981)"},{"issue":"1","key":"170_CR8","first-page":"283","volume":"117","author":"D Dennett","year":"1988","unstructured":"Dennett, D.: When philosophers encounter artificial intelligence. Daedalus 117(1), 283\u2013295 (1988)","journal-title":"Daedalus"},{"issue":"1","key":"170_CR9","first-page":"69","volume":"3","author":"H Arata","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arata, H., Hale, B.: Smart bases, smart decisions. Cyber Def. Rev. 3(1), 69\u201378 (2018)","journal-title":"Cyber Def. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"170_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.11610\/Connections.15.2.01","volume":"15","author":"S Costigan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Costigan, S., Lindstrom, G.: Policy and the internet of things. Connections 15(2), 9\u201318 (2016)","journal-title":"Connections"},{"key":"170_CR11","volume-title":"The Internet of Things: How Smart TVs, Smart Cars, Smart Homes, and Smart Cities are Changing the World","author":"M Miller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miller, M.: The Internet of Things: How Smart TVs, Smart Cars, Smart Homes, and Smart Cities are Changing the World. Indianapolis, Que (2015)"},{"key":"170_CR12","volume-title":"The philosophy of artificial intelligence","author":"MA Boden","year":"1990","unstructured":"Boden, M.A.: The philosophy of artificial intelligence. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1990)"},{"key":"170_CR13","unstructured":"Buchholz, S., Mariani, J., Routh, A.,Keyal, A. & Kishnani, P.: The Realist\u2019s guide to quantum technology and national security. Deloitte\u2019s Center for government Insights. https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/us\/en\/insights\/industry\/public-sector\/the-impact-of-quantum-technology-on-national-security.html (2020)"},{"key":"170_CR14","volume-title":"Human Problem Solving","author":"A Newell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Newell, A., Simon, H.A.: Human Problem Solving. Echo Point Books & Media, Brattleboro (2019)"},{"key":"170_CR15","volume-title":"AI: the tumultuous search for artificial intelligence","author":"D Crevier","year":"1993","unstructured":"Crevier, D.: AI: the tumultuous search for artificial intelligence. Basic Books, New York (1993)"},{"issue":"3","key":"170_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00005756","volume":"3","author":"J Searle","year":"1980","unstructured":"Searle, J.: Minds, brains and programs. Behav. Brain Sci. 3(3), 417\u2013457 (1980). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0140525X00005756","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"170_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8322.12209","volume":"31","author":"T Guo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guo, T.: Alan Turing: Artificial intelligence as human self-knowledge. Anthropol. Today 31(6), 3\u20137 (2015)","journal-title":"Anthropol. Today"},{"key":"170_CR18","volume-title":"Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus","author":"MW Shelley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shelley, M.W.: Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus. Bibliologica Press, Unley, SA (2021)"},{"key":"170_CR19","volume-title":"Apocalyptic AI: Visions of Heaven in Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Virtual Reality","author":"RM Geraci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Geraci, R.M.: Apocalyptic AI: Visions of Heaven in Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Virtual Reality. Oxford University Press, New York (2012)"},{"key":"170_CR20","unstructured":"Ortega-Rodriguez, M., Sol\u00eds-S\u00e1nchez, H.: Is there a relationship between Stephen Hawking's worldview and his physical disability? On the importance of cognitive diversity. Cornell University. Preprint at arXiv:1804.09012 [physics.pop-ph] (2018)"},{"key":"170_CR21","unstructured":"Hawking, S.: Personal Interview to Rory Cellan-Jones, BBC. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/technology-30290540 (2014). Accessed 20 June 2021."},{"key":"170_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-019-0278-x","volume":"5","author":"M Perc","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perc, M., Ozer, M., Hojnik, J.: Social and juristic challenges of artificial intelligence. Palgrave Commun. 5, 61 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41599-019-0278-x","journal-title":"Palgrave Commun."},{"key":"170_CR23","unstructured":"Schmarzo, W., Vantara, H.: Asimov\u2019s 4th Law of Robotics. KDnuggets. https:\/\/www.kdnuggets.com\/2017\/09\/asimov-4th-law-robotics.html#:~:text=A%20robot%20may%20not%20injure,being%20to%20come%20to%20harm.&text=A%20robot%20must%20protect%20its,the%20first%20or%20second%20laws (2017). Accessed 20 June 2021."},{"key":"170_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2307\/3857520","volume":"8","author":"J Hasnas","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hasnas, J.: The normative theories of business ethics: a guide for the perplexed. Bus. Ethics Q. 8, 19\u201342 (1998)","journal-title":"Bus. Ethics Q."},{"issue":"4","key":"170_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.5840\/beq200616448","volume":"16","author":"J Heath","year":"2006","unstructured":"Heath, J.: Business ethics without stakeholders. Bus. Ethics Q. 16(4), 533 (2006)","journal-title":"Bus. Ethics Q."},{"key":"170_CR26","volume-title":"Perspectives in business ethics","author":"LP Hartman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hartman, L.P.: Perspectives in business ethics. McGraw-Hill, Boston (2002)"},{"key":"170_CR27","first-page":"40","volume-title":"Managing Business Ethics: Straight Talk About How To Do It Right","author":"LK Trevino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Trevino, L.K., Nelson, K.A.: Managing Business Ethics: Straight Talk About How To Do It Right, p. 40. Wiley, Hoboken (2011)"},{"key":"170_CR28","volume-title":"Business ethics for dummies","author":"NE Bowie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bowie, N.E., Schneider, M.E.: Business ethics for dummies. Wiley, Hoboken (2011)"},{"key":"170_CR29","volume-title":"Business Ethics","author":"OC Ferrell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferrell, O.C., Fraedrich, J., Ferrell, L.: Business Ethics. Cengage, Mason, OH (2018)"},{"key":"170_CR30","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Business Ethics as Practice","author":"M Painter-Moreland","year":"2010","unstructured":"Painter-Moreland, M.: Business Ethics as Practice, p. 53. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2010)"},{"key":"170_CR31","volume-title":"The Utilitarians: An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation [by] Jeremy Bentham. Utilitarianism, and On liberty [by] John Stuart Mill","author":"J Bentham","year":"1961","unstructured":"Bentham, J., Mill, J.S., Mill, J.S.: The Utilitarians: An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation [by] Jeremy Bentham. Utilitarianism, and On liberty [by] John Stuart Mill. Doubleday, Garden City, NY (1961)"},{"key":"170_CR32","volume-title":"Utilitarianism","author":"JS Mill","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mill, J.S.: Utilitarianism. GRIN Verlag GmbH, M\u00fcnchen (2008)"},{"key":"170_CR33","volume-title":"Utilitarianism","author":"JS Mill","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mill, J.S., Lazari-Radek, K., Singer, P.: Utilitarianism. W.W. Norton & Company, New York (2022)"},{"key":"170_CR34","first-page":"119","volume-title":"The Methods of Ethics","author":"H Sidgwick","year":"1907","unstructured":"Sidgwick, H.: The Methods of Ethics, p. 119. Macmillan Publishers, London (1907)"},{"key":"170_CR35","first-page":"210","volume":"3","author":"K Baier","year":"1966","unstructured":"Baier, K.: Moral obligations. Am. Philos. Q. 3, 210\u2013226 (1966)","journal-title":"Am. Philos. Q."},{"key":"170_CR36","unstructured":"Johnston, C.: Why do corporates give? Raconteur. https:\/\/www.raconteur.net\/why-do-corporates-give\/ (2014). Accessed 25 June 2021."},{"key":"170_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199691531.001.0001","volume-title":"Kant's Groundwork for the metaphysics of morals: A commentary","author":"HE Allison","year":"2011","unstructured":"Allison, H.E.: Kant\u2019s Groundwork for the metaphysics of morals: A commentary. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2011)"},{"key":"170_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351064422","volume-title":"Normativity, meaning, and the promise of phenomenology","author":"M Burch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burch, M.: Normativity, meaning, and the promise of phenomenology. Routledge, New York (2019)"},{"key":"170_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108381512","volume-title":"Kant and Religion","author":"AW Wood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wood, A.W.: Kant and Religion. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2020)"},{"key":"170_CR40","first-page":"I","volume-title":"Kant: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy","author":"I Kant","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kant, I., Korsgaard, C.: Frontmatter. In: Gregor, M. (ed.) Kant: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy, p. I\u2013IV. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1998)"},{"key":"170_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511997747","volume-title":"Understanding Moral Obligation: Kant, Hegel, Kierkegaard (Modern European Philosophy)","author":"R Stern","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stern, R.: Kant. In: Understanding Moral Obligation: Kant, Hegel, Kierkegaard (Modern European Philosophy), pp. 5\u20136. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2011)"},{"key":"170_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1017\/9781139519267.031","volume-title":"The Cambridge History of Moral Philosophy","author":"J Timmermann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Timmermann, J.: Kant. In: Golob, S., Timmermann, J. (eds.) The Cambridge History of Moral Philosophy, pp. 394\u2013409. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2017)"},{"key":"170_CR43","first-page":"313","volume":"13","author":"M Timmons","year":"2005","unstructured":"Timmons, M.: The philosophical and practical significance of Kant\u2019s Universality formulations of the categorical imperative. Ann. Rev. Law Ethics 13, 313\u2013333 (2005)","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Law Ethics"},{"key":"170_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316683026","volume-title":"Kant on Laws","author":"E Watkins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watkins, E.: Kant on Laws. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2019)"},{"key":"170_CR45","volume-title":"\u201cFirst Section: Transition from the Common Rational Knowledge of Morals to the Philosophical\u201d Groundwork of the Metaphysics of the Morals","author":"I Kant","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kant, I.: \u201cFirst Section: Transition from the Common Rational Knowledge of Morals to the Philosophical\u201d Groundwork of the Metaphysics of the Morals. Harper and Row Publishers, New York (1997)"},{"key":"170_CR46","first-page":"483","volume":"18","author":"H Hoche","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hoche, H., Knoop, M.: Logical relations between Kant\u2019s categorical imperative and the two golden rules. Ann. Rev. Law Ethics 18, 483\u2013518 (2010)","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Law Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"170_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0029-4624.2004.00484.x","volume":"38","author":"P Kitcher","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kitcher, P.: Kant\u2019s argument for the categorical imperative. No\u00fbs 38(4), 555\u2013584 (2004)","journal-title":"No\u00fbs"},{"issue":"1","key":"170_CR48","first-page":"105","volume":"19","author":"J Marshall","year":"1982","unstructured":"Marshall, J.: Hypothetical imperatives. Am. Philos. Q. 19(1), 105\u2013114 (1982)","journal-title":"Am. Philos. Q."},{"issue":"1","key":"170_CR49","first-page":"73","volume":"22","author":"I Morrisson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Morrisson, I.: On Kantian Maxims: a reconciliation of the incorporation thesis and weakness of the Will. Hist. Philos. Q. 22(1), 73\u201389 (2005)","journal-title":"Hist. Philos. Q."},{"issue":"353","key":"170_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031819115000236","volume":"90","author":"J Shand","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shand, J.: Kant, respect, and hypothetical acts. Philosophy 90(353), 505\u2013518 (2015)","journal-title":"Philosophy"},{"issue":"2","key":"170_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-004-1646-x","volume":"129","author":"R Shaver","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shaver, R.: Korsgaard on hypothetical imperatives. Philos. Stud. 129(2), 335\u2013347 (2006)","journal-title":"Philos. Stud."},{"key":"170_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674042605","volume-title":"A Theory of Justice","author":"J Rawl","year":"1971","unstructured":"Rawl, J.: A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA (1971)"},{"key":"170_CR53","first-page":"272","volume-title":"Contemporary Political Philosophers","author":"S Gorovitz","year":"1975","unstructured":"Gorovitz, S.: John Rawls: a theory of justice. In: de Crespigny, A., Minogue, K. (eds.) Contemporary Political Philosophers, pp. 272\u2013289. Dodd, Mead and Co, New York (1975)"},{"key":"170_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9307-3","volume-title":"Applying Care Ethics to Business","author":"M Hamington","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hamington, M., Sander-Staudt, M.: Applying Care Ethics to Business. Springer, Dordrecht (2011)"},{"key":"170_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780195325911.003.0020","volume-title":"The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global","author":"V Held","year":"2007","unstructured":"Held, V.: The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global. Oxford University Press, New York (2007)"},{"key":"170_CR56","volume-title":"In a DIFFERENT VOICE: PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY and Women's Development","author":"C Gilligan","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gilligan, C.: In a DIFFERENT VOICE: PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY and Women\u2019s Development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1982)"},{"key":"170_CR57","volume-title":"Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics & Moral Education","author":"N Noddings","year":"1986","unstructured":"Noddings, N.: Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics & Moral Education. Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley (1986)"},{"issue":"3","key":"170_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.2307\/3857391","volume":"5","author":"GF Cavanagh","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cavanagh, G.F., Moberg, D.J., Velasquez, M.: Making business ethics practical. Bus. Ethics Q. 5(3), 402 (1995)","journal-title":"Bus. Ethics Q."},{"issue":"4","key":"170_CR59","first-page":"10","volume":"91","author":"E Santow","year":"2020","unstructured":"Santow, E.: Can artificial intelligence be trusted with our human rights? Aust. Q. 91(4), 10\u201317 (2020)","journal-title":"Aust. Q."},{"key":"170_CR60","unstructured":"Hawking, S.: This is the most dangerous time for our planet. UK: Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2016\/dec\/01\/stephen-hawking-dangerous-time-planet-inequality (2016). Accessed 21 June 2021."},{"key":"170_CR61","volume-title":"Migrant Workers and Human Rights: A Critical Study on India's COVID-19 Lockdown Policy. Elsevier Social Sciences and Humanities","author":"S Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Choudhury, S.: Migrant Workers and Human Rights: A Critical Study on India\u2019s COVID-19 Lockdown Policy. Elsevier Social Sciences and Humanities. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2021)"},{"key":"170_CR62","unstructured":"Access Now: Human Rights in the age of artificial intelligence. https:\/\/www.accessnow.org\/cms\/assets\/uploads\/2018\/11\/AI-and-Human-Rights.pdf (2018). Accessed 20 June 2021"}],"container-title":["AI and Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-022-00170-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43681-022-00170-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-022-00170-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T17:04:48Z","timestamp":1686071088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43681-022-00170-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-022-00170-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-5953","type":"print"},{"value":"2730-5961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 March 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 May 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}