{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T01:32:28Z","timestamp":1782523948525,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/T00696X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/T00696X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper assesses claims of computational empathy in relation to existing social open-ended chatbots and intention that these chatbots will feature in emergent mixed reality contexts, recently given prominence due to interest in the Metaverse. Against the background of increasing loneliness within society and use of chatbots as a potential remedy for this, the paper considers two leading current social chatbots,<jats:italic>Replika<\/jats:italic>and Microsoft\u2019s<jats:italic>Xiaoice<\/jats:italic>, their technical underpinnings, empathetic claims and properties that have scope to scale into the Metaverse (if it coheres). Finding scope for human benefit from social chatbots, the paper highlights problematic reliance on self-disclosure to sustain the existence of chatbots. The paper progresses to situate Microsoft\u2019s empathetic computing framework in relation to philosophical ideas that inform Metaverse speculation and construction, including Wheeler\u2019s \u2018It from Bit\u2019 thesis that all aspects of existence may be computed, Chalmers\u2019 philosophical championing that virtual realities are genuine realities, Bostrom\u2019s proposal and provocation that we might already be living in a simulation, and longtermist belief that future complex simulations need to be protected from decisions made today. Given claims for current and nascent social chatbots, belief in bit-based possible and projected futures, and industrial buy-in to these philosophies, this paper answers whether computational empathy is real or not. The paper finds when diverse accounts of empathy are accounted for, whilst something is irrevocably lost in an \u2018It from Bit\u2019 account of empathy, the missing components are not accuracy or even human commonality of experience, but the moral dimension of empathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-022-00252-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T10:02:51Z","timestamp":1671703371000},"page":"1433-1445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Replika in the Metaverse: the moral problem with empathy in \u2018It from Bit\u2019"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8928-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"McStay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"252_CR1","unstructured":"Asimov, I.: Visit to the World\u2019s Fair of 2014. New York Times. http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/books\/97\/03\/23\/lifetimes\/asi-v-fair.html. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (1964)"},{"key":"252_CR2","unstructured":"Beckstead, N.: ON the overwhelming importance of shaping the far future. https:\/\/rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu\/rutgers-lib\/40469\/PDF\/1\/play\/. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2013)"},{"key":"252_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2009.12.001","author":"TW Bickmore","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bickmore, T.W., Mitchell, S.E., Jack, B.W., Paasche-Orlow, M.K., Pfeifer, L.M., O\u2019Donnell, J.: Response to a relational agent by hospital patients with depressive symptoms. Interact. Comput (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intcom.2009.12.001","journal-title":"Interact. Comput"},{"key":"252_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9213.00309","author":"N Bostrom","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bostrom, N.: Are we living in a computer simulation? Philos. Q. (2003). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9213.00309","journal-title":"Philos. Q."},{"key":"252_CR5","unstructured":"Bostrom, N.: Existential risks faq. https:\/\/existential-risk.org\/faq.pdf. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2013)"},{"key":"252_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/505233","author":"N Bostrom","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bostrom, N., Ord, T.: The reversal test: eliminating status quo bias in applied ethics. Ethics (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/505233","journal-title":"Ethics"},{"key":"252_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-022-00178-0","author":"C Burr","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burr, C., Leslie, D.: Ethical assurance: a practical approach to the responsible design, development, and deployment of data-driven technologies. AI Ethics (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-022-00178-0","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"key":"252_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/11825890_3","volume-title":"Ambient Intelligence in Everyday Life","author":"Y Cai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cai, Y.: Empathic computing. In: Cai, Y., Abascal, J. (eds.) Ambient Intelligence in Everyday Life, pp. 67\u201385. Springer, Heidelberg. (2006)"},{"key":"252_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capurro, R.: Information ethics for and from Africa. keynote address to the Africa information ethics conference, Pretoria (South Africa), http:\/\/www.capurro.de\/africa.html. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2007)","DOI":"10.29173\/irie4"},{"key":"252_CR10","volume-title":"Reality+: virtual worlds and the problems of philosophy","author":"D Chalmers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chalmers, D.: Reality+: virtual worlds and the problems of philosophy. Allen Lane, London (2022)"},{"key":"252_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-022-00370-9","author":"M Coeckelbergh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coeckelbergh, M.: The Ubuntu robot: towards a relational conceptual framework for intercultural robotics. Sci. Eng. Ethics (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-022-00370-9","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics"},{"key":"252_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1416.001.0001","volume-title":"Artificial experts: social knowledge and intelligent systems","author":"HM Collins","year":"1990","unstructured":"Collins, H.M.: Artificial experts: social knowledge and intelligent systems. MIT Press, Cambridge MA (1990)"},{"key":"252_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damiano, L.:, Dumouchel, P.:, Lehmann, H.: Should Empathic Social Robots Have Interiority? In: Ge, S.S., Khatib, O., Cabibihan, JJ, Simmons, R., Williams, MA. (eds) Social Robotics. ICSR 2012. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Heidelberg, (2012)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34103-8_27"},{"key":"252_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darling, K.: \u2018Who\u2019s Johnny?\u2019 Anthropomorphic framing in human\u2013robot interaction, integration, and policy. www.werobot2015.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Darling_ Whos_Johnny_WeRobot_2015.pdf. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2014)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2588669"},{"key":"252_CR15","unstructured":"DCMS.: Wellbeing and Loneliness - Community Life Survey 2020\/21. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/community-life-survey-202021-wellbeing-and-loneliness\/wellbeing-and-loneliness-community-life-survey-202021#:~:text=Overall%20in%202020%2F21%3A,to%202019%2F20%20(21%25). Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2021)"},{"key":"252_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01634437221119021","author":"I Depounti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Depounti, I., Saukko, P., Natale, S.: Ideal technologies, ideal women: AI and gender imaginaries in Redditors\u2019 discussions on the Replika bot girlfriend. Media Culture Soc. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01634437221119021","journal-title":"Media Culture Soc."},{"key":"252_CR17","unstructured":"Ellis, G.: The multiverse: conjecture, proof, and science. https:\/\/workshops.aei.mpg.de\/nicolai60th\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2014\/10\/Ellis.pdf. accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2012)"},{"key":"252_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.699312","author":"D Esposito","year":"2021","unstructured":"Esposito, D., Bollini, A., Gori, M.: Early blindness limits the head-trunk coordination development for horizontal reorientation. Front. Hum. Neurosci. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.699312","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"252_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAJBL.2019.v12i2.679","author":"C Ewuoko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ewuoko, C., Hall, S.: Core aspects of ubuntu: a systematic review. South African J Bioethics Law (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7196\/SAJBL.2019.v12i2.679","journal-title":"South African J Bioethics Law"},{"key":"252_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mental.7785","author":"KK Fitzpatrick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick, K.K., Darcy, A., Vierhile, M.: Delivering cognitive behavior therapy to young adults with symptoms of depression and anxiety using a fully automated conversational agent (Woebot): a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Ment (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/mental.7785","journal-title":"JMIR Ment"},{"key":"252_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-022-00568-6","author":"L Floridi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Floridi, L.: Metaverse: a matter of experience. Philosophy Tech (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-022-00568-6","journal-title":"Philosophy Tech"},{"key":"252_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-022-00186-0","author":"C Friedman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Friedman, C.: Ethical concerns with replacing human relations with humanoid robots: an ubuntu perspective. AI Ethics (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-022-00186-0","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"key":"252_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04299-8","volume-title":"Developing enterprise chatbots: learning linguistic structures","author":"B Galitsky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Galitsky, B.: Developing enterprise chatbots: learning linguistic structures. Springer, Cham (2019)"},{"key":"252_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-61641-0","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence for customer relationship management","author":"B Galitsky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Galitsky, B.: Artificial intelligence for customer relationship management. Springer, Cham (2021)"},{"key":"252_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cbo9780511543753.025","author":"V Gallese","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gallese, V.: The \u201cshared manifold\u201d hypothesis: From mirror neurons to empathy. J. Conscious. Stud. (2001). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cbo9780511543753.025","journal-title":"J. Conscious. Stud."},{"key":"252_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.2.593","author":"V Gallese","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gallese, V., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Rizzolatti, G.: Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain (1996). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/119.2.593","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"252_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-022-00185-1","author":"M Gibert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gibert, M.: The case for virtuous robots. AI Ethics (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-022-00185-1","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"key":"252_CR28","volume-title":"Simulating minds: the philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience of mindreading","author":"AI Goldman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goldman, A.I.: Simulating minds: the philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience of mindreading. Oxford University Press, New York (2008)"},{"key":"252_CR29","unstructured":"Gov,uk.: New Government research identifies clear links between loneliness and mental health distress. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/new-government-research-identifies-clear-links-between-loneliness-and-mental-health-distress. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2022)"},{"key":"252_CR30","unstructured":"Heath, A.: Zuckerberg says Meta and Apple are in \u2018very deep, philosophical competition\u2019 to build the metaverse. The Verge. https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2022\/7\/26\/23279478\/meta-apple-mark-zuckerberg-metaverse-competition. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2022)"},{"key":"252_CR31","unstructured":"Heidegger, M.: Being and Time. Harper Row, New York. [1962], (2011)"},{"key":"252_CR32","volume-title":"The myth of mirror neurons: the real neuroscience of communication and cognition","author":"G Hickok","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hickok, G.: The myth of mirror neurons: the real neuroscience of communication and cognition. Norton, New York, W.W (2014)"},{"key":"252_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/joc\/jqy026","author":"A Ho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ho, A., Hancock, J., Miner, A.S.: Psychological, relational, and emotional effects of self-disclosure after conversations with a chatbot. J. Commun. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/joc\/jqy026","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"252_CR34","unstructured":"Husserl, E.: Ideas pertaining to a pure phenomenology and to a phenomenological philosophy: second Book. Kluwer, Dordrecht. [1952], (2002)"},{"key":"252_CR35","unstructured":"Hyman, J.: Nvidia CEO: The metaverse will be \u2018much, much bigger than the physical world.\u2019 Yahoo News. https:\/\/uk.news.yahoo.com\/nvidia-ceo-the-metaverse-will-be-much-much-bigger-than-the-physical-world-174256652.html. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2021)"},{"key":"252_CR36","unstructured":"IEEE P7030 Working Group: IEEE P7030 - Global XR ethics working group. https:\/\/sagroups.ieee.org\/7030\/. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2022)"},{"key":"252_CR37","unstructured":"Kant, I.: The critique of pure reason. MacMillan, London [1781], (1990)"},{"key":"252_CR38","unstructured":"Lipps, T.: Empathy, Inner imitation and sense-feelings. In: Rader, M (edS.) A modern book of Esthetics 374\u2013382. Rinehart and Winston, New York. [1903] (1979)"},{"key":"252_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lutz, C., Tam\u00f2-Larrieux, A.: Do privacy concerns about social robots affect use intentions? evidence from an experimental vignette Study. Front. Robot. AI, Sec. ethics in robotics and artificial intelligence. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2021.627958, (2021)","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2021.627958"},{"key":"252_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/blr.2016.73020","author":"AB Makulilo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Makulilo, A.B.: \u2018\u201cA person is a person through other persons\u201d\u2019 \u2013 a critical analysis of privacy and culture in Africa. Beijing Law Review (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/blr.2016.73020","journal-title":"Beijing Law Review"},{"key":"252_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McStay, A.: Digital advertising (First Edition). Palgrave-Macmillan, London (2009)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-137-01365-1"},{"key":"252_CR42","unstructured":"McStay, A.: Automating empathy: when technologies are claimed to feel-into everyday life. Oxford University Press, New York (In press)"},{"key":"252_CR43","unstructured":"Meta.: Founder\u2019s Letter https:\/\/about.fb.com\/news\/2021\/10\/founders-letter\/. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2021)"},{"key":"252_CR44","unstructured":"Mhlambi, S.: From rationality to relationality: Ubuntu as an ethical and human rights framework for artificial intelligence governance. In Car center for human rights policy, discussion paper series 220\u2013009.https:\/\/carrcenter.hks.harvard.edu\/publications\/rationality-relationality-ubuntu-ethical-and-human-rights-framework-artificial. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2020)"},{"key":"252_CR45","unstructured":"Nesta.: Tech in the dock should AI chatbots be used to address the nation\u2019s loneliness problem? https:\/\/www.nesta.org.uk\/feature\/tech-dock\/. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2021)"},{"key":"252_CR46","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Mirror neuron systems: the role of mirroring processes in social Cognition","author":"L Oberman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oberman, L., Ramachandran, V.S.: Reflections on the mirror neuron system: their evolutionary functions beyond motor representation. In: Pineda, J.A. (ed.) Mirror neuron systems: the role of mirroring processes in social Cognition, pp. 39\u201362. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. (2009)"},{"key":"252_CR47","unstructured":"Ofcom.: Adult\u2019s media Use and attitudes report 2020\/21. https:\/\/www.ofcom.org.uk\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0025\/217834\/adults-media-use-and-attitudes-report-2020-21.pdf. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2021)"},{"key":"252_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17705\/1pais.12201","author":"AV Prakash","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prakash, A.V., Das, S.: Intelligent conversational agents in mental healthcare services: A thematic analysis of user perceptions. Pac Asia J Assoc Inf Syst (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17705\/1pais.12201","journal-title":"Pac Asia J Assoc Inf Syst"},{"key":"252_CR49","unstructured":"Mind.: Loneliness). https:\/\/www.mind.org.uk\/information-support\/tips-for-everyday-living\/loneliness\/about-loneliness\/. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2022)"},{"key":"252_CR50","unstructured":"Ramose, M.B.: Globalization and ubuntu. In Coetzee, P., Roux, A. (eds.) philosophy from Africa. a text with readings 626\u2013650. Oxford University Press, (2002)"},{"key":"252_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl254","author":"KP Rankin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rankin, K.P., Gorno-Tempini, M.L., Allison, S.C., Stanley, C.M., Glenn, S., Weiner, M.W., Miller, B.L.: Structural anatomy of empathy in neurodegenerative disease. Brain (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awl254","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"252_CR52","unstructured":"Replika.: Building a compassionate AI friend. https:\/\/blog.replika.com\/posts\/building-a-compassionate-ai-friend. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2021)"},{"key":"252_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1701758","author":"Z Ringel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ringel, Z., Kovrizhin, D.L.: Quantized gravitational responses, the sign problem, and quantum complexity. Sci. Adv (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.1701758","journal-title":"Sci. Adv"},{"key":"252_CR54","volume-title":"Robo Sapiens Japanicus: Robots, Gender, Family, and the Japanese Nation","author":"J Robertson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Robertson, J.: Robo Sapiens Japanicus: Robots, Gender, Family, and the Japanese Nation. University of California Press, Oakland (2018)"},{"key":"252_CR55","unstructured":"Ryle, G.: The concept of mind. Penguin, London. [1949], (2000)"},{"key":"252_CR56","unstructured":"Scheler, M.: The nature of sympathy. Transaction, New Jersey. [1913], (2009)"},{"key":"252_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.04.030","author":"B Sheehan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sheehan, B., Jin, H.S., Gottlieb, U.: Customer service chatbots: Anthropomorphism and adoption. J. Bus. Res. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.04.030","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"252_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07370024.2020.1731690","author":"J Sin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sin, J., Munteanu, C.: An empirically grounded sociotechnical perspective on designing virtual agents for older adults. Human-Computer Interaction (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07370024.2020.1731690","journal-title":"Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"252_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102601","author":"M Skjuve","year":"2021","unstructured":"Skjuve, M., F\u00f8lstad, A., Fostervold, K.I., Brandtzaeg, P.B.: My chatbot companion - a study of human-chatbot relationships. Int. J. Hum Comput Stud. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102601","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum Comput Stud."},{"key":"252_CR60","unstructured":"Smith, A.: The theory of moral sentiments. Gutenberg, Kapaau. [1759], (2011)"},{"key":"252_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-69978-9","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence for a Better Future: An Ecosystem Perspective on the Ethics of AI and Emerging Digital Technologies","author":"BC Stahl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stahl, B.C.: Artificial Intelligence for a Better Future: An Ecosystem Perspective on the Ethics of AI and Emerging Digital Technologies. Springer, Cham (2021)"},{"key":"252_CR62","unstructured":"Stephens, M.: The IEEE global initiative on ethics of extended reality (xr) report. https:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/XR_Metaverse_Governance.pdf. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2022)"},{"key":"252_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-Gonzalo, S.: Tay is you. the attribution of responsibility in the algorithmic culture. Observatorio OBS*https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15847\/obsOBS13220191432, (2019)","DOI":"10.15847\/obsOBS13220191432"},{"key":"252_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-022-00165-5","author":"P Sweeney","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sweeney, P.: Trusting social robots. AI Ethics (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-022-00165-5","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"key":"252_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/16235","author":"V Ta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ta, V., Griffith, C., Boatfield, C., Wang, X., Civitello, M., Bader, H., DeCero, E., Loggarakis, A.: User experiences of social support from companion chatbots in everyday contexts: thematic analysis. J Med Internet Res (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/16235","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"252_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951717736335","author":"L Taylor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taylor, L.: What is data justice? the case for connecting digital rights and freedoms globally. Big Data Soc. (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951717736335","journal-title":"Big Data Soc."},{"key":"252_CR67","unstructured":"Torres, E.P.: Understanding \u201clongtermism\u201d: Why this suddenly influential philosophy is so toxic. Salon. https:\/\/www.salon.com\/2022\/08\/20\/understanding-longtermism-why-this-suddenly-influential-philosophy-is-so\/. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2022)"},{"key":"252_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/lix.236.433","author":"AM Turing","year":"1950","unstructured":"Turing, A.M.: Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind (1950). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mind\/lix.236.433","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"252_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6115.001.0001","volume-title":"The Second Self: computers and the human spirit","author":"S Turkle","year":"2005","unstructured":"Turkle, S.: The Second Self: computers and the human spirit. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (2005)"},{"key":"252_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-022-00496-5","author":"C Turner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Turner, C.: Augmented reality, augmented epistemology, and the real-world web. Philosophy Technology (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-022-00496-5","journal-title":"Philosophy Technology"},{"key":"252_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6730.001.0001","volume-title":"The embodied mind: cognitive science and human experience","author":"FJ Varela","year":"1991","unstructured":"Varela, F.J., Thompson, E., Rosch, E.: The embodied mind: cognitive science and human experience. MIT Press, Cambridge MA (1991)"},{"key":"252_CR72","unstructured":"Vincent, J.: Twitter taught Microsoft\u2019s AI chatbot to be a racist asshole in less than a day. The Verge. https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2016\/3\/24\/11297050\/tay-microsoft-chatbot-racist. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2016)"},{"key":"252_CR73","unstructured":"Vischer, R.: On the optical sense of form: a contribution to aesthetics. In: Mallgrave, H.F. and Ikonomou, E. (eds). Empathy, Form, and Space: Problems in German Aesthetics\u00a01873\u20131893, 89\u2013123. Getty center for the history of art, Santa Monica, CA. [1873], (1993)"},{"key":"252_CR74","unstructured":"Weizenbaum, J.: computer power and human reason. W.H. freeman and company, New York, (1976)"},{"key":"252_CR75","unstructured":"Wheeler, J.: Information, Physics, Quantum: The Search for Links. Proceedings of the 3rd international symposium on the foundations of quantum mechanics, Tokyo. https:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/WHEIPQ.pdf. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (1989)"},{"key":"252_CR76","unstructured":"Xie, Y.: and Pentina, I:. attachment theory as a framework to understand relationships with social Chatbots: a case study of Replika. proceedings of the 55th Hawaii international conference on system sciences. https:\/\/scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu\/bitstream\/10125\/79590\/1\/0204.pdf. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2022)"},{"key":"252_CR77","unstructured":"Zhou, L.:, Gao, J.:, Li, D.:, Shum, H.Y.: The design and implementation of Xiaoice, an empathetic social chatbot. arXiv. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1812.08989. Accessed 3 Oct 2022, (2018)"},{"key":"252_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444806061951","author":"S Zhao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhao, S.: Humanoid social robots as a medium of communication. New Media Soc. (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444806061951","journal-title":"New Media Soc."}],"container-title":["AI and Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-022-00252-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43681-022-00252-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-022-00252-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T21:59:35Z","timestamp":1728597575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43681-022-00252-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-022-00252-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-5953","type":"print"},{"value":"2730-5961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 October 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The author(s) have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose and no competing interests to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research involving human participants and\/or animals"}}]}}