{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T01:53:57Z","timestamp":1780624437476,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007880","name":"Johns Hopkins University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-023-00283-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T13:04:30Z","timestamp":1681736670000},"page":"463-471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Designing robots that do no harm: understanding the challenges of Ethics for Robots"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6225-8961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Hutler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2919-8634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Travis N.","family":"Rieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4897-7617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debra J. H.","family":"Mathews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9839-9539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Handelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8023-8243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariel M.","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"283_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0548-6","volume":"25","author":"J Wiens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wiens, J., et al.: Do no harm: a roadmap for responsible machine learning for health care. Nat. Med. 25(9), 1337\u20131340 (2019)","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"283_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broad, W.J.: A.I. Versus the Coronavirus. New York Times, March 26, 2020. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/26\/science\/ai-versus-the-coronavirus.html","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003138976-2"},{"key":"283_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00878-4","volume":"10","author":"M Diab-El Schahawi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Diab-El Schahawi, M., Zingg, W., Vos, M., et al.: Ultraviolet disinfection robots to improve hospital cleaning: real promise or just a gimmick? Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 10, 33 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-020-00878-4","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"283_CR4","unstructured":"Muro, M., Maxim, R., Whiton, J.: The robots are ready as the COVID-19 recession spreads brookings: the avenue, March 24, 2020. https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/the-avenue\/2020\/03\/24\/the-robots-are-ready-as-the-covid-19-recession-spreads\/"},{"key":"283_CR5","unstructured":"Tasioulas, J.: First steps towards an ethics of robots and artificial intelligence. J. Pract. Ethics 7 (2019). http:\/\/www.jpe.ox.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Issue7_1-1.pdf#page=65"},{"key":"283_CR6","unstructured":"This definition draws, in part, on UNESCO.: Report of COMEST on Robotics Ethics. Paris, UNESCO. (2017). http:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/images\/0025\/002539\/253952E.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"283_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-008-9167-5","volume":"11","author":"KE Himma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Himma, K.E.: Artificial agency, consciousness, and the criteria for moral agency: What properties must an artificial agent have to be a moral agent? Ethics Inf. Technol. 11(1), 19\u201329 (2009)","journal-title":"Ethics Inf. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"283_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/TMRB.2019.2913282","volume":"1","author":"T Haidegger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haidegger, T.: Autonomy for surgical robots: concepts and paradigms. IEEE Trans. Med. Robot. Bionics 1(2), 65\u201376 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Robot. Bionics"},{"issue":"3","key":"283_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2840045","volume":"107","author":"M Anderson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anderson, M., Anderson, S.L., Berenz, V.: A value-driven eldercare robot: virtual and physical instantiations of a case-supported principle-based behavior paradigm. Proc. IEEE 107(3), 526\u2013540 (2018)","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"issue":"9","key":"283_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2","volume":"1","author":"A Jobin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jobin, A., Ienca, M., Vayena, E.: The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nat. Mach. Intell. 1(9), 389\u2013399 (2019)","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"283_CR11","volume-title":"Runaround in I, Robot","author":"I Asimov","year":"1950","unstructured":"Asimov, I.: Runaround in I, Robot. Doubleday, New York (1950)"},{"issue":"1","key":"283_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-020-00003-6","volume":"1","author":"SL Anderson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anderson, S.L., Anderson, M.: AI and Ethics. AI and Ethics 1(1), 27\u201331 (2021)","journal-title":"AI and Ethics"},{"key":"283_CR13","unstructured":"Baker, J.D., Greenberg, A.G.: Natural vs Artificial Intelligence: AI insights from the cognitive sciences (forthcoming)"},{"key":"283_CR14","volume-title":"Principles of biomedical ethics","author":"TL Beauchamp","year":"2001","unstructured":"Beauchamp, T.L., Childress, J.F.: Principles of biomedical ethics. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2001)"},{"issue":"3","key":"283_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1353\/ken.0.0138","volume":"5","author":"RM Veatch","year":"1995","unstructured":"Veatch, R.M.: Resolving conflicts among principles: ranking, balancing, and specifying. Kennedy Inst. Ethics J. 5(3), 199\u2013218 (1995)","journal-title":"Kennedy Inst. Ethics J."},{"key":"283_CR16","first-page":"1611","volume":"105","author":"MA Geistfeld","year":"2017","unstructured":"Geistfeld, M.A.: A roadmap for autonomous vehicles: State tort liability, automobile insurance, and federal safety regulation. Cal. L. Rev. 105, 1611\u20131694 (2017)","journal-title":"Cal. L. Rev."},{"key":"283_CR17","unstructured":"Kant, I.: Ethical philosophy, 2nd edn. In: translated by James, W., Ellington, J.W., On the supposed right to lie because of philanthropic concerns, pp. 162\u2013166. Indianapolis, Ind., Hackett Publishing, 1994"},{"key":"283_CR18","unstructured":"The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, Ford, J. dir., Paramount Pictures (1962)"},{"issue":"2","key":"283_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/21507740.2020.1740354","volume":"11","author":"TN Rieder","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rieder, T.N., Hutler, B., Mathews, D.J.: Artificial intelligence in service of human needs: pragmatic first steps toward an ethics for semi-autonomous agents. AJOB Neurosci. 11(2), 120\u2013127 (2020)","journal-title":"AJOB Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"283_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2006.64","volume":"21","author":"M Anderson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Anderson, M., Anderson, S., Armen, C.: An approach to computing ethics. IEEE Intell. Syst. 21(4), 56\u201363 (2006)","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"283_CR21","first-page":"15","volume":"28","author":"M Anderson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Anderson, M., Anderson, S.L.: Machine ethics: creating an ethical intelligent agent. AI Magazine 28(4), 15\u201326 (2007)","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"283_CR22","unstructured":"Palsgraf V.: Long Island Railroad Co., 248 N.Y. 339, 162 N.E. 99 (1928) (holding that railroad could not be liable for an injury caused as a result of a railroad employee dropping an unmarked box of fireworks, which exploded and startled the plaintiff, causing her to trip)."},{"issue":"3","key":"283_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-004-3422-1","volume":"6","author":"A Matthias","year":"2004","unstructured":"Matthias, A.: The responsibility gap: ascribing responsibility for the actions of learning automata. Ethics Inf. Technol. 6(3), 175\u2013183 (2004)","journal-title":"Ethics Inf. Technol."},{"key":"283_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strawson, P.F.: Freedom and resentment and other essays. Routledge (2008)","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203882566"},{"issue":"1","key":"283_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3384\/de-ethica.2001-8819.20613","volume":"6","author":"A Fritz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fritz, A., et al.: Moral agency without responsibility? Analysis of three ethical models of human-computer interaction in times of artificial intelligence (AI). De Ethica 6(1), 3\u201322 (2020)","journal-title":"De Ethica"},{"key":"283_CR26","unstructured":"Grossman, D.: Walmart buys over 300 aisle-cleaning robots popular mechanics, Dec 6, 2018. https:\/\/www.popularmechanics.com\/technology\/robots\/a25428388\/walmart-cleaning-robots\/"},{"key":"283_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2007.11.007","volume":"9","author":"MR Banks","year":"2008","unstructured":"Banks, M.R., Willoughby, L.M., Banks, W.A.: Animal-assisted therapy and loneliness in nursing homes: use of robotic versus living dogs. J Am Med Dir Assoc 9, 173\u2013177 (2008)","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"283_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2022.1080132","volume":"10","author":"AM Greenberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Greenberg, A.M., Marble, J.L.: Foundational concepts in person-machine teaming. Front. Phys. 10, 1\u201316 (2023)","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"283_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reeves, J.: Surveillance and communication. The handbook of communication and security. Routledge (2019), p. 368\u2013380.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351180962-22"},{"key":"283_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenberg, A.M.: Deciding Machines: Moral-Scene Assessment for Intelligent Systems. Human-Machine Shared Contexts. Academic Press (2020), p. 135\u2013160.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820543-3.00006-7"}],"container-title":["AI and Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-023-00283-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43681-023-00283-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-023-00283-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T15:33:46Z","timestamp":1744212826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43681-023-00283-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-023-00283-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-5953","type":"print"},{"value":"2730-5961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 February 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 March 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"B Hutler declares no conflicts of interest. TN Rieder declares no conflicts of interest. DJH Mathews declares no conflicts of interest. DA Handelman declares no conflicts of interest. AM Greenberg declares no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}