{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T01:42:18Z","timestamp":1783474938964,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690156800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008131","name":"Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t Bonn","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008131","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The concept of Meaningful Human Control (MHC) has gained prominence in the field of Artificial Intelligence ethics. MHC is discussed in relation to lethal autonomous weapons, autonomous cars, and more recently, AI systems in general. Little, however, has been done to analyze the concept. Those using MHC tend to look at it narrowly and intuitively\u2014as if it is clear what it means. They fail to see the many issues concerning human control over machines. In this article, I break the concept into its three constitutive words (\u2018meaningful\u2019, \u2018human\u2019, and, \u2018control\u2019) to outline the many meanings of MHC. While the intention is not to come to the <jats:italic>real<\/jats:italic> meaning of MHC, this analysis brings up the many issues that should be considered if meaningful human control is to be realized. These include: which humans count as meaningful in the application context, whether the control those humans are given must be meaningful, whether humans must retain control over the things that are meaningful in life, whether the style of control is human-like, whether each actor (designer, operator, subject, government) has the control they need, and what it is exactly that a human is controlling (e.g., the training data, the inputs, the outputs, etc. of the AI system).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-023-00320-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T10:02:16Z","timestamp":1690192936000},"page":"1377-1388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The many meanings of meaningful human control"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5338-295X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Robbins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"320_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1017\/S1816383112000732","volume":"94","author":"N Sharkey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sharkey, N.: The evitability of autonomous robot warfare. Int. rev. Red Cross. 94, 787\u2013799 (2012)","journal-title":"Int. rev. Red Cross."},{"key":"320_CR2","unstructured":"Sharkey N. Towards a principle for the human supervisory control of robot weapons. PT. 2014;"},{"key":"320_CR3","volume-title":"The case against robotic warfare: a response to Arkin","author":"R Tonkens","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tonkens, R.: The case against robotic warfare: a response to Arkin. Routledge, Military Ethics and Emerging Technologies (2014)"},{"key":"320_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arkin R. Governing lethal behavior: embedding ethics in a hybrid deliberative\/reactive robot architecture. Proceedings of the 3rd ACM\/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction [Internet]. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery; 2008 [cited 2020 Aug 19]. p. 121\u20138. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1349822.1349839","DOI":"10.1145\/1349822.1349839"},{"key":"320_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2011.2173265","volume":"100","author":"R Arkin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arkin, R., Ulam, P., Wagner, A.R.: Moral decision making in autonomous systems: enforcement, moral emotions, dignity, trust, and deception. Proc. IEEE 100, 571\u2013589 (2012)","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"320_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s43154-020-00024-3","volume":"1","author":"D Amoroso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amoroso, D., Tamburrini, G.: Autonomous weapons systems and meaningful human control: ethical and legal issues. Curr Robot Rep. 1, 187\u2013194 (2020)","journal-title":"Curr Robot Rep."},{"key":"320_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-019-09519-w","volume":"22","author":"G Mecacci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mecacci, G., Santoni de Sio, F.: Meaningful human control as reason-responsiveness: the case of dual-mode vehicles. Ethics Inf. Technol. 22, 103\u2013115 (2020)","journal-title":"Ethics Inf. Technol."},{"key":"320_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00015","volume":"5","author":"F Santoni de Sio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santoni de Sio, F., van den Hoven, J.: Meaningful human control over autonomous systems: a philosophical account. Front. Robot. AI. 5, 1\u201314 (2018)","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI."},{"key":"320_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1515\/pjbr-2019-0002","volume":"10","author":"F Ficuciello","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ficuciello, F., Tamburrini, G., Arezzo, A., Villani, L., Siciliano, B.: Autonomy in surgical robots and its meaningful human control. Paladyn J. Behav. Robot. 10, 30\u201343 (2019)","journal-title":"Paladyn J. Behav. Robot."},{"key":"320_CR10","unstructured":"Tesla. Autopilot and Full Self-Driving Capability [Internet]. Tesla Support. 2019 [cited 2021 Feb 24]. Available from: https:\/\/www.tesla.com\/support\/autopilot"},{"key":"320_CR11","unstructured":"Adams T. Self-driving cars: from 2020 you will become a permanent backseat driver [Internet]. the Guardian. 2015 [cited 2021 May 17]. Available from: http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2015\/sep\/13\/self-driving-cars-bmw-google-2020-driving"},{"key":"320_CR12","unstructured":"Hawkins AJ. Here are Elon Musk\u2019s wildest predictions about Tesla\u2019s self-driving cars [Internet]. The Verge. 2019 [cited 2021 May 17]. Available from: https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2019\/4\/22\/18510828\/tesla-elon-musk-autonomy-day-investor-comments-self-driving-cars-predictions"},{"key":"320_CR13","unstructured":"BBC News. Elon Musk says full self-driving Tesla tech \u201cvery close.\u201d BBC News [Internet]. 2020 Jul 9 [cited 2021 May 17]; Available from: https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/technology-53349313"},{"key":"320_CR14","unstructured":"Chin C. Key Volkswagen Exec Admits Full Self-Driving Cars \u201cMay Never Happen\u201d [Internet]. The Drive. 2020 [cited 2021 May 17]. Available from: https:\/\/www.thedrive.com\/tech\/31816\/key-volkswagen-exec-admits-level-5-autonomous-cars-may-never-happen"},{"key":"320_CR15","unstructured":"Kollewe J. Uber ditches effort to develop own self-driving car [Internet]. the Guardian. 2020 [cited 2021 May 17]. Available from: http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2020\/dec\/08\/uber-self-driving-car-aurora"},{"key":"320_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/0846537120941671","volume":"72","author":"SJ Adams","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adams, S.J., Henderson, R.D.E., Yi, X., Babyn, P.: Artificial intelligence solutions for analysis of X-ray images. Can Assoc Radiol J. 72, 60\u201372 (2021)","journal-title":"Can Assoc Radiol J."},{"key":"320_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-021-00520-2","volume":"11","author":"JD L\u00f3pez-Cabrera","year":"2021","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Cabrera, J.D., Orozco-Morales, R., Portal-Diaz, J.A., Lovelle-Enr\u00edquez, O., P\u00e9rez-D\u00edaz, M.: Current limitations to identify COVID-19 using artificial intelligence with chest X-ray imaging. Health Technol. 11, 411\u2013424 (2021)","journal-title":"Health Technol."},{"key":"320_CR18","unstructured":"Kerr D. Here\u2019s how your Uber is learning to drive [Internet]. CNET. 2017 [cited 2021 Jun 29]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/uber-self-driving-car-safety-driver-training-pittsburgh-test-track\/"},{"key":"320_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3141\/2663-04","volume":"2663","author":"TJ Wright","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wright, T.J., Agrawal, R., Samuel, S., Wang, Y., Zilberstein, S., Fisher, D.L.: Effects of alert cue specificity on situation awareness in transfer of control in Level 3 automation. Transp. Res. Rec.. J. Transp. Res. Board. 2663, 27\u201333 (2017)","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec.. J. Transp. Res. Board."},{"key":"320_CR20","unstructured":"Article 36. The United Kingdom and lethal autonomous weapons systems [Internet]. United Kingdom: Article 36; 2016 Apr. Available from: http:\/\/www.article36.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/UK-and-LAWS.pdf"},{"key":"320_CR21","unstructured":"Weizman E. I was denied entry into the U.S. because of a \u201cHomeland Security algorithm\u201d [Internet]. Fast Company. 2020 [cited 2021 Feb 2]. Available from: https:\/\/www.fastcompany.com\/90466400\/i-was-denied-entry-into-the-u-s-im-not-a-terrorist-i-investigate-human-rights-abuses"},{"key":"320_CR22","unstructured":"Mackey R. Homeland Security Algorithm Revokes U.S. Visa of War Crimes Investigator Eyal Weizman [Internet]. The Intercept. 2020 [cited 2021 Feb 2]. Available from: https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2020\/02\/20\/homeland-security-algorithm-revokes-u-s-visa-war-crimes-investigator-eyal-weizman\/"},{"key":"320_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-019-09509-3","volume":"29","author":"S Robbins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Robbins, S.: A misdirected principle with a catch: explicability for AI. Mind. Mach. 29, 495\u2013514 (2019)","journal-title":"Mind. Mach."},{"key":"320_CR24","unstructured":"Robbins S. Machine Learning & Counter-Terrorism: Ethics, Efficacy, and Meaningful Human Control [Internet] [Doctoral Thesis]. [Delft, The Netherlands]: Technical University of Delft; 2021 [cited 2021 Feb 7]. Available from: https:\/\/repository.tudelft.nl\/islandora\/object\/uuid:ad561ffb-3b28-47b3-b645-448771eddaff"},{"key":"320_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robbins S. Recommending Ourselves to Death: values in the age of algorithms. In: Genovesi S, Kaesling K, Robbins S, editors. Recommender Systems: Legal and Ethical Issues [Internet]. Springer Nature; 2023. Available from: forthcoming","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-34804-4_8"},{"key":"320_CR26","unstructured":"Engler A. Auditing employment algorithms for discrimination [Internet]. Brookings. 2021 [cited 2021 Sep 13]. Available from: https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/auditing-employment-algorithms-for-discrimination\/"},{"key":"320_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-022-09673-8","volume":"24","author":"H Veluwenkamp","year":"2022","unstructured":"Veluwenkamp, H.: Reasons for meaningful human control. Ethics Inf Technol. 24, 51 (2022)","journal-title":"Ethics Inf Technol."},{"key":"320_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-007-0093-6","volume":"22","author":"W Wallach","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wallach, W.: Implementing moral decision making faculties in computers and robots. AI & Soc. 22, 463\u2013475 (2007)","journal-title":"AI & Soc."},{"key":"320_CR29","volume-title":"Moral machines: teaching robots right from wrong","author":"W Wallach","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wallach, W., Allen, C.: Moral machines: teaching robots right from wrong, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, New York (2010)","edition":"1"},{"key":"320_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26485-1_30","volume-title":"Fundamental issues of artificial intelligence","author":"M Scheutz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Scheutz, M.: The need for moral competency in autonomous agent architectures. In: M\u00fcller, V.C. (ed.) Fundamental issues of artificial intelligence, pp. 515\u2013525. Springer International Publishing, Springer (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-26485-1_30"},{"key":"320_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-018-0030-8","volume":"25","author":"A van Wynsberghe","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Wynsberghe, A., Robbins, S.: Critiquing the reasons for making artificial moral agents. Sci Eng Ethics. 25, 719\u2013735 (2019)","journal-title":"Sci Eng Ethics."},{"key":"320_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-021-00283-z","volume":"27","author":"C Herzog","year":"2021","unstructured":"Herzog, C.: Three risks that caution against a premature implementation of artificial moral agents for practical and economical use. Sci. Eng. Ethics. 27, 3 (2021)","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics."},{"key":"320_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"V\u00e9liz C. Moral zombies: why algorithms are not moral agents. AI & Soc [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Jun 28]; Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-021-01189-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-021-01189-x"},{"key":"320_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-017-9425-5","volume":"22","author":"A Sharkey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharkey, A.: Can we program or train robots to be good? Ethics Inf. Technol. 22, 283\u2013295 (2020)","journal-title":"Ethics Inf. Technol."},{"key":"320_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31674-6_29","volume-title":"Philosophy and theory of artificial intelligence","author":"RV Yampolskiy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yampolskiy, R.V.: Artificial intelligence safety engineering: why machine ethics is a wrong approach. In: M\u00fcller, V.C. (ed.) Philosophy and theory of artificial intelligence, pp. 389\u2013396. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-31674-6_29"},{"key":"320_CR36","unstructured":"Wakabayashi D, Shane S. Google Will Not Renew Pentagon Contract That Upset Employees. The New York Times [Internet]. 2018 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Feb 27]; Available from: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/06\/01\/technology\/google-pentagon-project-maven.html"},{"key":"320_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-1878-4_3","volume-title":"Moral responsibility beyond free will and determinism","author":"I van de Poel","year":"2011","unstructured":"van de Poel, I.: The relation between forward-looking and backward-looking responsibility. In: Vincent, N.A., van de Poel, I., van den Hoven, J. (eds.) Moral responsibility beyond free will and determinism, pp. 37\u201352. Springer, Netherlands, Dordrecht (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-1878-4_3"},{"key":"320_CR38","unstructured":"Reynolds M. New computer vision challenge wants to teach robots to see in 3D [Internet]. New Scientist. 2017 [cited 2021 Feb 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/2127131-new-computer-vision-challenge-wants-to-teach-robots-to-see-in-3d\/"},{"key":"320_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1017\/S104909651500116X","volume":"49","author":"V Williamson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Williamson, V.: On the ethics of crowdsourced research. PS Political Sci. Politics. 49, 77\u201381 (2016)","journal-title":"PS Political Sci. Politics."},{"key":"320_CR40","unstructured":"Metz C. \u2018Nerd,\u2019 \u2018Nonsmoker,\u2019 \u2018Wrongdoer\u2019: How Might A.I. Label You? The New York Times [Internet]. 2019 Sep 20 [cited 2021 Feb 27]; Available from: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/09\/20\/arts\/design\/imagenet-trevor-paglen-ai-facial-recognition.html"},{"key":"320_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-7725-9_16","volume-title":"Human-centered digitalization and services","author":"JJ Bryson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bryson, J.J., Theodorou, A.: How society can maintain human-centric artificial intelligence. In: Toivonen, M., Saari, E. (eds.) Human-centered digitalization and services, pp. 305\u2013323. Springer, Singapore (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-13-7725-9_16"},{"key":"320_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-019-00891-1","volume":"35","author":"S Robbins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robbins, S.: AI and the path to envelopment: knowledge as a first step towards the responsible regulation and use of AI-powered machines. AI Soc. 35, 391\u2013400 (2020)","journal-title":"AI Soc."},{"key":"320_CR43","unstructured":"Article 36. Regulating Autonomy in Weapons Systems [Internet]. Blackmore Ltd.; 2020 [cited 2021 Jun 28]. Available from: https:\/\/article36.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Regulating-autonomy-leaflet.pdf"},{"key":"320_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Z, Wu C, Wagner S, Sturm JC, Verma N, Jamieson K. REITS: Reflective Surface for Intelligent Transportation Systems. Proceedings of the 22nd International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Apr 15]. p. 78\u201384. Available from: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2010.13986","DOI":"10.1145\/3446382.3448650"},{"key":"320_CR45","unstructured":"Buolamwini J, Gebru T. Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification. Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2019 Jun 25]. p. 77\u201391. Available from: http:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v81\/buolamwini18a.html"},{"key":"320_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.9785\/cri-2021-220402","volume":"22","author":"M Veale","year":"2021","unstructured":"Veale, M., Borgesius, F.Z.: Demystifying the draft EU artificial intelligence act \u2014 analysing the good, the bad, and the unclear elements of the proposed approach. Comput. Law Rev. Int. 22, 97\u2013112 (2021)","journal-title":"Comput. Law Rev. Int."},{"key":"320_CR47","unstructured":"Wong JC. The viral selfie app ImageNet Roulette seemed fun \u2013 until it called me a racist slur. The Guardian [Internet]. 2019 Sep 18 [cited 2021 Oct 14]; Available from: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2019\/sep\/17\/imagenet-roulette-asian-racist-slur-selfie"},{"key":"320_CR48","unstructured":"Apple co-founder says Apple Card algorithm gave wife lower credit limit. Reuters [Internet]. 2019 Nov 11 [cited 2021 Oct 18]; Available from: https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-goldman-sachs-apple-idUSKBN1XL038"},{"key":"320_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00252-1","volume":"4","author":"D Wen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wen, D., Khan, S.M., Xu, A.J., Ibrahim, H., Smith, L., Caballero, J., et al.: Characteristics of publicly available skin cancer image datasets: a systematic review. Lancet Digit. Health. 4, e64-74 (2022)","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health."},{"key":"320_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocz192","volume":"27","author":"S Reddy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reddy, S., Allan, S., Coghlan, S., Cooper, P.: A governance model for the application of AI in health care. J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. 27, 491\u2013497 (2019)","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"320_CR51","unstructured":"Hawkins AJ. Tesla didn\u2019t fix an Autopilot problem for three years, and now another person is dead [Internet]. The Verge. 2019 [cited 2023 Apr 16]. Available from: https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2019\/5\/17\/18629214\/tesla-autopilot-crash-death-josh-brown-jeremy-banner"},{"key":"320_CR52","first-page":"111","volume-title":"CEPE 2011: Ethics in interdisciplinary and intercultural relations","author":"L Floridi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Floridi, L.: Enveloping the world: the constraining success of smart technologies. In: Mauger, J. (ed.) CEPE 2011: Ethics in interdisciplinary and intercultural relations, pp. 111\u2013116. Wisconsin, Milwaukee (2011)"},{"key":"320_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4829","DOI":"10.3390\/su14084829","volume":"14","author":"S Robbins","year":"2022","unstructured":"Robbins, S., van Wynsberghe, A.: Our new artificial intelligence infrastructure: becoming locked into an unsustainable future. Sustainability 14, 4829 (2022)","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"320_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-022-00167-3","volume":"3","author":"L Cavalcante Siebert","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cavalcante Siebert, L., Lupetti, M.L., Aizenberg, E., Beckers, N., Zgonnikov, A., Veluwenkamp, H., et al.: Meaningful human control: actionable properties for AI system development. AI Ethics. 3, 241\u2013255 (2023)","journal-title":"AI Ethics."}],"container-title":["AI and Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-023-00320-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43681-023-00320-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-023-00320-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T11:06:23Z","timestamp":1737111983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43681-023-00320-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-023-00320-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-5953","type":"print"},{"value":"2730-5961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 April 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 July 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}