{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T01:58:46Z","timestamp":1786672726950,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]],"date-time":"2025-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]],"date-time":"2025-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007210","name":"RWTH Aachen University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007210","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Generative artificial intelligence (AI) applications based on large language models have not enjoyed much success in symbolic processing and reasoning tasks, thus making them of little use in mathematical research. However, recently DeepMind\u2019s AlphaProof and AlphaGeometry 2 applications have been reported to perform well in mathematical problem solving. These applications are hybrid systems combining large language models with rule-based systems, an approach sometimes called neuro-symbolic AI. In this paper, I present a scenario in which such systems are used in research mathematics, more precisely in theorem proving. In the most extreme case, such a system could be an autonomous automated theorem prover (AATP), with the potential of proving new humanly interesting theorems and even presenting them in research papers. The use of such AI applications would be transformative to mathematical practice and demand clear ethical guidelines. In addition to that scenario, I identify other, less radical, uses of generative AI in mathematical research. I analyse how guidelines set for ethical AI use in scientific research can be applied in the case of mathematics, arguing that while there are many similarities, there is also a need for mathematics-specific guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-025-00660-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]],"date-time":"2025-02-02T23:42:32Z","timestamp":1738539752000},"page":"3657-3668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The need for ethical guidelines in mathematical research in the time of generative AI"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Pantsar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"660_CR1","unstructured":"Marcus, G.: This one important fact about current AI explains almost everything, Marcus on AI (2024). https:\/\/garymarcus.substack.com\/p\/this-one-important-fact-about-current. Accessed 25 Sept 2024"},{"key":"660_CR2","unstructured":"Brown, T., Mann, B., Ryder, N., Subbiah, M., Kaplan, J.D., Dhariwal, P., Neelakantan, A., Shyam, P., Sastry, G., Askell, A., Agarwal, S., Herbert-Voss, A., Krueger, G., Henighan, T., Child, R., Ramesh, A., Ziegler, D., Wu, J., Winter, C., Hesse, C., Chen, M., Sigler, E., Litwin, M., Gray, S., Chess, B., Clark, J., Berner, C., McCandlish, S., Radford, A., Sutskever, I., Amodei, D.: Language models are few-shot learners. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 1877\u20131901. Curran Associates, Inc. (2020). https:\/\/papers.nips.cc\/paper\/2020\/hash\/1457c0d6bfcb4967418bfb8ac142f64a-Abstract.html. Accessed 11 June 2024"},{"key":"660_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s44271-024-00091-8","volume":"2","author":"N Yax","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yax, N., Anll\u00f3, H., Palminteri, S.: Studying and improving reasoning in humans and machines. Commun. Psychol. 2, 1\u201316 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44271-024-00091-8","journal-title":"Commun. Psychol."},{"key":"660_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2322420121","volume":"121","author":"RT McCoy","year":"2024","unstructured":"McCoy, R.T., Yao, S., Friedman, D., Hardy, M.D., Griffiths, T.L.: Embers of autoregression show how large language models are shaped by the problem they are trained to solve. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 121, e2322420121 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2322420121","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"660_CR5","unstructured":"DeepMind, AlphaGeometry: An Olympiad-level AI system for geometry, Google DeepMind (2024). https:\/\/deepmind.google\/discover\/blog\/alphageometry-an-olympiad-level-ai-system-for-geometry\/. Accessed 10 Oct 2024"},{"key":"660_CR6","unstructured":"DeepMind, AI achieves silver-medal standard solving International Mathematical Olympiad problems, Google DeepMind (2024). https:\/\/deepmind.google\/discover\/blog\/ai-solves-imo-problems-at-silver-medal-level\/. Accessed 10 Oct 2024"},{"key":"660_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-024-00493-8","author":"DB Resnik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Resnik, D.B., Hosseini, M.: The ethics of using artificial intelligence in scientific research: new guidance needed for a new tool. AI Ethics (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-024-00493-8","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"key":"660_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newell, A., Shaw, J.C., Simon, H.A.: Empirical explorations of the logic theory machine: a case study in heuristic. In: Papers Presented at the February 26\u201328, 1957, Western Joint Computer Conference: Techniques for Reliability, pp. 218\u2013230 (1957)","DOI":"10.1145\/1455567.1455605"},{"key":"660_CR9","volume-title":"Principia Mathematica\u2014Volumes 1\u20133","author":"AN Whitehead","year":"1910","unstructured":"Whitehead, A.N., Russell, B.: Principia Mathematica\u2014Volumes 1\u20133. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1910)"},{"key":"660_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429258985","volume-title":"Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence","author":"P McCorduck","year":"2004","unstructured":"McCorduck, P., Cfe, C.: Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence, 2nd edn. CRC Press, A K Peters (2004)","edition":"2"},{"key":"660_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1090\/S0002-9904-1976-14122-5","volume":"82","author":"K Appel","year":"1976","unstructured":"Appel, K., Haken, W.: Every planar map is four colorable. Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 82, 711\u2013712 (1976)","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Math. Soc."},{"key":"660_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/fmp.2017.1","author":"T Hales","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hales, T., Adams, M., Bauer, G., Dang, T.D., Harrison, J., Hoang, L.T., Kaliszyk, C., Magron, V., Mclaughlin, S., Nguyen, T.T., Nguyen, Q.T., Nipkow, T., Obua, S., Pleso, J., Rute, J., Solovyev, A., Ta, T.H.A., Tran, N.T., Trieu, T.D., Urban, J., Vu, K., Zumkeller, R.: A formal proof of the Kepler conjecture. Forum Math. (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/fmp.2017.1","journal-title":"Forum Math."},{"key":"660_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2307\/2025976","volume":"76","author":"T Tymoczko","year":"1979","unstructured":"Tymoczko, T.: The four-color problem and its philosophical significance. J. Philos. 76, 57\u201383 (1979). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2025976","journal-title":"J. Philos."},{"key":"660_CR14","unstructured":"Voronkov, A.: Automated reasoning: past story and new trends. In: IJCAI (2003)"},{"key":"660_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s13194-024-00569-6","volume":"14","author":"M Pantsar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pantsar, M.: Theorem proving in artificial neural networks: newfrontiers in mathematical AI. Eur. J. Philos. Sci. 14, 4 (2024)","journal-title":"Eur. J. Philos. Sci."},{"key":"660_CR16","first-page":"329","volume":"68","author":"B Fitelson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fitelson, B., Wos, L.: Finding missing proofs with automated reasoning. Stud. Log. Int. J. Symb. Logic 68, 329\u2013356 (2001)","journal-title":"Stud. Log. Int. J. Symb. Logic"},{"key":"660_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180034","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2018.0034","volume":"377","author":"M Kinyon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kinyon, M.: Proof simplification and automated theorem proving. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 377, 20180034 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2018.0034","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"660_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010635625063","volume":"27","author":"R Veroff","year":"2001","unstructured":"Veroff, R.: Finding shortest proofs: an application of linked inference rules. J. Autom. Reason. 27, 123\u2013139 (2001)","journal-title":"J. Autom. Reason."},{"key":"660_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4000\/philosophiascientiae.712","volume":"66","author":"D Macbeth","year":"2012","unstructured":"Macbeth, D.: Proof and understanding in mathematical practice. Philosophia Scienti\u00e6 Travaux d\u2019histoire et de Philosophie Des Sciences 66, 29\u201354 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/philosophiascientiae.712","journal-title":"Philosophia Scienti\u00e6 Travaux d\u2019histoire et de Philosophie Des Sciences"},{"key":"660_CR20","first-page":"32","volume":"30","author":"K Weber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weber, K.: Proofs that develop insight. Learn. Math. 30, 32\u201336 (2010)","journal-title":"Learn. Math."},{"key":"660_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2019.04.008","volume":"189","author":"SGB Johnson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johnson, S.G.B., Steinerberger, S.: Intuitions about mathematical beauty: a case study in the aesthetic experience of ideas. Cognition 189, 242\u2013259 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cognition.2019.04.008","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"660_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004930722234","volume":"111","author":"G-C Rota","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rota, G.-C.: The phenomenology of mathematical beauty. Synthese 111, 171\u2013182 (1997)","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"660_CR23","unstructured":"Jenson, D.: Automated Theorem Proving with Graph Neural Networks, Stanford CS224W GraphML Tutorials (2023). https:\/\/medium.com\/stanford-cs224w\/automated-theorem-proving-with-graph-neural-networks-49c091024f81. Accessed 5 June 2024"},{"key":"660_CR24","first-page":"26337","volume":"35","author":"G Lample","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lample, G., Lacroix, T., Lachaux, M.-A., Rodriguez, A., Hayat, A., Lavril, T., Ebner, G., Martinet, X.: HyperTree proof search for neural theorem proving. Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst. 35, 26337\u201326349 (2022)","journal-title":"Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"660_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, H., Xin, H., Zheng, C., Li, L., Liu, Z., Cao, Q., Huang, Y., Xiong, J., Shi, H., Xie, E., Yin, J., Li, Z., Liao, H., Liang, X.: LEGO-Prover: Neural Theorem Proving with Growing Libraries (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2310.00656","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2310.00656"},{"key":"660_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sheth, A., Roy, K., Gaur, M.: Neurosymbolic AI\u2014Why, What, and How (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2305.00813","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2305.00813"},{"key":"660_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1187.001.0001","volume-title":"The Algebraic Mind: Integrating Connectionism and Cognitive Science, American","author":"GF Marcus","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marcus, G.F.: The Algebraic Mind: Integrating Connectionism and Cognitive Science, American, 1st edn. Bradford Books, Cambridge (2001)","edition":"1"},{"key":"660_CR28","volume-title":"Thinking, Fast and Slow","author":"D Kahneman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kahneman, D.: Thinking, Fast and Slow, 1st edn. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York (2011)","edition":"1"},{"key":"660_CR29","unstructured":"OpenAI: Learning to Reason with LLMs (2024). https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/learning-to-reason-with-llms\/. Accessed 21 Oct 2024"},{"key":"660_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-02218-z","volume":"619","author":"G Conroy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Conroy, G.: Scientists used ChatGPT to generate an entire paper from scratch\u2014but is it any good? Nature 619, 443\u2013444 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-023-02218-z","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"660_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-022-00224-x","volume":"3","author":"R Alvarado","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alvarado, R.: What kind of trust does AI deserve, if any? AI Ethics 3, 1169\u20131183 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-022-00224-x","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"key":"660_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2050543","volume":"39","author":"H Choung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choung, H., David, P., Ross, A.: Trust in AI and its role in the acceptance of AI technologies. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact. 39, 1727\u20131739 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2022.2050543","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"660_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-020-00228-y","volume":"26","author":"M Ryan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ryan, M.: In AI We trust: ethics, artificial intelligence, and reliability. Sci. Eng. Ethics 26, 2749\u20132767 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-020-00228-y","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics"},{"key":"660_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-023-00451-3","volume":"29","author":"R Alvarado","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alvarado, R.: AI as an epistemic technology. Sci. Eng. Ethics 29, 32 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-023-00451-3","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics"},{"key":"660_CR35","volume-title":"The Philosophy of Mathematical Practice","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mancosu, P. (ed.): The Philosophy of Mathematical Practice, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2008)","edition":"1"},{"key":"660_CR36","unstructured":"Pantsar, M., Fabry, R.: How Not to Talk about Chatbot Mistakes. Preprint (2025). https:\/\/philsci-archive.pitt.edu\/23878\/"},{"key":"660_CR37","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach","author":"S Russell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Russell, S., Norvig, P.: Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th edn. Pearson, Hoboken (2020)","edition":"4"},{"key":"660_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.08.016","volume":"180","author":"KN Kay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kay, K.N.: Principles for models of neural information processing. Neuroimage 180, 101\u2013109 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.08.016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"660_CR39","unstructured":"Doran, D., Schulz, S., Besold, T.R.: What does explainable AI really mean? A new conceptualization of perspectives, arXiv Preprint arXiv:1710.00794 (2017)"},{"key":"660_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holzinger, A.: From machine learning to explainable AI. In: 2018 World Symposium on Digital Intelligence for Systems and Machines (DISA), pp. 55\u201366. IEEE (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/DISA.2018.8490530"},{"key":"660_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thompson, J.A.F.: Forms of Explanation and Understanding for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/5g3pn.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/5g3pn"},{"key":"660_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature.2012.11378","author":"P Ball","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ball, P.: Proof claimed for deep connection between primes. Nature (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature.2012.11378","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"660_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01635-y","volume":"39","author":"C Novelli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Novelli, C., Taddeo, M., Floridi, L.: Accountability in artificial intelligence: what it is and how it works. AI Soc. 39, 1871\u20131882 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01635-y","journal-title":"AI Soc."},{"key":"660_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-03144-w","volume":"622","author":"G Conroy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Conroy, G.: How ChatGPT and other AI tools could disrupt scientific publishing. Nature 622, 234\u2013236 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-023-03144-w","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"660_CR45","unstructured":"All European Academies: The European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity, Revised Edition 2023 (2023). https:\/\/allea.org\/code-of-conduct\/"},{"key":"660_CR46","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health: Guidelines for the Conduct of Research in the Intramural Program of the NIH (2023). https:\/\/oir.nih.gov\/system\/files\/media\/file\/2023-11\/guidelines-conduct_research.pdf"},{"key":"660_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-023-00133-5","volume":"8","author":"M Hosseini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hosseini, M., Horbach, S.P.J.M.: Fighting reviewer fatigue or amplifying bias? Considerations and recommendations for use of ChatGPT and other large language models in scholarly peer review. Res. Integr. Peer. Rev 8, 4 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41073-023-00133-5","journal-title":"Res. Integr. Peer. Rev"},{"key":"660_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00858-z","volume":"6","author":"M Mittermaier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mittermaier, M., Raza, M.M., Kvedar, J.C.: Bias in AI-based models for medical applications: challenges and mitigation strategies. Npj Digit. Med. 6, 1\u20133 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-023-00858-z","journal-title":"Npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"660_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrt.2020.100005","volume":"4","author":"R Rodrigues","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodrigues, R.: Legal and human rights issues of AI: gaps, challenges and vulnerabilities. J. Responsib. Technol. 4, 100005 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrt.2020.100005","journal-title":"J. Responsib. Technol."},{"key":"660_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-03817-6","volume":"624","author":"P Ball","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ball, P.: Is AI leading to a reproducibility crisis in science? Nature 624, 22\u201325 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-023-03817-6","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"660_CR51","unstructured":"American Institute of Mathematical Sciences: Guidelines for the Use of AI Tools in Writing and Research (n.d.). https:\/\/www.aimsciences.org\/index\/GuidelinesforAI. Accessed 16 Oct 2024"},{"key":"660_CR52","unstructured":"Heikkil\u00e4, M.: How to spot AI-generated text, MIT Technology Review (2022). https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2022\/12\/19\/1065596\/how-to-spot-ai-generated-text\/. Accessed 15 Oct 2024"},{"key":"660_CR53","unstructured":"OpenAI: New AI classifier for indicating AI-written text (2023). https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/new-ai-classifier-for-indicating-ai-written-text\/. Accessed 15 Oct 2024"}],"container-title":["AI and Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00660-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00660-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00660-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T20:46:24Z","timestamp":1751316384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00660-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00660-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-5953","type":"print"},{"value":"2730-5961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The author declares no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}