{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T21:23:48Z","timestamp":1778102628065,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-025-00763-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T17:25:38Z","timestamp":1749057938000},"page":"4613-4622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Incorporating emergence in data-driven algorithms: the circularity pathway"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Deepak","family":"P.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adwait P.","family":"Parsodkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vishnu S.","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sutanu","family":"Chakraborti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"763_CR1","volume-title":"Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow","author":"YN Harari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harari, Y.N.: Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow. Random House, New York (2016)"},{"issue":"4","key":"763_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1013-78","volume":"309","author":"AS Pentland","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pentland, A.S.: The data-driven society. Sci. Am. 309(4), 78\u201383 (2013)","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"763_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munn, L., Magee, L., Arora, V.: Truth machines: synthesizing veracity in ai language models. AI Soc. 1\u201315 (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01756-4"},{"issue":"6","key":"763_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312717730428","volume":"47","author":"F Jaton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jaton, F.: We get the algorithms of our ground truths: designing referential databases in digital image processing. Soc. Stud. Sci. 47(6), 811\u2013840 (2017)","journal-title":"Soc. Stud. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"763_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0084-6","volume":"1","author":"M Sloane","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sloane, M., Moss, E.: AI\u2019s social sciences deficit. Nat. Mach. Intell. 1(8), 330\u2013331 (2019)","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"763_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/12549.001.0001","volume-title":"AI Ethics","author":"M Coeckelbergh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coeckelbergh, M.: AI Ethics. The MIT Press, Cambridge (2020)"},{"issue":"1","key":"763_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09517-8","volume":"30","author":"T Hagendorff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hagendorff, T.: The ethics of ai ethics: an evaluation of guidelines. Mind. Mach. 30(1), 99\u2013120 (2020)","journal-title":"Mind. Mach."},{"issue":"4","key":"763_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01658-5","volume":"39","author":"J Steinhoff","year":"2024","unstructured":"Steinhoff, J.: Ai ethics as subordinated innovation network. AI Soc. 39(4), 1995\u20132007 (2024)","journal-title":"AI Soc."},{"key":"763_CR9","unstructured":"Deepak, P.: Mere imitations - is ai our salvation, our undoing, or more of the same? AEON Psyche (2024)"},{"key":"763_CR10","unstructured":"Pasquinelli, M.: The Eye of the Master: A Social History of Artificial Intelligence. Verso Books (2023)"},{"key":"763_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mussgnug, A., Leonelli, S.: A critical framing of data for development: historicizing data relations and AI (2024)","DOI":"10.1111\/dech.12857"},{"key":"763_CR12","volume-title":"A History of Mechanical Inventions","author":"AP Usher","year":"1954","unstructured":"Usher, A.P.: A History of Mechanical Inventions. Courier Corporation, Chelmsford (1954)"},{"key":"763_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braverman, H.: Labor and monopoly capital: the degradation of work in the twentieth century. Monthly Review Press (1974)","DOI":"10.14452\/MR-026-03-1974-07_1"},{"issue":"2","key":"763_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1332\/27324176Y2024D000000025","volume":"4","author":"J Steinhoff","year":"2024","unstructured":"Steinhoff, J.: The universality of the machine: labour process theory and the absorption of the skills and knowledge of labour into capital. Work Glob. Econ. 4(2), 215\u2013234 (2024)","journal-title":"Work Glob. Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"763_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205395172110135","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211013569","volume":"8","author":"F Jaton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jaton, F.: Assessing biases, relaxing moralism: on ground-truthing practices in machine learning design and application. Big Data Soc. 8(1), 20539517211013570 (2021)","journal-title":"Big Data Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"763_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1162\/posc_a_00582","volume":"31","author":"F Jaton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jaton, F., Vinck, D.: Politicizing algorithms by other means: toward inquiries for affective dissensions. Perspect. Sci. 31(1), 84\u2013118 (2023)","journal-title":"Perspect. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"763_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205395172412424","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517241242457","volume":"11","author":"I Engdahl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Engdahl, I.: Agreements \u2018in the wild\u2019: standards and alignment in machine learning benchmark dataset construction. Big Data Soc. 11(2), 20539517241242456 (2024)","journal-title":"Big Data Soc."},{"issue":"6","key":"763_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2020.1751866","volume":"23","author":"A Henriksen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henriksen, A., Bechmann, A.: Building truths in AI: making predictive algorithms doable in healthcare. Inf. Commun. Soc. 23(6), 802\u2013816 (2020)","journal-title":"Inf. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"763_CR19","volume-title":"How to Stay Smart in a Smart World: Why Human Intelligence Still Beats Algorithms","author":"G Gigerenzer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gigerenzer, G.: How to Stay Smart in a Smart World: Why Human Intelligence Still Beats Algorithms. MIT Press, Cambridge (2022)"},{"issue":"2","key":"763_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205395172311887","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517231188723","volume":"10","author":"C Le Ludec","year":"2023","unstructured":"Le Ludec, C., Cornet, M., Casilli, A.A.: The problem with annotation human labour and outsourcing between France and Madagascar. Big Data Soc. 10(2), 20539517231188724 (2023)","journal-title":"Big Data Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"763_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205395172211461","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517221146122","volume":"10","author":"EB Kang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kang, E.B.: Ground truth tracings (GTT): on the epistemic limits of machine learning. Big Data Soc. 10(1), 20539517221146120 (2023)","journal-title":"Big Data Soc."},{"issue":"5","key":"763_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1177\/03063127231192857","volume":"53","author":"F Jaton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jaton, F.: Groundwork for AI: enforcing a benchmark for neoantigen prediction in personalized cancer immunotherapy. Soc. Stud. Sci. 53(5), 787\u2013810 (2023)","journal-title":"Soc. Stud. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"763_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205395172211040","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517221104087","volume":"9","author":"W Van Rossem","year":"2022","unstructured":"Van Rossem, W., Pelizza, A.: The ontology explorer: a method to make visible data infrastructures for population management. Big Data Soc. 9(1), 20539517221104090 (2022)","journal-title":"Big Data Soc."},{"key":"763_CR24","unstructured":"De Mulder, W.: Explainable artificial intelligence and the social sciences: a plea for interdisciplinary research. AI Soc. 1\u201320 (2024)"},{"issue":"5","key":"763_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1177\/1532673X20906472","volume":"48","author":"T Merivaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Merivaki, T.: \u201cOur voter rolls are cleaner than yours\u201d: balancing access and integrity in voter list maintenance. Am. Politics Res. 48(5), 560\u2013570 (2020)","journal-title":"Am. Politics Res."},{"key":"763_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.36644\/mlr.121.3.algorithmic","volume":"121","author":"SM Bender","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bender, S.M.: Algorithmic elections. Mich. L. Rev. 121, 489 (2022)","journal-title":"Mich. L. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"763_CR27","first-page":"119","volume":"48","author":"P Deepak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deepak, P.: Electoral administration and state-of-the-art AI: a cocktail of incongruences. Fletcher Forum World Aff. 48(2), 119\u2013130 (2024)","journal-title":"Fletcher Forum World Aff."},{"key":"763_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Deepak, Simoes, S., MacCarthaigh, M.: AI and core electoral processes: mapping the horizons. AI Magazine (2023)","DOI":"10.1002\/aaai.12105"},{"key":"763_CR29","first-page":"727","volume":"48","author":"VE Hench","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hench, V.E.: The death of voting rights: the legal disenfranchisement of minority voters. Case West. Res. L. Rev. 48, 727 (1997)","journal-title":"Case West. Res. L. Rev."},{"key":"763_CR30","unstructured":"Mikolov, T., Sutskever, I., Chen, K., Corrado, G. S., Dean, J.: Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 26 (2013)"},{"key":"763_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reimers, N., Schiller, B., Beck, T., Daxenberger, J., Stab, C., and Gurevych, I. (2019). Classification and clustering of arguments with contextualized word embeddings. arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.09821.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1054"},{"key":"763_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780823295616","volume-title":"Wittgenstein\u2019s Definition of Meaning as Use","author":"G Hallet","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hallet, G.: Wittgenstein\u2019s Definition of Meaning as Use. Fordham University Press, New York (2020)"},{"key":"763_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1017\/ATSIP.2019.12","volume":"8","author":"B Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, B., Wang, A., Chen, F., Wang, Y., Kuo, C.-C.J.: Evaluating word embedding models: methods and experimental results. APSIPA Trans. Signal Inf. Process. 8, e19 (2019)","journal-title":"APSIPA Trans. Signal Inf. Process."},{"key":"763_CR34","volume-title":"Emergence: From Chaos to Order","author":"JH Holland","year":"2000","unstructured":"Holland, J.H.: Emergence: From Chaos to Order. OUP Oxford, Oxford (2000)"},{"key":"763_CR35","unstructured":"Page, L., Brin, S., Motwani, R., Winograd, T.: The pagerank citation ranking: bring order to the web. Technical report, Stanford University (1998)"},{"key":"763_CR36","first-page":"102246","volume":"56","author":"P Harrigan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harrigan, P., Daly, T.M., Coussement, K., Lee, J.A., Soutar, G.N., Evers, U.: Identifying influencers on social media. Int. J. Inf. Manag. 56, 102246 (2021)","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"763_CR37","unstructured":"Engels, F.: On historical materialism (1940)"},{"key":"763_CR38","volume-title":"A Companion to Marx\u2019s Grundrisse","author":"D Harvey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harvey, D.: A Companion to Marx\u2019s Grundrisse. Verso Books, London (2023)"},{"key":"763_CR39","volume-title":"Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind","author":"YN Harari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harari, Y.N.: Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. Random House, New York (2014)"},{"key":"763_CR40","volume-title":"Dialectical Materialism","author":"H Lefebvre","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lefebvre, H.: Dialectical Materialism. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis (2009)"},{"key":"763_CR41","volume-title":"Intersectionality","author":"PH Collins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Collins, P.H., Bilge, S.: Intersectionality. Wiley, New York (2020)"},{"key":"763_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celis Bueno, C., Chow, P.-S., Popowicz, A.: Not \u201cwhat\u201d, but \u201cwhere is creativity?\u201d: towards a relational-materialist approach to generative AI. AI Soc. 1\u201313 (2024)","DOI":"10.33767\/osf.io\/w5a2n"},{"key":"763_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9805","volume-title":"Circularity: A Common Secret to Paradoxes, Scientific Revolutions and Humor","author":"R Aharoni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aharoni, R.: Circularity: A Common Secret to Paradoxes, Scientific Revolutions and Humor. World Scientific, London (2016)"},{"key":"763_CR44","unstructured":"Levary, D., Eckmann, J.-P., Moses, E., Tlusty, T.: Self reference in word definitions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1103.2325 (2011)"},{"key":"763_CR45","unstructured":"Wittgenstein, L., Anscombe, G.E.M., Wright, G.H.: Notebooks, 1914\u20131916... Edited by GH von Wright and GEM Anscombe, with an English translation by GEM Anscombe. Basil Blackwell (1961)"},{"issue":"1","key":"763_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x","volume":"39","author":"AP Dempster","year":"1977","unstructured":"Dempster, A.P., Laird, N.M., Rubin, D.B.: Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (Methodol.) 39(1), 1\u201322 (1977)","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (Methodol.)"},{"issue":"8","key":"763_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2009.09.011","volume":"31","author":"AK Jain","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jain, A.K.: Data clustering: 50 years beyond K-means. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 31(8), 651\u2013666 (2010)","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"763_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1145\/324133.324140","volume":"46","author":"JM Kleinberg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kleinberg, J.M.: Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment. J. ACM 46(5), 604\u2013632 (1999)","journal-title":"J. ACM"},{"key":"763_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wigner, E.P.: The unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences. In: Mathematics and Science, pp. 291\u2013306. World Scientific (1960)","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814503488_0018"},{"key":"763_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mortensen, C.R., Cialdini, R.B.: Compliance and social psychology. In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology (2020)","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190236557.013.249"},{"key":"763_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e619","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.619","volume":"7","author":"KM Fouad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fouad, K.M., Ismail, M.M., Azar, A.T., Arafa, M.M.: Advanced methods for missing values imputation based on similarity learning. PeerJ Comput. Sci. 7, e619 (2021)","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput. Sci."},{"key":"763_CR52","volume-title":"The Matthew Effect: How Advantage Begets Further Advantage","author":"D Rigney","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rigney, D.: The Matthew Effect: How Advantage Begets Further Advantage. Columbia University Press, New York (2010)"},{"issue":"19","key":"763_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4887","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1719557115","volume":"115","author":"T Bol","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bol, T., De Vaan, M., van de Rijt, A.: The matthew effect in science funding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115(19), 4887\u20134890 (2018)","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"98","key":"763_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140378","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0378","volume":"11","author":"M Perc","year":"2014","unstructured":"Perc, M.: The matthew effect in empirical data. J. R. Soc. Interface 11(98), 20140378 (2014)","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"763_CR55","unstructured":"Larson, J., Mattu, S., Kirchner, L., Angwin, J.: How we analyzed the compas recidivism algorithm. ProPublica Reports (2016)"},{"issue":"2","key":"763_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-022-01441-y","volume":"38","author":"F Lagioia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lagioia, F., Rovatti, R., Sartor, G.: Algorithmic fairness through group parities? The case of compas-sapmoc. AI Soc. 38(2), 459\u2013478 (2023)","journal-title":"AI Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"763_CR57","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"E Hinton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hinton, E., Henderson, L., Reed, C.: An unjust burden: the disparate treatment of black americans in the criminal justice system. Vera Inst. Justice 1(1), 1\u201320 (2018)","journal-title":"Vera Inst. Justice"}],"container-title":["AI and Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00763-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00763-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00763-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T08:34:30Z","timestamp":1758270870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00763-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00763-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-5953","type":"print"},{"value":"2730-5961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}