{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T02:55:59Z","timestamp":1779332159784,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As artificial intelligence (AI) continues its exponential growth and nears the threshold of artificial general intelligence (AGI), it is timely and urgent to initiate reflections on artificial superintelligence (ASI), which may emerge rapidly after AGI. While ASI remains hypothetical, its potential emergence could be abrupt and profoundly transformative, necessitating proactive ethical and strategic inquiry. This paper proposes a multidimensional reflection on ASI, not only in its technical form but also in relation to humanity and the planetary context. It seeks to answer the question: \u201cShould Homo sapiens develop an artificial superintelligence on their planet?\u201d The paper introduces key definitions, outlines major existential risks to humanity and the biosphere, and considers whether ASI could mitigate these threats. It ultimately proposes a conceptual equation to assess the potential net impact of ASI, and introduces an original Venn diagram that classifies problem domains across AI, AGI, and ASI. Together, these tools aim to advance theoretical understanding and guide future inquiry into the core research question.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-025-00793-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T20:13:15Z","timestamp":1755634395000},"page":"6241-6263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The ethics of creating artificial superintelligence: a global risk perspective"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jean-S\u00e9bastien","family":"Dessureault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Lamontagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Olivier","family":"Paris\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"793_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063772916040016","volume":"60","author":"AG Aleksandrova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aleksandrova, A.G., Galushina, T.Y., Prishchepenko, A.B., Kholshevnikov, K.V., Chechetkin, V.M.: The preventive destruction of a hazardous asteroid. Astron. Rep. 60(6), 611\u2013619 (2016)","journal-title":"Astron. Rep."},{"key":"793_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1473550424000089","volume":"23","author":"Alexander Vladimirovich Shkurko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alexander Vladimirovich Shkurko: The social science perspective on the Fermi paradox. Int. J. Astrobiol. 23, e13 (2024)","journal-title":"Int. J. Astrobiol."},{"key":"793_CR3","unstructured":"AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change (2023)"},{"key":"793_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashwani, S., Tripathy, A.J., Karna, S., Jahanve, P.R., Rajagopal, S.M.: Quantum computing for climate change: a comprehensive review of current applications, challenges, and future directions. In: 2024 15th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), pp. 1\u20137, June 2024. ISSN: 2473-7674","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCNT61001.2024.10724347"},{"issue":"4","key":"793_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00639-z","volume":"20","author":"RE Baker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baker, R.E., et al.: Infectious disease in an era of global change. Nat. Rev. Microbio. 20(4), 193\u2013205 (2022)","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbio."},{"issue":"9","key":"793_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-020-0940-7","volume":"16","author":"M Barbarino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barbarino, M.: A brief history of nuclear fusion. Nat. Phys. 16(9), 890\u2013893 (2020)","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"793_CR7","unstructured":"bloomsbury.com. The Prospect of a Humanitarian Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"793_CR8","unstructured":"Bommasani, R., et al.: On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models.. Version Number: 3 (2021)"},{"key":"793_CR9","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"N Bostrom","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bostrom, N.: How long before superintelligence? Int. J. of Futures Stud 2, 1\u20139 (1998)","journal-title":"Int. J. of Futures Stud"},{"key":"793_CR10","volume-title":"Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers. Strategies","author":"N Bostrom","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bostrom, N.: Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers. Strategies. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York (2014)"},{"issue":"1","key":"793_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03925","DOI":"10.47172\/2965-730X.SDGsReview.v5.n01.pe03925","volume":"5","author":"K Budanov","year":"2025","unstructured":"Budanov, K., Vereshchak, V., Kudriavtsev, V., Mokliak, S., Rubel, K.: Causes and trends in modern geopolitical changes and sustainable changes. J. Lifestyle SDGs Rev 5(1), e03925\u2013e03925 (2025)","journal-title":"J. Lifestyle SDGs Rev"},{"key":"793_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-042711-105548","volume":"41","author":"K Caldeira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Caldeira, K., Govindasamy, B., Cao, L.: The science of geoengineering. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 41, 231\u2013256 (2013)","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"793_CR13","unstructured":"Climate Crisis Induced Migration: A Global Framework to Minimize and Manage Large-Scale Climate Refugees and Migrants"},{"issue":"1","key":"793_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-020-00007-2","volume":"1","author":"M Coeckelbergh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coeckelbergh, M.: AI for climate: freedom, justice, and other ethical and political challenges. AI Ethics 1(1), 67\u201372 (2021)","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"key":"793_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook, S.A.: The complexity of theorem-proving procedures. In: Proceedings of the Third Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, STOC \u201971, pp. 151\u2013158. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY (1971)","DOI":"10.1145\/800157.805047"},{"issue":"1","key":"793_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-021-01294-x","volume":"38","author":"J Cowls","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cowls, J., Tsamados, A., Taddeo, M., Floridi, L.: The AI gambit: leveraging artificial intelligence to combat climate change\u2014opportunities, challenges, and recommendations. AI Soc. 38(1), 283\u2013307 (2023)","journal-title":"AI Soc."},{"key":"793_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12987\/9780300252392","volume-title":"The Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence","author":"K Crawford","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crawford, K.: The Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence. Yale University Press, New Haven (2021)"},{"key":"793_CR18","unstructured":"Crisis Management: Regional Approaches to Geopolitical Crises and Natural Hazards - Raikes - 2022 - Geographical Research - Wiley Online Library"},{"issue":"9","key":"793_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1145\/2701413","volume":"58","author":"E Davis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Davis, E., Marcus, G.: Commonsense reasoning and commonsense knowledge in artificial intelligence. Commun. ACM 58(9), 92\u2013103 (2015)","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"793_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394242399.ch9","volume-title":"Quantum Computing and Artificial Intelligence","author":"K Deeba","year":"2025","unstructured":"Deeba, K., Ramya, S.R., Geetha, B.G., Shantha Kumari, K.: Quantum computing AI for climate modeling. In: Quantum Computing and Artificial Intelligence, pp. 247\u2013260. Wiley, New York (2025)"},{"key":"793_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dessureault, J.-S., Massicotte, D.: AI2: a novel explainable machine learning framework using an NLP interface. In: Proceedings of the 2023 8th International Conference on Machine Learning Technologies, ICMLT \u201923, pp. 1\u20137. Association for Computing Machinery, New York (2023)","DOI":"10.1145\/3589883.3589884"},{"issue":"2","key":"793_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s10515-023-00399-5","volume":"30","author":"J-S Dessureault","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dessureault, J.-S., Massicotte, D.: AI 2: the next leap toward native language-based and explainable machine learning framework. Autom. Softw. Eng. 30(2), 32 (2023)","journal-title":"Autom. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"793_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1017\/S1473550422000386","volume":"22","author":"BL do Nascimento-Dias","year":"2023","unstructured":"do Nascimento-Dias, B.L., Martinez-Frias, J.: Brief review about history of astrobiology. Int. J. Astrobiol. 22(1), 67\u201378 (2023)","journal-title":"Int. J. Astrobiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"793_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2009.11.018","volume":"68","author":"LR Doyle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Doyle, L.R., McCowan, B., Johnston, S., Hanser, S.F.: Information theory, animal communication, and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. Acta Astronaut. 68(3), 406\u2013417 (2011)","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"issue":"4","key":"793_CR25","first-page":"120","volume":"21","author":"FD Drake","year":"1992","unstructured":"Drake, F.D., Sobel, D.: Is anyone out there? Mercury 21(4), 120 (1992)","journal-title":"Mercury"},{"issue":"5","key":"793_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037810","volume":"7","author":"M Ercsey-Ravasz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ercsey-Ravasz, M., Toroczkai, Z., Lakner, Z., Baranyi, J.: Complexity of the international agro-food trade network and its impact on food safety. PLoS ONE 7(5), e37810 (2012)","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"793_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2022.121662","volume":"180","author":"WL Filho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Filho, W.L., Wall, T., Mucova, S., Nagy, G.J., Balogun, A.-L., Luetz, J.M., Ng, A.W., Kovaleva, M., Azam, F., Alves, F., Guevara, Z., Matandirotya, N.R., Skouloudis, A., Tzachor, A., Malakar, K., Gandhi, O.: Deploying artificial intelligence for climate change adaptation. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 180, 121662 (2022)","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"793_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198883098.001.0001","volume-title":"The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: Principles, Challenges, and Opportunities","author":"L Floridi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Floridi, L.: The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: Principles, Challenges, and Opportunities. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York (2023)"},{"key":"793_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2024.112384","volume":"388","author":"K Fujiwara","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fujiwara, K., Suzuki, Y., Toba, K., Ogawa, J., Furukawa, H., Hashizume, M., Noji, T., Teratani, K., Ito, N.: Multifunctional 3D food printer with quad-screw nozzle for four-color printing and dual ink mixing. J. Food Eng. 388, 112384 (2025)","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"793_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.06.007","volume":"123","author":"A Garre","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garre, A., Fernandez, P.S., Brereton, P., Elliott, C., Mojtahed, V.: The use of trade data to predict the source and spread of food safety outbreaks: An innovative mathematical modelling approach. Food Res. Int. 123, 712\u2013721 (2019)","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"793_CR31","unstructured":"Global Risks Report 2025"},{"key":"793_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.1.11222","volume":"62","author":"K Grace","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grace, K., Salvatier, J., Dafoe, A., Zhang, B., Evans, O.: Viewpoint: When will AI exceed human performance? Evidence from AI experts. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 62, 729\u2013754 (2018)","journal-title":"J. Artif. Intell. Res."},{"key":"793_CR33","unstructured":"Greenblatt, R., Denison, C., Wright, B., Roger, F., MacDiarmid, M., Marks, S., Treutlein, J., Belonax, T., Chen, J., Duvenaud, D., Khan, A., Michael, J., Mindermann, S., Perez, E., Petrini, L., Uesato, J., Kaplan, J., Shlegeris, B., Bowman, S.R., Hubinger, E.: Alignment faking in large language models, December (2024). arXiv:2412.14093 [cs]"},{"key":"793_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S270553","volume":"13","author":"S Grima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grima, S., Kizilkaya, M., Rupeika-Apoga, R., Romanova, I., Gonzi, R.D., Jakovljevic, M.: A country pandemic risk exposure measurement model. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 13, 2067\u20132077 (2020)","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"793_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gulchenko, V.: Navigating the risks: an examination of the dangers associated with artificial general intelligence and artificial superintelligence (2024)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4941716"},{"issue":"1","key":"793_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1815172","volume":"62","author":"HK Handral","year":"2022","unstructured":"Handral, H.K., Tay, S.H., Chan, W.W., Choudhury, D.: 3D printing of cultured meat products. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 62(1), 272\u2013281 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2020.1815172","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"793_CR37","first-page":"84","volume":"21","author":"K Hasegawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hasegawa, K.: Facing nuclear risks: lessons from the fukushima nuclear disaster. Int. J. Jpn. Soc.. 21(1), 84\u201391 (2012)","journal-title":"Int. J. Jpn. Soc.."},{"issue":"1","key":"793_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s43762-023-00100-2","volume":"3","author":"H Jain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jain, H., Dhupper, R., Shrivastava, A., Kumar, D., Kumari, M.: AI-enabled strategies for climate change adaptation: protecting communities, infrastructure, and businesses from the impacts of climate change. Computational Urban Science 3(1), 25 (2023)","journal-title":"Computational Urban Science"},{"key":"793_CR39","unstructured":"J\u00e4rviniemi, O., Hubinger, E.: Uncovering deceptive tendencies in language models: a simulated company ai assistant (2024). arXiv:2405.01576 [cs]"},{"key":"793_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, J., Qiu, T., Chen, B., Zhang, B., Lou, H., Wang, K., Duan, Y., He, Z., Zhou, J., Zhang, Z., Zeng, F., Ng, K.Y., Dai, J., Pan, X., O\u2019Gara, A., Lei, Y., Xu, H., Tse, B., Fu, J., McAleer, S., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhu, S.-C., Guo, Y., Gao, W.: AI alignment: a comprehensive survey (2024). arXiv:2310.19852 [cs]","DOI":"10.1145\/3770749"},{"issue":"2017","key":"793_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biophys-062215-010822","volume":"46","author":"F Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang, F., Doudna, J.A.: CRISPR-Cas9 structures and mechanisms. Annu. Rev. Biophys. 46(2017), 505\u2013529 (2017)","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biophys."},{"issue":"7181","key":"793_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","volume":"451","author":"KE Jones","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jones, K.E., Patel, N.G., Levy, M.A., Storeygard, A., Balk, D., Gittleman, J.L., Daszak, P.: Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451(7181), 990\u2013993 (2008)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"793_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasirzadeh, A.: Two types of ai existential risk: decisive and accumulative (2025). arXiv:2401.07836 [cs]","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-025-02301-3"},{"issue":"2285","key":"793_CR44","first-page":"20240109","volume":"382","author":"D Kondor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kondor, D., Hafez, V., Shankar, S., Wazir, R., Karimi, F.: Complex systems perspective in assessing risks in artificial intelligence. Philosoph Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 382(2285), 20240109 (2024)","journal-title":"Philosoph Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"key":"793_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137349088_26","volume-title":"Ethics and Emerging Technologies","author":"R Kurzweil","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kurzweil, R.: The singularity is near. In: Ronald, L.S. (ed.) Ethics and Emerging Technologies, pp. 393\u2013406. Palgrave Macmillan, London (2014)"},{"issue":"2","key":"793_CR46","first-page":"33","volume":"27","author":"P Langley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Langley, P.: Cognitive architectures and general intelligent systems. AI Mag. 27(2), 33\u201344 (2006)","journal-title":"AI Mag."},{"key":"793_CR47","unstructured":"Latif, E., Mai, G., Nyaaba, M., Wu, X., Liu, N., Lu, G., Li, S., Liu, T., Zhai, X.: AGI: artificial general intelligence for education (2023). Publication Title: arXiv e-prints ADS Bibcode: 2023arXiv230412479L"},{"key":"793_CR48","unstructured":"Laubscher, B.E.: The space elevator concept and dynamics, vol. 9, pp. 243\u2013252 (2018). ISSN: 2052-7233 Issue: 1"},{"issue":"1","key":"793_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/284\/1\/012019","volume":"284","author":"C Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, C., Ho, C., Wang, J.: The development of 3D food printer for printing fibrous meat materials. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 284(1), 012019 (2018)","journal-title":"IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng"},{"issue":"8013","key":"793_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07380-6","volume":"629","author":"MB Mahon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mahon, M.B., Alexandra Sack, O., Aleuy, A., Barbera, C., Brown, E., Buelow, H., Civitello, D.J., Cohen, J.M., de Wit, L.A., Forstchen, M., Halliday, F.W., Heffernan, P., Knutie, S.A., Korotasz, A., Larson, J.G., Rumschlag, S.L., Selland, E., Shepack, A., Vincent, N., Rohr, J.R.: A meta-analysis on global change drivers and the risk of infectious disease. Nature 629(8013), 830\u2013836 (2024)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"793_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00162777","volume":"1","author":"C Marchetti","year":"1977","unstructured":"Marchetti, C.: On geoengineering and the CO2 problem. Clim. Change 1(1), 59\u201368 (1977)","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"793_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157394","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2023.1157394","volume":"11","author":"Meschini, S., Laviano, F., Ledda, F., Pettinari, D., Testoni, R., Torsello, D., Panella, B.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meschini, S., Laviano, F., Ledda, F., Pettinari, D., Testoni, R., Torsello, D., Panella, B.: Review of commercial nuclear fusion projects. Front. Energy Res. 11, 1157394 (2023)","journal-title":"Front. Energy Res."},{"issue":"6710","key":"793_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadq9356","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adq9356","volume":"385","author":"M Mitchell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mitchell, M.: The turing test and our shifting conceptions of intelligence. Science 385(6710), eadq9356 (2024)","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"793_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/19397038.2024.2355895","volume":"17","author":"A Molina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Molina, A., et al.: Comprehensive sustainable development of a multifunctional machine 3D food printer and didactic platform. Int. J. Sustain. Eng. 17(1), 413\u2013428 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19397038.2024.2355895","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Eng."},{"key":"793_CR55","unstructured":"Morozov, E.: To save everything, click here: technology, solutionism, and the urge to fix problems that don\u2019t exist. Allen Lane, 2013. Google-Books-ID: XIt2swEACAAJ"},{"key":"793_CR56","unstructured":"Morris, M.R., Sohl-Dickstein, J., Fiedel, N., Warkentin, T., Dafoe, A., Faust, A., Farabet, C., Legg, S.: Levels of AGI for operationalizing progress on the path to AGI, position (2024)"},{"issue":"9","key":"793_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70298-0","volume":"2","author":"Z Mullan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mullan, Z.: A risky business. Lancet Glob. Health 2(9), e488 (2014)","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"793_CR58","unstructured":"Ouyang, L., Wu, J., Jiang, X., Almeida, D., Wainwright, C.L., Mishkin, P., Zhang, C., Agarwal, S., Slama, K., Ray, A., Schulman, J., Hilton, J., Kelton, F., Miller, L., Simens, M., Askell, A., Welinder, P., Christiano, P., Leike, J., Lowe, R.: Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback. In: Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, NIPS \u201922, pp. 27730\u201327744. Curran Associates Inc, Red Hook, NY (2022)"},{"issue":"3","key":"793_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.14.57","volume":"14","author":"R Penrose","year":"1965","unstructured":"Penrose, R.: Gravitational collapse and space-time singularities. Phys. Rev. Lett. 14(3), 57\u201359 (1965)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"793_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garriga, C., Population Health Information Research Infrastructure, et al.: Identification of methodological issues regarding direct impact indicators of COVID-19: a rapid scoping review on morbidity, severity and mortality. Eur. J. Public Health 34(Supplement-1), 3\u201310 (2024)","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckae072"},{"key":"793_CR61","unstructured":"Possible origin of Theia, the Moon-forming impactor with Earth - Dvorak - 2017 - Astronomische Nachrichten - Wiley Online Library"},{"key":"793_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100042","volume":"2","author":"K Prasad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prasad, K., Kumar, V.: Artificial intelligence-driven drug repurposing and structural biology for SARS-CoV-2. Curr. Res. Pharmacol. Drug Discovery 2, 100042 (2021)","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Pharmacol. Drug Discovery"},{"issue":"7","key":"793_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17575","volume":"9","author":"R Qureshi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qureshi, R., Irfan, M., Gondal, T.M., Khan, S., Wu, J., Hadi, M.U., Heymach, J., Le, X., Yan, H., Alam, T.: AI in drug discovery and its clinical relevance. Heliyon 9(7), e17575 (2023)","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"793_CR64","unstructured":"Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence| UNESCO"},{"key":"793_CR65","unstructured":"Rodney, B.: The Seven Deadly Sins of AI Predictions"},{"key":"793_CR66","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach","author":"S Russell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Russell, S.: Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Global Edition, Boston (2022)"},{"key":"793_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-17203-8_43","volume-title":"Globalization. Human Rights and Populism: Reimagining People, Power and Places","author":"I-D Salavrakos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salavrakos, I.-D., Palmadessa, A.L.: The global economic crisis: historical roots, lessons learned, and implications for geopolitical stability. In: Akande, A. (ed.) Globalization. Human Rights and Populism: Reimagining People, Power and Places, pp. 929\u2013952. Springer, Cham (2023)"},{"key":"793_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32029-4_3","volume-title":"Information Technology in Geo-Engineering","author":"P Samui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Samui, P.: Application of artificial intelligence in geo-engineering. In: Ant\u00f3nio, G.C., Joaquim, T., Paulo, C., Lu\u00eds, L. (eds.) Information Technology in Geo-Engineering, pp. 30\u201344. Springer, Cham (2020)"},{"issue":"3","key":"793_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00142577","volume":"33","author":"SH Schneider","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schneider, S.H.: Geoengineering: Could\u2014 or should\u2014 we do it? Clim. Change 33(3), 291\u2013302 (1996)","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"793_CR70","volume":"18","author":"S Soleymani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Soleymani, S., Naghib, S.M., Mozafari, M.R.: An overview of cultured meat and stem cell bioprinting: How to make it, challenges and prospects, environmental effects, society\u2019s culture and the influence of religions. J. Agri. Food Res 18, 101307 (2024)","journal-title":"J. Agri. Food Res"},{"key":"793_CR71","unstructured":"The extinction of the dinosaurs - Brusatte - 2015 - Biological Reviews - Wiley Online Library"},{"key":"793_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Observer\u2019s Guide to the Gamma-Ray Burst Supernova Connection - Cano - 2017 - Advances in Astronomy - Wiley Online Library","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8929054"},{"issue":"1","key":"793_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1086\/496914","volume":"634","author":"BC Thomas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thomas, B.C.: Gamma-ray bursts and the earth: exploration of atmospheric, biological, climatic, and biogeochemical effects. Astrophys. J. 634(1), 509\u2013533 (2005)","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"793_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-015-9377-7","volume":"25","author":"PD Thorn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thorn, P.D.: Nick bostrom: superintelligence: paths, dangers. Strategies. Minds Mach. 25(3), 285\u2013289 (2015)","journal-title":"Strategies. Minds Mach."},{"key":"793_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/LIX.236.433","volume":"59","author":"AM Turing","year":"1950","unstructured":"Turing, A.M.: Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind 59, 433\u2013460 (1950)","journal-title":"Mind"},{"issue":"3.P2","key":"793_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1090\/S0002-9904-1958-10189-5","volume":"64","author":"S Ulam","year":"1958","unstructured":"Ulam, S.: John von Neumann 1903\u20131957. Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 64(3.P2), 1\u201349 (1958)","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Math. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"793_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2004.12.005","volume":"11","author":"Z Utlu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Utlu, Z., Hepbasli, A.: A review on analyzing and evaluating the energy utilization efficiency of countries. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 11(1), 1\u201329 (2007)","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"793_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/book1904","volume-title":"Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence (CETI)","author":"DA Vakoch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vakoch, D.A.: Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence (CETI). State University of New York Press, New York (2011)"},{"issue":"4","key":"793_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.2514\/1.33432","volume":"31","author":"M Vasile","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vasile, M., Colombo, C.: Optimal impact strategies for asteroid deflection. J. Guid. Control. Dyn. 31(4), 858\u2013872 (2008)","journal-title":"J. Guid. Control. Dyn."},{"key":"793_CR80","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"A Vaswani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., Uszkoreit, J., Jones, L., Gomez, A.N., Kaiser, L., Polosukhin, I.: Attention is all you need. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 30. Curran Associates Inc, New York (2017)"},{"key":"793_CR81","unstructured":"Vinge, V.: The coming technological singularity: How to survive in the post-human era. December 1993. NTRS Author Affiliations: San Diego State Univ. NTRS Document ID: 19940022856 NTRS Research Center: Legacy CDMS (CDMS)"},{"key":"793_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.704256","volume":"8","author":"L Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, D., Tong, X., Liu, T., Zhang, S., Huang, J., Zhang, L., Chen, L., Fan, H., Clarke, M.: Artificial intelligence for COVID-19: a systematic review. Front. Med. 8, 704256 (2021)","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"793_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/b97646","volume-title":"Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe","author":"PD Ward","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ward, P.D., Brownlee, D.: Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe. Springer, New York, NY (2000)"},{"issue":"1","key":"793_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab8225","volume":"896","author":"T Westby","year":"2020","unstructured":"Westby, T., Conselice, C.J.: The astrobiological copernican weak and strong limits for extraterrestrial intelligent life. Astrophys. J. 896(1), 58 (2020). arXiv:2004.03968 [astro-ph]","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"793_CR85","unstructured":"Yue, J., Klein, D.: Benchmarking llms on advanced mathematical reasoning (2025)"},{"key":"793_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2022.03.015","volume":"109","author":"W Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Xin, G., Tang, L., Yin, Y., Liu, D., Zhang, Y.: Application of machine learning, deep learning and optimization algorithms in geoengineering and geoscience: comprehensive review and future challenge. Gondwana Res. 109, 1\u201317 (2022)","journal-title":"Gondwana Res."},{"issue":"13","key":"793_CR87","first-page":"2134","volume":"13","author":"Y-T Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.-T., Li, M.-Y., Zhou, W.-X.: Impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on international staple agrifood trade networks. Foods (Basel, Switzerland) 13(13), 2134 (2024)","journal-title":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"793_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Zhang, L., Wu, Z., Chen, Y., Dai, H., Yu, X., Liu, Z., Zhang, T., Hu, X., Jiang, X., Li, X., Zhu, D., Shen, D., Liu, T.: When brain-inspired AI meets AGI (2023). Version Number: 1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metrad.2023.100005"}],"container-title":["AI and Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00793-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00793-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00793-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T03:02:55Z","timestamp":1762484575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00793-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00793-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-5953","type":"print"},{"value":"2730-5961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors confirm there are no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The work uses publicly available and non-identifiable information. No ethical approval was needed.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable, since no human participant was involved in the evaluation of our study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Consent for publication is not applicable as this study does not contain any identifiable data.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}