{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T03:31:04Z","timestamp":1786591864304,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The growing demand for Responsible AI has crystallised around normative principles: fairness, transparency, accountability, privacy, safety, and value alignment, yet their implementation often reveals profound conceptual and operational instability. This research employs a constructively critical approach to examine the structural tensions underlying these pillars and argues that prevailing frameworks treat responsibility as a static compliance exercise, detached from the sociotechnical realities of AI systems. Drawing on traditions in process ethics, participatory design, and adaptive governance, the study develops a reframed understanding of Responsible AI as a dynamic, negotiated, and context-sensitive process. It advances a composite theoretical model and a layered ecosystem framework that redistributes responsibility across design, deployment, governance, and public deliberation. Through this reframing, the work offers both a critique of the dominant paradigm and a practical roadmap for interdisciplinary engagement, ethical responsiveness, and institutional reflexivity. The contribution is twofold: a conceptual synthesis that challenges the assumptions of checklist ethics, and an applied methodology with implications for AI researchers, developers, policymakers, and civil society actors working to navigate the ethical complexity of real-world AI design, deployment and use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-025-00809-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T03:25:00Z","timestamp":1754537100000},"page":"6207-6223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Rethinking responsible AI from ethical pillars to sociotechnical practice"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ayodeji Olusegun","family":"Ibitoye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makuochi Samuel","family":"Nkwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Orji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"809_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S2196888824500192","author":"AO Ibitoye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ibitoye, A.O., Oladosu, O.O., Onifade, O.F.: Contextual emotional transformer-based model for comment analysis in mental health case prediction. Vietnam J. Comput. Sci. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S2196888824500192","journal-title":"Vietnam J. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"809_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14293\/S2199-1006.1.SOR-.PPVRY8K.v1","author":"YS Mohammed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohammed, Y.S.: Applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare: a review. ScienceOpen Preprints (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14293\/S2199-1006.1.SOR-.PPVRY8K.v1","journal-title":"ScienceOpen Preprints"},{"issue":"3","key":"809_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3502289","volume":"55","author":"L Cao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cao, L.: AI in finance: challenges, techniques, and opportunities. ACM Comput. Surv (CSUR) 55(3), 1\u201338 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3502289","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv (CSUR)"},{"issue":"1","key":"809_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3390\/app14010437","volume":"14","author":"K Mallinger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mallinger, K., Baeza-Yates, R.: Responsible AI in farming: a multi-criteria framework for sustainable technology design. Appl. Sci. 14(1), 437 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14010437","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"809_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.52866\/ijcsm.2022.02.01.011","volume":"3","author":"AO Ibitoye","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ibitoye, A.O., Onime, C., Zaki, N.D.: Socio-transactional impact of recency, frequency, and monetary features on customers\u2019 behaviour in telecoms\u2019 churn prediction. Iraqi J. Comput. Sci. Math. 3(2), 101\u2013110 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52866\/ijcsm.2022.02.01.011","journal-title":"Iraqi J. Comput. Sci. Math."},{"issue":"3","key":"809_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-021-00043-6","volume":"1","author":"A Van Wynsberghe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Wynsberghe, A.: Sustainable AI: AI for sustainability and the sustainability of AI. AI Ethics 1(3), 213\u2013218 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-021-00043-6","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"809_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12533","volume":"57","author":"W Holmes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Holmes, W., Tuomi, I.: State of the art and practice in AI in education. Eur. J. Educ. 57(4), 542\u2013570 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejed.12533","journal-title":"Eur. J. Educ."},{"key":"809_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Memon, K. R., and S. K. Ooi. Artificially Intelligent Super Computer Machines and Robotics: Apprehensions and Challenges\u2013A Call for Responsible Innovation Framework. In M. Gordan, K. Ghaedi, and V. Saleh, eds., Industry 4.0: Perspectives and Applications. IntechOpen, 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.107372","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.107372"},{"key":"809_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2021.748454","volume":"4","author":"M Nkwo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nkwo, M., Suruliraj, B., Orji, R.: Persuasive apps for sustainable waste management: a comparative systematic evaluation of behavior change strategies and state-of-the-art. Front. Artif. Intell. 4, 748454 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2021.748454","journal-title":"Front. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"809_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381163","DOI":"10.3389\/fdata.2024.1381163","volume":"7","author":"N Polemi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Polemi, N., Pra\u00e7a, I., B\u00e9cue, A.: Challenges and efforts in managing AI trustworthiness risks: a state of knowledge. Front. Big Data. 7, 1381163 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdata.2024.1381163","journal-title":"Front. Big Data."},{"key":"809_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-024-09674-0","author":"S Vallor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vallor, S., Vierkant, T.: Find the gap: AI, responsible agency and vulnerability. Minds Mach. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-024-09674-0","journal-title":"Minds Mach."},{"key":"809_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sterz, S., Baum, K., Biewer, S., Hermanns, H., Lauber-R\u00f6nsberg, A., Meinel, P., Langer, M.: On the quest for effectiveness in human oversight: interdisciplinary perspectives. In: Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT \u201924).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3630106.3659051 (2024)","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3659051"},{"key":"809_CR13","unstructured":"European Union: Artificial Intelligence Act (EU Regulation 2024\/---). https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/ (2024)"},{"key":"809_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-024-09668-y","author":"R Dobbe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dobbe, R., Wolters, A.: Toward sociotechnical AI: mapping vulnerabilities for machine learning in context. Minds Mach. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-024-09668-y","journal-title":"Minds Mach."},{"key":"809_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-022-01607-8","volume":"38","author":"V Yazdanpanah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yazdanpanah, V., Gerding, E.H., Stein, S., et al.: Reasoning about responsibility in autonomous systems: challenges and opportunities. AI Soc. 38, 1453\u20131464 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-022-01607-8","journal-title":"AI Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"809_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s44206-022-00009-z","volume":"1","author":"M Jacobs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jacobs, M., Simon, J.: Assigning obligations in AI regulation: a discussion of two frameworks proposed by the European Commission. Digit. Soc. 1(1), 6 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44206-022-00009-z","journal-title":"Digit. Soc."},{"key":"809_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morand\u00edn-Ahuerma, F.: Ten UNESCO recommendations on the ethics of artificial intelligence. OSF Preprints. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/osf.io\/csyux (2023)","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/csyux"},{"issue":"1","key":"809_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/TTS.2020.2974991","volume":"1","author":"D Peters","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peters, D., Vold, K., Robinson, D., Calvo, R.A.: Responsible AI\u2014two frameworks for ethical design practice. IEEE Trans. Technol. Soc. 1(1), 34\u201347 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TTS.2020.2974991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"809_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2024.106731","volume":"184","author":"A Gazos","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gazos, A., Kahn, J., Kusche, I., B\u00fcscher, C., G\u00f6tz, M.: Organising AI for safety: identifying structural vulnerabilities to guide the design of AI-enhanced socio-technical systems. Saf. Sci. 184, 106731 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssci.2024.106731","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"809_CR20","unstructured":"Barocas, S., Hardt, M., Narayanan, A. Fairness and machine learning. https:\/\/fairmlbook.org (2019)"},{"key":"809_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gilpin, L.H., Bau, D., Yuan, B.Z., Bajwa, A., Specter, M., Kagal, L.: Explaining explanations: an overview of interpretability of machine learning. In: 2018 IEEE 5th International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA), pp. 80\u201389. IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DSAA.2018.00018 (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/DSAA.2018.00018"},{"key":"809_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cobbe, J., Lee, M.S.A., Singh, J.: Reviewable automated decision-making: a framework for accountable algorithmic systems. In: Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, pp. 598\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3442188.3445921 (2021)","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445921"},{"key":"809_CR23","volume-title":"Setting Limits Fairly: Learning to Share Resources for Health","author":"N Daniels","year":"2008","unstructured":"Daniels, N., Sabin, J.E.: Setting Limits Fairly: Learning to Share Resources for Health. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2008)"},{"issue":"4","key":"809_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2018.05.017","volume":"34","author":"A Mantelero","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mantelero, A.: AI and Big Data: a blueprint for a human rights, social and ethical impact assessment. Comput. Law Secur. Rev. 34(4), 754\u2013772 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clsr.2018.05.017","journal-title":"Comput. Law Secur. Rev."},{"key":"809_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7844-3_4","volume-title":"Human\u2013Computer Interaction in Management Information Systems: Foundations","author":"B Friedman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Friedman, B., Kahn, P.H., Jr., Borning, A.: Value sensitive design and information systems. In: Zhang, P., Galletta, D. (eds.) Human\u2013Computer Interaction in Management Information Systems: Foundations, pp. 348\u2013372. M.E. Sharpe, Armonk (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-7844-3_4"},{"key":"809_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-024-01880-9","author":"M Sadek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sadek, M., Kallina, E., Bohn\u00e9, T., Mougenot, C., Calvo, R.A., Cave, S.: Challenges of responsible AI in practice: scoping review and recommended actions. AI Soc. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-024-01880-9","journal-title":"AI Soc."},{"issue":"3","key":"809_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-022-09634-1","volume":"24","author":"M Anagnostou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anagnostou, M., Karvounidou, O., Katritzidaki, C., Kechagia, C., Melidou, K., Mpeza, E., Peristeras, V.: Characteristics and challenges in the industries towards responsible AI: a systematic literature review. Ethics Inf. Technol. 24(3), 37 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-022-09634-1","journal-title":"Ethics Inf. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"809_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-019-00165-5","volume":"26","author":"J Morley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morley, J., Floridi, L., Kinsey, L., Elhalal, A.: From what to how: an initial review of publicly available AI ethics tools, methods and research to translate principles into practices. Sci. Eng. Ethics 26(4), 2141\u20132168 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-019-00165-5","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics"},{"issue":"9","key":"809_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2","volume":"1","author":"A Jobin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jobin, A., Ienca, M., Vayena, E.: The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nat. Mach. Intell. 1(9), 389\u2013399 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"809_CR30","unstructured":"Mahoney, T., Varshney, K., Hind, M.: AI fairness. O'Reilly Media, Incorporated. (2020)"},{"key":"809_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-022-05055-8","volume":"178","author":"JM John-Mathews","year":"2022","unstructured":"John-Mathews, J.M., Cardon, D., Balagu\u00e9, C.: From reality to world: a critical perspective on AI fairness. J. Bus. Ethics 178, 945\u2013959 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-022-05055-8","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"issue":"236","key":"809_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/LIX.236.433","volume":"59","author":"AM Turing","year":"1950","unstructured":"Turing, A.M.: Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind 59(236), 433\u2013460 (1950). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mind\/LIX.236.433","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"809_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kleinberg, J., Mullainathan, S., Raghavan, M.: Inherent trade-offs in the fair determination of risk scores. arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1609.05807 (2016)","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1609.05807"},{"key":"809_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Binns, R.: Fairness in machine learning: lessons from political philosophy.In: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3173574.3173887(2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173887"},{"key":"809_CR35","unstructured":"Emma, L.: The ethical implications of artificial intelligence: a deep dive into bias, fairness, and transparency. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Lawrence-Emma\/publication\/386045670 (2024)"},{"key":"809_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dwork, C., Hardt, M., Pitassi, T., Reingold, O., Zemel, R.: Fairness through awareness. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference, pp. 214\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2090236.2090255(2012)","DOI":"10.1145\/2090236.2090255"},{"key":"809_CR37","unstructured":"Oberhauser, H.J.: Bias in artificial intelligence: exploring its role in institutional discrimination and strategies for mitigation (Master\u2019s thesis, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa). https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/openview\/6dfb02d042fe6971dd224d837447a2fb\/1 (2025)"},{"key":"809_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2153320","author":"O Ozmen Garibay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ozmen Garibay, O., Winslow, B., Andolina, S., Antona, M., Bodenschatz, A., Coursaris, C., Xu, W.: Six human-centered artificial intelligence grand challenges. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2022.2153320","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"issue":"1","key":"809_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1145\/357980.357991","volume":"9","author":"J Weizenbaum","year":"1966","unstructured":"Weizenbaum, J.: ELIZA\u2014a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine. Commun. ACM 9(1), 36\u201345 (1966). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/357980.357991","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"809_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4993089","author":"K Patel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patel, K.: Ethical reflections on data-centric AI: balancing benefits and risks. SSRN (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4993089","journal-title":"SSRN"},{"key":"809_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2022.873437","volume":"4","author":"R Gianni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gianni, R., Lehtinen, S., Nieminen, M.: Governance of responsible AI: from ethical guidelines to cooperative policies. Front. Comput. Sci. 4, 873437 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcomp.2022.873437","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"809_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-022-09624-3","volume":"24","author":"L Sartori","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sartori, L., Theodorou, A.: A sociotechnical perspective for the future of AI: narratives, inequalities, and human control. Ethics Inf. Technol. 24(1), 4 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-022-09624-3","journal-title":"Ethics Inf. Technol."},{"key":"809_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2023.101896","volume":"99","author":"N D\u00edaz-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Rodr\u00edguez, N., Del Ser, J., Coeckelbergh, M., de Prado, M.L., Herrera-Viedma, E., Herrera, F.: Connecting the dots in trustworthy artificial intelligence: from AI principles, ethics, and key requirements to responsible AI systems and regulation. Inf. Fusion 99, 101896 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.inffus.2023.101896","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"809_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.30682\/diid8023d","volume":"80","author":"M Adamu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adamu, M., Nkwo, M.: AI in Africa. Preliminary notes on design and adoption. Diid Disegno Ind. Ind. Des. 80, 44\u201357 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30682\/diid8023d","journal-title":"Diid Disegno Ind. Ind. Des."},{"key":"809_CR45","unstructured":"The Future of Life Institute: Asilomar AI Principles. https:\/\/futureoflife.org\/ai-principles\/ (2017)"},{"key":"809_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-020-00276-4","volume":"26","author":"H Felzmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Felzmann, H., Fosch-Villaronga, E., Lutz, C., et al.: Towards transparency by design for artificial intelligence. Sci. Eng. Ethics 26, 3333\u20133361 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-020-00276-4","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics"},{"key":"809_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12524-0_2","author":"R Chatila","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chatila, R., Havens, J.C.: The IEEE global initiative on ethics of autonomous and intelligent systems. Robot. Well-Being (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-12524-0_2","journal-title":"Robot. Well-Being"},{"key":"809_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2023.107197","volume":"159","author":"N Balasubramaniam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balasubramaniam, N., Kaur, J., Rai, A., Herath, T., Kulkarni, V.: Transparency and explainability of AI systems: from ethical guidelines to requirements. Inf. Softw. Technol. 159, 107197 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.infsof.2023.107197","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"809_CR49","first-page":"000110","volume":"2","author":"N Patidar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patidar, N., Bhandari, A., Sharma, D.: Transparency in AI decision making: a survey of explainable AI methods and applications. Adv. Robot. Technol. 2(1), 000110 (2024)","journal-title":"Adv. Robot. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"809_CR50","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"M Muthusubramanian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Muthusubramanian, M., Jangoan, S., Sharma, K., Krishnamoorthy, G.: Demystifying explainable AI: understanding, transparency and trust. Int. J. Multidiscip. Res. 6(2), 1\u201313 (2024)","journal-title":"Int. J. Multidiscip. Res."},{"key":"809_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yekollu, R.K., Ghuge, T.B., Biradar, S.S., Haldikar, S.V., Kader, O.F.M.A.: Explainable AI in healthcare: enhancing transparency and trust in predictive models. In: 2024 5th International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC), pp. 1660\u20131664. IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICESC60852.2024.10690121 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICESC60852.2024.10690121"},{"key":"809_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-75674-0_5","volume-title":"Trustworthy AI (Chapter 5)","author":"AO Ibitoye","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ibitoye, A.O., Nkwo, M.S., Akinyemi, J.D., Ladoja, K.T.: Afrocentric trustworthy framework for improved artificial intelligence powered health management tool for Africans. In: Eke, D.O., Wakunuma, K., Akintoye, S., Ogoh, G. (eds.) Trustworthy AI (Chapter 5). Palgrave Macmillan (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-75674-0_5"},{"key":"809_CR53","unstructured":"Hleg, A.I.: Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI (2019)"},{"key":"809_CR54","unstructured":"Barnes, E., Hutson, J.: Navigating the complexities of AI: the critical role of interpretability and explainability in ensuring transparency and trust. Int. J. Multidiscip. Curr. Edu. Res. 6(3). https:\/\/digitalcommons.lindenwood.edu\/faculty-research-papers\/643 (2024)"},{"key":"809_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Doshi-Velez, F., Kim, B.: Towards a rigorous science of interpretable machine learning. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1702.08608 (2017)","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1702.08608"},{"key":"809_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3233231","author":"ZC Lipton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lipton, Z.C.: The mythos of model interpretability. Commun. ACM (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3233231","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"809_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krishna, S., Han, T., Gu, A., Wu, S., Jabbari, S., Lakkaraju, H.: The disagreement problem in explainable machine learning: a practitioner's perspective. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2202.01602 (2022)","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2202.01602"},{"issue":"1","key":"809_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.33847\/2712-8148.4.1_4","volume":"4","author":"N Thalpage","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thalpage, N.: Unlocking the black box: explainable artificial intelligence for trust and transparency. J. Digit. Art. Humanit. 4(1), 31\u201336 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33847\/2712-8148.4.1_4","journal-title":"J. Digit. Art. Humanit."},{"issue":"12","key":"809_CR59","first-page":"10531","volume":"11","author":"G Simuni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Simuni, G.: Explainable AI in ML: the path to transparency and accountability. Int. J. Recent. Adv. Multidiscip. Res. 11(12), 10531\u201310536 (2024)","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent. Adv. Multidiscip. Res."},{"key":"809_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wong, R.Y., Boyd, K., Metcalf, J., Shilton, K.: Beyond checklist approaches to ethics in design. In: Companion Publication of the 2020 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, pp. 511\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3406865.3418590(2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3406865.3418590"},{"key":"809_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01635-y","volume":"39","author":"C Novelli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Novelli, C., Taddeo, M., Floridi, L.: Accountability in artificial intelligence: what it is and how it works. AI Soc. 39, 1871\u20131882 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01635-y","journal-title":"AI Soc."},{"key":"809_CR62","first-page":"331","volume-title":"Advances in Experimental Social Psychology","author":"PE Tetlock","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tetlock, P.E.: The impact of accountability on judgment and choice: toward a social contingency model. In: Zanna, M.P. (ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 25, pp. 331\u2013376. Academic Press, Cambridge (1992)"},{"key":"809_CR63","unstructured":"Dignum, V.: Responsible artificial intelligence: designing AI for human values (2017)"},{"key":"809_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lugrin, J.L., Cavazza, M.: AI-based world behaviour for emergent narratives. In: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGCHI International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology, pp. 25-es. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1178823.117885 (2006)","DOI":"10.1145\/1178823.117885"},{"key":"809_CR65","unstructured":"Boch, A., Hohma, E., Trauth, R.: Towards an accountability framework for AI: ethical and legal considerations. Institute for Ethics in AI, Technical University of Munich. https:\/\/ieai.mcts.tum.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ResearchBrief_March_Boch_Hohma_Trauth_FINAL.pdf (2022)"},{"key":"809_CR66","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of AI Governance","author":"T Lechterman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lechterman, T.: The concept of accountability in AI ethics and governance. In: Bullock, J., et al. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of AI Governance. Oxford University Press, England (2022)"},{"key":"809_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naidoo, M.: AI and legal personhood: an African perspective. In: Proceedings of the 2022 AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, pp. 906\u2013906 (2022)","DOI":"10.1145\/3514094.3539548"},{"issue":"3","key":"809_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"050","DOI":"10.30575\/gscarr.2024.18.3.0088","volume":"18","author":"O Akinrinola","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akinrinola, O., Okoye, C.C., Ofodile, O.C., Ugochukwu, C.E.: Navigating and reviewing ethical dilemmas in AI development: strategies for transparency, fairness, and accountability. GSC Adv. Res. Rev. 18(3), 050\u2013058 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30575\/gscarr.2024.18.3.0088","journal-title":"GSC Adv. Res. Rev."},{"key":"809_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/35975123599706","author":"D Heaton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heaton, D., et al.: The social impact of decision-making algorithms: reviewing the influence of agency, responsibility, and accountability on trust and blame. ACM Digit. Libr. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/35975123599706","journal-title":"ACM Digit. Libr."},{"key":"809_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meduri, K., Podicheti, S., Satish, S., Whig, P.: Accountability and transparency ensuring responsible AI development. In P. Bhattacharya, A. Hassan, H. Liu, & B. Bhushan (Eds.), Ethical Dimensions of AI Development, pp. 83\u2013102. IGI Global, USA (2025) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/979-8-3693-4147-6.ch004","DOI":"10.4018\/979-8-3693-4147-6.ch004"},{"issue":"3","key":"809_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2018.2701164","volume":"16","author":"BC Stahl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stahl, B.C., Wright, D.: Ethics and privacy in AI and big data: implementing responsible research and innovation. IEEE Secur. Priv. 16(3), 26\u201333 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MSP.2018.2701164","journal-title":"IEEE Secur. Priv."},{"issue":"1","key":"809_CR72","first-page":"166","volume":"25","author":"AF Westin","year":"1968","unstructured":"Westin, A.F.: Privacy and freedom. Wash. Lee Law. Rev. 25(1), 166 (1968)","journal-title":"Wash. Lee Law. Rev."},{"key":"809_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ezzeddine, F.: Privacy implications of explainable AI in data-driven systems. arXiv preprint. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2406.15789 (2024)","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2406.15789"},{"issue":"2","key":"809_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2878","DOI":"10.30574\/ijsra.2024.13.2.2510","volume":"13","author":"H Ijaiya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ijaiya, H.: Harnessing AI for data privacy: examining risks, opportunities and strategic future directions. Int. J. Sci. Res. Arts 13(2), 2878\u20132892 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30574\/ijsra.2024.13.2.2510","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res. Arts"},{"issue":"3","key":"809_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.29012\/jpc.v7i3.405","volume":"7","author":"C Dwork","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dwork, C., McSherry, F., Nissim, K., Smith, A.: Calibrating noise to sensitivity in private data analysis. J. Priv. Confid. 7(3), 17\u201351 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29012\/jpc.v7i3.405","journal-title":"J. Priv. Confid."},{"key":"809_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3486690","author":"MM Fouda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fouda, M.M., Fadlullah, Z.M., Ibrahem, M.I., Kato, N.: Privacy-preserving data-driven learning models for emerging communication networks: a comprehensive survey. IEEE. Commun. Surv. Tutor. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2024.3486690","journal-title":"IEEE. Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"issue":"1","key":"809_CR77","first-page":"50","volume":"2","author":"V Verma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Verma, V.: Cutting-edge AI techniques for data anonymization and privacy protection in sensitive data contexts. East. Eur. J. Multidiscip. Res. 2(1), 50\u201357 (2023)","journal-title":"East. Eur. J. Multidiscip. Res."},{"key":"809_CR78","volume-title":"Beyond the Algorithm: AI, Security, Privacy, and Ethics","author":"O Santos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Santos, O., Radanliev, P.: Beyond the Algorithm: AI, Security, Privacy, and Ethics. Addison-Wesley Professional, Boston (2024)"},{"key":"809_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3369417","author":"S Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Datta, S., Singh, V., Singh, S.K., Sharma, R.: Opportunities and challenges in data-centric AI. IEEE Access. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3369417","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"809_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3425314","author":"N Islam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Islam, N., Shin, S.: Deep learning in physical layer: review on data-driven end-to-end communication systems and their enabling semantic applications. IEEE Open. J. Commun. Soc. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3425314","journal-title":"IEEE Open. J. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"809_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02639315","volume":"2","author":"H Nissenbaum","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nissenbaum, H.: Accountability in a computerized society. Sci. Eng. Ethics 2, 25\u201342 (1996). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02639315","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics"},{"key":"809_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rifa-Pous, H., Garcia-Font, V., Nunez-Gomez, C., Salas, J.: Security, trust and privacy challenges in AI-driven 6G networks. arXiv preprint. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2409.10337 (2024)","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2409.10337"},{"key":"809_CR83","unstructured":"Samarati, P., Sweeney, L.: Protecting privacy when disclosing information: k-anonymity and its enforcement through generalization and suppression (1998)"},{"key":"809_CR84","first-page":"119","volume":"79","author":"H Nissenbaum","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nissenbaum, H.: Privacy as contextual integrity. Wash. Law Rev. 79, 119 (2004)","journal-title":"Wash. Law Rev."},{"key":"809_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Calvo, A., Ortiz, N., Espinosa, A., Dimitrievikj, A., Oliva, I., Guijarro, J., Sidiqqi, S.: Safe AI: ensuring safe and responsible artificial intelligence. In: 2023 JNIC Cybersecurity Conference (JNIC), pp. 1\u20134. IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/JNIC58574.2023.10205749 (2023)","DOI":"10.23919\/JNIC58574.2023.10205749"},{"key":"809_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amodei, D., Olah, C., Steinhardt, J., Christiano, P., Schulman, J., Man\u00e9, D.: Concrete problems in AI safety. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.06565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1606.06565 (2016)","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1606.06565"},{"key":"809_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yampolskiy, R.V.: Unpredictability of AI. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.13053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1905.13053 (2019)","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1905.13053"},{"issue":"10","key":"809_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3390\/info13100469","volume":"13","author":"A Tolk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tolk, A.: Simulation-based optimization: implications of complex adaptive systems and deep uncertainty. Information 13(10), 469 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info13100469","journal-title":"Information"},{"issue":"15","key":"809_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5535","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2022.2063089","volume":"62","author":"LW Wong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wong, L.W., Tan, G.W.H., Ooi, K.B., Lin, B., Dwivedi, Y.K.: Artificial intelligence-driven risk management for enhancing supply chain agility: a deep-learning-based dual-stage PLS-SEM-ANN analysis. Int. J. Prod. Res. 62(15), 5535\u20135555 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207543.2022.2063089","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"809_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EF002621","author":"PM Reed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reed, P.M., Hadjimichael, A., Moss, R.H., Brelsford, C., Burleyson, C.D., Cohen, S., Yoon, J.: Multisector dynamics: advancing the science of complex adaptive human-Earth systems. Earth\u2019s Future (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2021EF002621","journal-title":"Earth's Future"},{"issue":"2","key":"809_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.30574\/ijsra.2025.14.2.0563","volume":"14","author":"AN Dugbartey","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dugbartey, A.N.: Systemic financial risks in an era of geopolitical tensions, climate change, and technological disruptions: predictive analytics, stress testing and crisis response strategies. Int. J. Sci. Res. Arch. 14(2), 1428\u20131448 (2025)","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res. Arch."},{"issue":"2","key":"809_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3718","DOI":"10.53555\/ks.v10i2.3718","volume":"10","author":"M Malempati","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malempati, M.: Machine learning and generative neural networks in adaptive risk management: pioneering secure financial frameworks. Kurd. Stud. 10(2), 3718 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53555\/ks.v10i2.3718","journal-title":"Kurd. Stud."},{"key":"809_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scana.2023.100031","volume":"3","author":"A Emrouznejad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Emrouznejad, A., Abbasi, S., S\u0131caky\u00fcz, \u00c7.: Supply chain risk management: a content analysis-based review of existing and emerging topics. Supply Chain Anal. 3, 100031 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scana.2023.100031","journal-title":"Supply Chain Anal."},{"key":"809_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2021.108317","volume":"243","author":"AC Braz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Braz, A.C., de Mello, A.M.: Circular economy supply network management: a complex adaptive system. Int. J. Prod. Econ. 243, 108317 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpe.2021.108317","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"809_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103517","volume":"78","author":"A Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan, A., Aslam, S., Aurangzeb, K., Alhussein, M., Javaid, N.: Multiscale modeling in smart cities: a survey on applications, current trends, and challenges. Sustain. Cities Soc. 78, 103517 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103517","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"809_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2018.03.004","volume":"175","author":"T Aven","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aven, T., Yl\u00f6nen, M.: A risk interpretation of sociotechnical safety perspectives. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 175, 13\u201318 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2018.03.004","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"issue":"3","key":"809_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09539-2","volume":"30","author":"I Gabriel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gabriel, I.: Artificial intelligence, values, and alignment. Minds Mach. 30(3), 411\u2013437 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-020-09539-2","journal-title":"Minds Mach."},{"key":"809_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-022-01037-6","author":"J C\u00e1mara","year":"2022","unstructured":"C\u00e1mara, J., Troya, J., Vallecillo, A., Bencomo, N., Calinescu, R., Cheng, B.H., Schmerl, B.: The uncertainty interaction problem in self-adaptive systems. Softw. Syst. Model. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10270-022-01037-6","journal-title":"Softw. Syst. Model."},{"key":"809_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alaimo, L.S.: Complex systems and complex adaptive systems. In: Maggino, F. (eds) Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research pp. 1256\u20131258. Springer, New York (2024) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-17299-1_304024","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-17299-1_304024"},{"key":"809_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2022.105989","volume":"158","author":"B Luther","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luther, B., Gunawan, I., Nguyen, N.: Identifying effective risk management frameworks for complex socio-technical systems. Saf. Sci. 158, 105989 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssci.2022.105989","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"809_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.55248\/gengpi.6.0325.1148","volume":"6","author":"J Beckley","year":"2025","unstructured":"Beckley, J.: Advanced risk assessment techniques: merging data-driven analytics with expert insights to navigate uncertain decision-making processes. Int. J. Res. Publ. Rev. 6(3), 1454\u20131471 (2025)","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Publ. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"809_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.34172\/ijhpm.2022.7279","volume":"11","author":"K Bozorgmehr","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bozorgmehr, K., Zick, A., Hecker, T.: Resilience of health systems: understanding uncertainty uses, intersecting crises and cross-level interactions. Int. J. Health Policy Manag. 11(9), 1956 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/ijhpm.2022.7279","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Policy Manag."},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"809_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1504\/IJDSRM.2023.142152","volume":"11","author":"M Bakhshandeh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bakhshandeh, M., Liyanage, J.P.: Resilience of complex systems in modern contexts: sense-making of deviations and enabling the human for mitigating unwanted events. Int. J. Decis. Sci. Risk Manag. 11(1\u20134), 111\u2013139 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1504\/IJDSRM.2023.142152","journal-title":"Int. J. Decis. Sci. Risk Manag."},{"key":"809_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jii.2022.100370","volume":"28","author":"A Sheth","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sheth, A., Kusiak, A.: Resiliency of smart manufacturing enterprises via information integration. J. Ind. Inf. Integr. 28, 100370 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jii.2022.100370","journal-title":"J. Ind. Inf. Integr."},{"issue":"3","key":"809_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.30574\/wjaets.2025.14.3.0106","volume":"14","author":"A Chinnaraju","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chinnaraju, A.: Explainable AI (XAI) for trustworthy and transparent decision-making: a theoretical framework for AI interpretability. World J. Adv. Eng. Technol. Sci. 14(3), 170\u2013207 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30574\/wjaets.2025.14.3.0106","journal-title":"World J. Adv. Eng. Technol. Sci."},{"key":"809_CR106","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Algorithmic Impact Assessments: A Practical Framework for Public Agency Accountability","author":"D Reisman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reisman, D., Schultz, J., Crawford, K., Whittaker, M.: Algorithmic Impact Assessments: A Practical Framework for Public Agency Accountability, p. 9. AI Now Institute, New York (2018)"},{"key":"809_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raji, I.D., Mitchell, M., Buolamwini, J.: Towards the design of ethical AI interfaces: preliminary tools for think-aloud protocols. In: Proceedings of the 2022 AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, pp. 546\u2013556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3514094.3534151 (2022)","DOI":"10.1145\/3514094.3534151"},{"issue":"3","key":"809_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/00131728609335764","volume":"50","author":"J Dewey","year":"1986","unstructured":"Dewey, J.: Experience and education. Educ. Forum 50(3), 241\u2013252 (1986). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00131728609335764","journal-title":"Educ. Forum"},{"key":"809_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674042605","volume-title":"A Theory of Justice","author":"J Rawls","year":"1971","unstructured":"Rawls, J.: A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1971)"},{"key":"809_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haraway, D.: Situated knowledges: the science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective. In M. Wyer, M. Barbercheck, D. Cookmeyer, H. Ozturk, & M. Wayne (Eds.), Women, Science, and Technology, pp. 455\u2013472. Routledge (2013) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203427415","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203427415"},{"key":"809_CR111","volume-title":"Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy","author":"J Habermas","year":"1996","unstructured":"Habermas, J., Rehg, W.: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Polity Press, Cambridge (1996)"},{"issue":"3","key":"809_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1177\/01622439241311973","volume":"50","author":"J Tsouvalis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tsouvalis, J., Burns, C., Fajardo-Escoffi\u00e9, J., Rose, D.C., Hartley, S., Little, R.: Co-design in practice: bringing STS to post-Brexit agricultural policy. Sci. Technol. Hum. Values 50(3), 553\u2013581 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01622439241311973","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Hum. Values"},{"key":"809_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.energy.30.050504.144511","volume":"30","author":"C Folke","year":"2005","unstructured":"Folke, C., Hahn, T., Olsson, P., Norberg, J.: Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 30, 441\u2013473 (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.energy.30.050504.144511","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"issue":"2","key":"809_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2307\/3053348","volume":"17","author":"G Teubner","year":"1983","unstructured":"Teubner, G.: Substantive and reflexive elements in modern law. Law Soc. Rev. 17(2), 239\u2013285 (1983). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3053348","journal-title":"Law Soc. Rev."},{"key":"809_CR115","volume-title":"Routledge International Handbook of Participatory Design","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simonsen, J., Robertson, T. (eds.): Routledge International Handbook of Participatory Design. Routledge, New York (2012)"},{"key":"809_CR116","unstructured":"OECD Regulatory sandboxes for AI: concept, examples and lessons. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/digital\/artificial-intelligence\/regulatory-sandboxes.htm (2022)"},{"issue":"1","key":"809_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/17579961.2021.1898308","volume":"13","author":"NA Smuha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smuha, N.A.: The EU approach to AI regulation: between techno-solutionism and regulatory capture. Law Innov. Technol. 13(1), 57\u201384 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17579961.2021.1898308","journal-title":"Law Innov. Technol."},{"issue":"2133","key":"809_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180080","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2018.0080","volume":"376","author":"C Cath","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cath, C.: Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal and technical opportunities and challenges. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A. 376(2133), 20180080 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2018.0080","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A."},{"key":"809_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-018-9482-5","author":"L Floridi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Floridi, L., Cowls, J., Beltrametti, M., Chatila, R., Chazerand, P., Dignum, V., Vayena, E.: AI4People\u2014an ethical framework for a good AI society. Minds Mach. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-018-9482-5","journal-title":"Minds Mach."},{"issue":"11","key":"809_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0114-4","volume":"1","author":"BD Mittelstadt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mittelstadt, B.D.: Principles alone cannot guarantee ethical AI. Nat. Mach. Intell. 1(11), 501\u2013507 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42256-019-0114-4","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"809_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, B: Ethics as an escape from regulation: from \u201cEthics-Washing\u201d to Ethics-Shopping? In M. Hildebrandt (Ed.): Being Profiled pp. 84\u201389. Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam (2018)","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvhrd092.18"},{"key":"809_CR122","unstructured":"Wodecki, B., Yao, D.: Big tech firms ask for ai regulation but quietly hedges their bets. AI Business. Retrieved [9 July, 2025], from AI Business (2023)"}],"container-title":["AI and Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00809-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00809-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00809-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T01:39:52Z","timestamp":1762479592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00809-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00809-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-5953","type":"print"},{"value":"2730-5961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants, animals, or sensitive personal data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}]}}