{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T11:09:14Z","timestamp":1774264154959,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004769","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Pavia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-025-00932-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T20:25:53Z","timestamp":1766348753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reasons-based artificial agents"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Federico L. G.","family":"Faroldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"932_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreas, J., Language Models as Agent Models, arXiv:2212.01681v1, 2022.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.findings-emnlp.423"},{"key":"932_CR2","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Conditions, modifiers and holism","author":"R Bader","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bader, R.: Conditions, modifiers and holism, pp. 27\u201355. Oxford University Press, Weighing Reasons (2016)"},{"issue":"1","key":"932_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-022-00510-w","volume":"35","author":"K Baum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baum, K., Mantel, S., Schmidt, E., Speith, T.: From responsibility to reason-giving explainable artificial intelligence. Philos. Technol. 35(1), 12 (2022)","journal-title":"Philos. Technol."},{"key":"932_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mila.12458","author":"P Butlin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Butlin, P.: Reinforcement learning and artificial agency. Mind Lang. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mila.12458","journal-title":"Mind Lang."},{"key":"932_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cano C\u00f3rdoba, F., Judson, S., Antonopoulos, T., Bj\u00f8rner, K., Shoemaker, N., Shapiro, S. J., Piscak, R., K\u00f6nighofer, B.: Analyzing Intentional Behavior in Autonomous Agents under Uncertainty, International Joint Conference of Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) (2023)","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2023\/42"},{"key":"932_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0199270023.001.0001","volume-title":"Ethics without principles","author":"J Dancy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dancy, J.: Ethics without principles. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2004)"},{"key":"932_CR7","unstructured":"Dung, L.: Understanding AI Agency, Philosophical Studies, (2025)"},{"key":"932_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10892-017-9252-2","volume":"21","author":"A Etzioni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Etzioni, A., Etzioni, O.: Incorporating ethics into artificial intelligence. J. Ethics 21, 403\u2013418 (2017)","journal-title":"J. Ethics"},{"key":"932_CR9","unstructured":"Faroldi, F.L.G.: On Law-Following AI, manuscript (2023a)"},{"key":"932_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faroldi, F.L.G.: On the human-compatible approach to the alignment problem. In: Redaelli, R. (ed.) Moral Normativity in an Interdisciplinary Perspective. Humans, Animals & Artificial Intelligence, Verlag Karl Alber, Nomos (2023b)","DOI":"10.5771\/9783495994290-123"},{"key":"932_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faroldi, F.L.G.: The Structure of Reasons. Palgrave (2025)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-87681-3"},{"key":"932_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MIND.0000035461.63578.9d","volume":"14","author":"L Floridi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Floridi, L., Sanders, J.W.: On the morality of artificial agents. Minds Mach. 14, 349\u2013379 (2004)","journal-title":"Minds Mach."},{"key":"932_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09539-2","author":"I Gabriel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gabriel, I.: Artificial intelligence, values, and alignment. Minds Mach. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-020-09539-2","journal-title":"Minds Mach."},{"key":"932_CR14","volume-title":"Ethics of Artificial Intelligence","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liao, M.S. (ed.): Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2020)"},{"issue":"3","key":"932_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1086\/690069","volume":"127","author":"S Lazar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lazar, S.: Deontological decision theory and agent-centered acts. Ethics 127(3), 579\u2013609 (2017)","journal-title":"Ethics"},{"key":"932_CR16","unstructured":"Gordon, John-Stewart and Sven Nyholm, Ethics of Arificial Intelligence, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2022."},{"key":"932_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-008-9174-6","volume":"10","author":"DG Johnson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Johnson, D.G., Miller, K.W.: Un-making artificial moral agents. Ethics Inf. Technol. 10, 123\u2013133 (2008)","journal-title":"Ethics Inf. Technol."},{"key":"932_CR18","unstructured":"Kapoor S. and Stroebl, B. and Siegel, Z. and Nadgir, N. and Narayanan, A., AI Agents That Matter, https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2407.01502 July 2024"},{"key":"932_CR19","unstructured":"Kasirzadeh, A. and Gabriel, I. (2025). Characterizing AI Agents for Alignment and Governance, ms. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2504.21848"},{"key":"932_CR20","volume-title":"Explainable AI: Foundation Methodologies and Applications. Intelligent Systems Reference Library s Methodologies and Applications. Intelligent Systems Reference Library","author":"D Kumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumar, D., Mehta, M.A.: An Overview of Explainable AI Methods, Forms and Frameworks. In: Mehta, M., Palade, V., Chatterjee, I. (eds.) Explainable AI: Foundation Methodologies and Applications. Intelligent Systems Reference Library s Methodologies and Applications. Intelligent Systems Reference Library. Springer, Cham (2023)"},{"key":"932_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2006.80","volume":"21","author":"JH Moor","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moor, J.H.: The nature, importance, and difficulty of machine ethics. IEEE Intell. Syst. 21, 18\u201321 (2006)","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"key":"932_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nashed, Samer B., Justin Svegliato, and Shlomo Zilberstein, Ethically Compliant Planning within Moral Communities. In Proceedings of the 2021 AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society (AIES \u201921), May 19\u201321, 2021, Virtual Event, USA. ACM, NY, 2021.","DOI":"10.1145\/3461702.3462522"},{"key":"932_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill (s.d.): Universalism in Ethics, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, s.d. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780415249126-L108-1","DOI":"10.4324\/9780415249126-L108-1"},{"key":"932_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190905033.003.0002","volume-title":"Ethics of Artificial Intelligence","author":"P Railton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Railton, P., Learning, E.: Natural and Artificial. In: Liao, M.S. (ed.) Ethics of Artificial Intelligence, pp. 45\u201378. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2020)"},{"key":"932_CR25","unstructured":"Russell, Stuart, Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control. Viking, 2019."},{"key":"932_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198868224.001.0001","volume-title":"Reasons first","author":"M Schroeder","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schroeder, M.: Reasons first. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2021)"},{"issue":"13","key":"932_CR27","first-page":"11657","volume":"35","author":"J Svegliato","year":"2021","unstructured":"Svegliato, J.: Samer B Nashed, Shlomo Zilberstein, Ethically compliant sequential decision making, Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on. Artif. Intell. 35(13), 11657\u201311665 (2021)","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"932_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Han, Zhiqi Shen, Chunyan Miao, Cyril Leung, Victor R Lesser, and Qiang Yang, Building ethics into artificial intelligence. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.02953, 2018.","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/779"},{"key":"932_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward, F. R., MacDermott, M., Belardinelli, F., Toni, F., Everitt, T.: The reasons that agents act: Intention and instrumental goals (2024).\u00a0arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.07221.","DOI":"10.65109\/VZCE5163"},{"key":"932_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wedgwood, R.: Decision-theoretic Virtue Ethics, Engaging Raz: Themes in Normative Philosophy, ed. Andrei Marmor, Kimberley Brownlee, and David Enoch (Oxford University Press, 2025): 71\u201394.","DOI":"10.1093\/9780198925378.003.0005"}],"container-title":["AI and Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00932-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00932-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00932-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T10:26:09Z","timestamp":1774261569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00932-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00932-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-5953","type":"print"},{"value":"2730-5961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"77"}}