{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T11:09:15Z","timestamp":1774264155008,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001695","name":"Japan Science and Technology Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJMS2215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJMS2215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001695","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001695","name":"Japan Science and Technology Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJMS2215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJMS2215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001695","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AI Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-026-00995-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T21:04:00Z","timestamp":1770671040000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The legal & data-architecture aspects of \u201cdigital duplicates\u201d: extending Danaher & Nyholm\u2019s MVPP framework"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Fenwick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulius","family":"Jurcys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atay","family":"Kozlovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Souichirou","family":"Kozuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"995_CR1","unstructured":"Jurcys, P., Greenwald, A., Fenwick, M., Loikkanen, V., Porsdam Mann, S., Earp, B.D.: Who Owns My AI Twin? Data Ownership in a New World of Simulated Identities CLS Rev. (2026). https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4940663 (2026)"},{"key":"995_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme-2025-111300","author":"C Voinea","year":"2025","unstructured":"Voinea, C., Porsdam Mann, S., Earp, B.D.: Digital twins or AI sims? What to call generative AI systems designed to emulate specific individuals, in healthcare settings and beyond. J. Med. Ethics. (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jme-2025-111300","journal-title":"J. Med. Ethics"},{"key":"995_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenwick, M., Jurcys, P., Minssen, T.: From AI SIM to AI Twinning: Mapping the Spectrum of Digital Representation of Persons. Pre-print. SSRN (2025). https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5670210","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5670210"},{"issue":"4","key":"995_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.2025.2483832","volume":"65","author":"L Hughes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hughes, L., et al.: AI agents and agentic systems: A multi-expert analysis. Journal of Computer Information Systems 65(4), 489\u2013517 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08874417.2025.2483832","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Information Systems"},{"key":"995_CR5","unstructured":"Hammond, L., Chan, A., Clifton, J., et al.: Multi-agent risks from advanced AI. Cooperative AI Foundation Technical Report No. 1. (2025). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2502.14143"},{"key":"995_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Park, J.C., O\u2019Brien, C., Cai, C.J., et al.: Generative agents: interactive simulacra of human behavior. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2304.03442","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2304.03442"},{"key":"995_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-024-00513-7","volume":"5","author":"J Danaher","year":"2025","unstructured":"Danaher, J., Nyholm, S.: The ethics of personalised digital duplicates: a minimally viable permissibility principle. AI and Ethics 5, 1703\u20131718 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-024-00513-7","journal-title":"AI and Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"995_CR8","first-page":"20","volume":"13","author":"M Fenwick","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fenwick, M., Jurcys, P.: From Cyborgs to Quantified Selves: Augmenting Privacy Rights with User-Centric Technology and Design. J. Intell. Prop. Info. Tech. & Elec. Com. L. 13(1), 20\u201335 (2022)","journal-title":"J. Intell. Prop. Info. Tech. & Elec. Com. L."},{"key":"995_CR9","unstructured":"Anthropic: Donating the Model Context Protocol and establishing the Agentic AI Foundation. (2025). https:\/\/www.anthropic.com\/news\/donating-the-model-context-protocol-and-establishing-of-the-agentic-ai-foundation"},{"key":"995_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurcys, P., et al.: Personal AI Twins in Legal Education: Lessons in AI Literacy, Documentation and Creative Thinking. Pre-Print SSRN (2025). https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5379227","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5379227"},{"key":"995_CR11","unstructured":"Floridi, L.: Luciano Floridi Bot. (2025). https:\/\/www.lucianofloridi.com"},{"key":"995_CR12","unstructured":"U\u0161ackas V.: Did you know\u2026 Facebook. https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/vygaudas.usackas\/posts\/pfbid02L4Qk515k16rKqiBRBCUfe7e7MbWFBfceYCv25JPeSA174ypgzfb8PHszhvaGcgzjl(2025)"},{"key":"995_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6171","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-025-00807-4","volume":"5","author":"W Badawy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Badawy, W.: Animating The sacred: the ethical and cultural implications of AI-powered awakening of pharaonic symbols using deepfake techniques. AI Ethics. 5, 6171\u20136184 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-025-00807-4","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"issue":"e10","key":"995_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/mem.2025.10006","volume":"4","author":"A Kozlovski","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kozlovski, A., Makhortykh, M.: Digital dybbuks and virtual golems: the ethics of digital duplicates in holocaust testimony. Memory Mind Media. 4(e10), 1\u201320 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mem.2025.10006","journal-title":"Memory Mind Media"},{"key":"995_CR15","first-page":"623","volume-title":"Social Robots in Social Institutions","author":"H Ishiguro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ishiguro, H.: Realisation of the avatar symbiotic society: the concept and technologies. In: Hakli, R., et al. (eds.) Social Robots in Social Institutions, p. 623. IOS, Amsterdam (2022)"},{"key":"995_CR16","unstructured":"Jurcys, P., Fenwick, M., Fertik, M., Kozuka, S.: Private-by-default: a principle & framework for designing a new world of personal AI. In: Ziegler S. Privacy Symposium 2025: Conference ProceedingsSpringer, (2026). https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4839183"},{"key":"995_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenwick, M., Fertik, M., Jurcys, P., Minssen, T.: Data portability revisited: toward the human-centric, AI-driven data ecosystems of tomorrow. Vand. J. Ent. & Tech. 27(3), 373\u2013418 (2025) (2024)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4475106"},{"key":"995_CR18","unstructured":"Fenwick, M., Jurcys, P., Liaudanskas, A., Earp, B.D., Porsdam Mann, S., Kozuka, S.: Voice Cloning in an Age of Generative AI: Mapping the Limits of the Law & Principles for a New Social Contract with Technology. Pre-Print SSRN (2024). https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4850866"},{"issue":"6","key":"995_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2020-106134","volume":"47","author":"M Braun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Braun, M.: Represent me: please! Towards an ethics of digital twins in medicine. Journal of Medical Ethics 47(6), 394\u2013400 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/medethics-2020-106134","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Ethics"},{"issue":"5","key":"995_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1093\/jiplp\/jpad031","volume":"18","author":"M Fenwick","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fenwick, M., Jurcys, P.: Building a \u201cGreen Data\u201d Future: How a Human-Centric Approach to Data and Nudges Can Help Fight Climate Change. J. Intell. Prop. L. & Prac. 18(5), 386\u2013398 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jiplp\/jpad031","journal-title":"J. Intell. Prop. L. & Prac."},{"key":"995_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Richards, N.M., Hartzog, W., Francis, J.: Privacy\u2019s Autonomy Thicket: Disentangling Choice, Consent, and Control. Pre-Print. SSRN (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.5835022","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5835022"},{"issue":"2","key":"995_CR22","first-page":"593","volume":"104","author":"D Solove","year":"2024","unstructured":"Solove, D.: Murky Consent: An Approach to the Fictions of Consent in Privacy Law. B.U. L. Rev. 104(2), 593\u2013640 (2024)","journal-title":"B.U. L. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"995_CR23","first-page":"1021","volume":"104","author":"D Solove","year":"2024","unstructured":"Solove, D., Hartzog, W.: Kafka in the Age of AI and the Futility of Privacy as Control. B.U. L. Rev. 104(4), 1021\u20131042 (2024)","journal-title":"B.U. L. Rev."},{"key":"995_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenwick, M., Jurcys, P., Minssen, T., Corrales, M.: The Future of Privacy Law? A Comment on Solove\/Hartzog\u2019s \u2018Kafka in the Age of AI and the Futility of Privacy as Control in an Age of AI.\u2019 Pre-Print. SSRN (2025). https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5283651","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5283651"},{"key":"995_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/14703.001.0001","volume-title":"We, the data: human rights in the digital age","author":"WH Wong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wong, W.H.: We, the data: human rights in the digital age. MIT Press, Cambridge (2023)"},{"key":"995_CR26","unstructured":"Jurcys, P., Harv, J.L., et al.: & Tech. Dig. 33. (2020). https:\/\/jolt.law.harvard.edu\/assets\/digestImages\/Paulius-Jurcys-Feb-19-article-PJ.pdf"},{"key":"995_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.15779\/Z38H98ZF9D","volume":"113","author":"D Solove","year":"2025","unstructured":"Solove, D., Hartzog, W.: The Great Scrape: The Clash Between Scraping and Privacy. Cal. L. Rev. 113, 1521\u20131584 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15779\/Z38H98ZF9D","journal-title":"Cal. L. Rev."},{"key":"995_CR28","unstructured":"Jurcys, P., Donewald, C., Globocnik, J., Lampinen, M.: My data, my terms: a proposal for personal data use licenses. Harv. J. L Tech. Dig. 33 (2020). https:\/\/jolt.law.harvard.edu\/digest\/my-data-my-terms"},{"key":"995_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurcys, P., et al.: Harv. JOLT Digest. 34, 1\u201327 (2021). https:\/\/jolt.law.harvard.edu\/digest\/ownership-of-user-held-data-why-property-law-is-the-right-approach Ownership of User-Held Data: Why Property Law is the Right Approach","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3711017"}],"container-title":["AI and Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-026-00995-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43681-026-00995-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43681-026-00995-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T10:26:16Z","timestamp":1774261576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43681-026-00995-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["995"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-026-00995-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-5953","2730-5961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-5953","type":"print"},{"value":"2730-5961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest or ethical concerns to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"No human participants, animals, or sensitive personal data were involved in the research. All procedures and analyses comply with relevant institutional and publication ethics standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"151"}}