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Moreover, as Things typically operate in an interconnected IoT ecosystem, autonomous operation must be performed in a cooperative fashion so the different Things coordinate their autonomous actions towards meeting high-level objectives and policies. Embedding Things with cooperative autonomy typically requires a tedious and costly effort not only during the original ecosystem deployment but throughout its lifetime. The current study describes CAO (Cognitive Adaptive Optimization)\u2014and its distributed counterpart L4G-CAO (Local for Global Cognitive Adaptive Optimization)\u2014which can overcome this shortcoming. CAO and L4G-CAO\u2014which have recently been introduced and tested in a variety of IoT applications\u2014can embed Things with <jats:italic>cooperative autonomy in a plug-n-play fashion<\/jats:italic>, i.e., without requiring the aforementioned tedious and costly effort. Results of the application of the aforementioned approaches in three different application domains (smart homes and districts, intelligent traffic systems and coordinated swarms of robots) are also presented. The presented results demonstrate the potential, of both approaches, to exploit the IoT automation functionalities in order to significantly improve the overall IoT performance without tedious effort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43926-021-00003-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T16:04:09Z","timestamp":1614182649000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Embedding autonomy in large-scale IoT ecosystems using CAO and L4G-CAO"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Iakovos T.","family":"Michailidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athanasios Ch.","family":"Kapoutsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christos D.","family":"Korkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis T.","family":"Michailidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyriaki A.","family":"Alexandridou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Ravanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elias B.","family":"Kosmatopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Supplement C","key":"3_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2016.05.300","volume":"14","author":"U Aliubavicius","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aliubavicius U, Obermaier J, Fourati W, Manolis D, Michailidis IT, Diakaki C, Kosmatopoulos EB, Krause M. 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