{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T21:11:47Z","timestamp":1775250707701,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF","award":["CAREER"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAREER"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Internet Things"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to demonstrate a novel cloud big data system, s<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>Cloud, to enabled both smart and secure transmission and management of patient big data from Internet of Things (IoT), especially in the new common of long covid. More specifically, s<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>Cloud allows doctors to manage patient records effectively through the interactive web server. It further enables real-time, long-term, and continuous streaming and management of biomechanical dynamics from IoT phones\/wearables. The big data can be visualized in both real-time and historical modes. Besides, s<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>Cloud achieves big data security through secure sign up and log in, as well as data transmission protection. It also allows doctor-patient interactions through instantaneous chat. s<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>Cloud has been evaluated on the real-world application, in which human IoT biomechanical dynamics are streamed, managed, stored, and visualized to demonstrate the effectiveness. Overall, the proposed system, empowered by smart and secure design innovations, has demonstrated the feasibility and potential for IoT big data-driven precision health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43926-024-00055-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T13:03:02Z","timestamp":1709211782000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["s2Cloud: a novel cloud-based precision health system for smart and secure IoT big data harnessing"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Jake","family":"Stauffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Qingxue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"55_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2017.2759418","volume":"67","author":"J Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun J, Yan C, Wen J. Intelligent bearing fault diagnosis method combining compressed data acquisition and deep learning. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas. 2017;67(1):185\u201395.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"issue":"10","key":"55_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8128","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2020.2993980","volume":"69","author":"Z Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang Z, Ge Z. Industrial virtual sensing for big process data based on parallelized nonlinear variational Bayesian factor regression. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas. 2020;69(10):8128\u201336.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"key":"55_CR3","unstructured":"i-scoop.eu. Data age 2025: the datasphere and data-readiness from edge to core. https:\/\/www.i-scoop.eu\/big-data-action-value-context\/data-age-2025-datasphere\/. Accessed 2023."},{"issue":"6","key":"55_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/MIM.2020.9200875","volume":"23","author":"M Khanafer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khanafer M, Shirmohammadi S. Applied AI in instrumentation and measurement: the deep learning revolution. IEEE Instrum Meas Mag. 2020;23(6):10\u20137.","journal-title":"IEEE Instrum Meas Mag"},{"issue":"1","key":"55_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-017-1944-z","volume":"46","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Zhou D. Deep Arm\/Ear-ECG image learning for highly wearable biometric human identification. Ann Biomed Eng. 2018;46(1):122\u201334.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"55_CR6","unstructured":"Abraham KG, Jarmin RS, Moyer B, Shapiro MD. Introduction to big data for 21st century economic statistics. In: Big data for 21st century economic statistics. University of Chicago Press. 2019."},{"issue":"2","key":"55_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.18865\/ed.27.2.95","volume":"27","author":"X Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang X, et al. Big data science: opportunities and challenges to address minority health and health disparities in the 21st century. Ethn Dis. 2017;27(2):95.","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"55_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idh.2018.10.002","volume":"24","author":"ZS Wong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wong ZS, Zhou J, Zhang Q. Artificial intelligence for infectious disease big data analytics. Infect Dis Health. 2019;24(1):44\u20138.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"55_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2017.01.002","volume":"60","author":"A Alharthi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alharthi A, Krotov V, Bowman M. Addressing barriers to big data. Bus Horiz. 2017;60(3):285\u201392.","journal-title":"Bus Horiz"},{"issue":"11","key":"55_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2640309","volume":"64","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Zhou D, Zeng X. A NOVEL framework for motion-tolerant instantaneous heart rate estimation by phase-domain multi-view dynamic time warping. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2017;64(11):2562\u201374.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"8","key":"55_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2948","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082948","volume":"17","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Liang C, Gu Z, Zheng Y, Wu Q. A new design scheme for intelligent upper limb rehabilitation training robot. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8):2948.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"55_CR12","first-page":"S220","volume":"10","author":"F Porciuncula","year":"2018","unstructured":"Porciuncula F, et al. Wearable movement sensors for rehabilitation: a focused review of technological and clinical advances. PM&R. 2018;10(9):S220\u201332.","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"issue":"Suppl_1","key":"55_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"AP502","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.141.suppl_1.P502","volume":"141","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang Q. Deep learning-powered wearable electrocardiogram big data monitoring for precision cardiac health. Circulation. 2020;141(Suppl_1):AP502.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"22","key":"55_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6581","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226581","volume":"20","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Arney D, Goldman JM, Isselbacher EM, Armoundas AA. Design implementation and evaluation of a mobile continuous blood oxygen saturation monitoring system. Sensors. 2020;20(22):6581.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"55_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou J, Zhang Q. Intelligent mobile electrocardiogram monitor-empowered personalized cardiac big data. In: The 11th IEEE Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEEE UEMCON), 2020.","DOI":"10.1109\/UEMCON51285.2020.9298125"},{"key":"55_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-85173-2.00001-1","volume-title":"Smart home technologies and services for geriatric rehabilitation","author":"M Willetts","year":"2022","unstructured":"Willetts M, Atkins AS, Stanier C. Big data, big data analytics application to Smart home technologies and services for geriatric rehabilitation. In: Choukou M-A, Syed-Abdul S, editors. Smart home technologies and services for geriatric rehabilitation. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2022. p. 205\u201330."},{"key":"55_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2023.3265753","author":"K Gangadharan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gangadharan K, Zhang Q. Deep transferable intelligence for spatial variability characterization and data-efficient learning in biomechanical measurement. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIM.2023.3265753.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"key":"55_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3346893","author":"J Wong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wong J, Nerbonne J, Zhang Q. Ultra-efficient edge cardiac disease detection towards real-time precision health. IEEE Access. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3346893.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"55_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chavez C, Gangadharan K, Zhang Q. Knowledge transferring in deep learning of health dynamics. In: The 41st IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics, IEEE, 2023.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE56470.2023.10043543"},{"key":"55_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu J, Xie F, Zhou Y, Zou Q, Wu J. A wearable health monitoring system with multi-parameters. In: 2013 6th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, IEEE, 2013. p. 332\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/BMEI.2013.6746958"},{"key":"55_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki T, Tanaka H, Minami S, Yamada H, Miyata T. Wearable wireless vital monitoring technology for smart health care. In: 2013 7th International Symposium on Medical Information and Communication Technology (ISMICT), IEEE, 2013. pp. 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMICT.2013.6521687"},{"key":"55_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang L, Yang L, Wang Z, Yan D. Sports wearable device design and health data monitoring based on wireless internet of things. Microprocess Microsyst. 2020; 103423.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2020.103423"},{"issue":"2","key":"55_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2005.07.022","volume":"30","author":"H Yan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yan H, Jiang Y, Zheng J, Peng C, Li Q. A multilayer perceptron-based medical decision support system for heart disease diagnosis. Expert Syst Appl. 2006;30(2):272\u201381.","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"03","key":"55_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634394","volume":"42","author":"M Fieschi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fieschi M, Dufour J-C, Staccini P, Gouvernet J, Bouhaddou O. Medical decision support systems: old dilemmas and new paradigms? Methods Inf Med. 2003;42(03):190\u20138.","journal-title":"Methods Inf Med"},{"key":"55_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2017.06.031","volume":"88","author":"B Malmir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Malmir B, Amini M, Chang SI. A medical decision support system for disease diagnosis under uncertainty. Expert Syst Appl. 2017;88:95\u2013108.","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"55_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tasic J, Gusev M, Ristov S. A medical cloud. In: 2016 39th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), IEEE, 2016. p. 400\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/MIPRO.2016.7522176"},{"key":"55_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3301795","author":"H Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi H, Zou J, Zhang Q. Efficient massive-device orchestration through reinforcement learning with boosted deep deterministic policy gradient. IEEE Internet Things J. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3301795.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"55_CR28","unstructured":"Liu M, Basile E, Khan S, Zhang Q. Wearable data sparsification for efficient big data harnessing. In: IEEE Internet of Things Journal (Under Review), 2023."},{"issue":"3","key":"55_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3390\/fi4030621","volume":"4","author":"E AbuKhousa","year":"2012","unstructured":"AbuKhousa E, Mohamed N, Al-Jaroodi J. e-Health cloud: opportunities and challenges. Future Internet. 2012;4(3):621\u201345.","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"55_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2016.04.016","volume":"132","author":"Z Goli-Malekabadi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goli-Malekabadi Z, Sargolzaei-Javan M, Akbari MK. An effective model for store and retrieve big health data in cloud computing. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2016;132:75\u201382.","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"55_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2013.09.011","volume":"35","author":"D Thilakanathan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thilakanathan D, Chen S, Nepal S, Calvo R, Alem L. A platform for secure monitoring and sharing of generic health data in the Cloud. Future Gener Comput Syst. 2014;35:102\u201313.","journal-title":"Future Gener Comput Syst"},{"key":"55_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roziqin MC, Putra DSH, Noor MS. Information System for Doctor Practice Scheduling at Hospitals in Jember District. In The First International Conference on Social Science, Humanity, and Public Health (ICOSHIP 2020), Atlantis Press, 2021. p. 29\u201331.","DOI":"10.2991\/assehr.k.210101.007"},{"key":"55_CR33","unstructured":"Vysotska V, Lytvyn V, Burov Y, Gozhyj A, Makara S. The consolidated information web-resource about pharmacy networks in city. In IDDM, 2018, p. 239\u201355."},{"key":"55_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/EL-06-2018-0114","author":"Y Inal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Inal Y. Heuristic-based user interface evaluation of the mobile centralized doctor appointment system. Electron Libr. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/EL-06-2018-0114.","journal-title":"Electron Libr"},{"issue":"2","key":"55_CR35","first-page":"99","volume":"4","author":"A Nursikuwagus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nursikuwagus A. E-health as a service software of medical system in prototype modeling. IJNMT. 2017;4(2):99\u2013104.","journal-title":"IJNMT"},{"key":"55_CR36","unstructured":"Amazon. Amazon Web Service. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/. Accessed 2023."},{"key":"55_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stauffer J, Zhang Q. s 2 Cloud: a novel cloud system for mobile health big data management. In: 2021 IEEE International Conferences on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing & Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical & Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData) and IEEE Congress on Cybermatics (Cybermatics), IEEE, 2021. p. 380\u20133.","DOI":"10.1109\/iThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData-Cybermatics53846.2021.00067"},{"key":"55_CR38","unstructured":"Stauffer J. A Smart and Interactive Edge-Cloud Big Data System. 2021."},{"key":"55_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.08.292","volume":"113","author":"K Abouelmehdi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abouelmehdi K, Beni-Hssane A, Khaloufi H, Saadi M. Big data security and privacy in healthcare: a review. Proc Comput Sci. 2017;113:73\u201380.","journal-title":"Proc Comput Sci"},{"key":"55_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoud H, Hegazy A, Khafagy MH. An approach for big data security based on Hadoop distributed file system. In: 2018 International Conference on Innovative Trends in Computer Engineering (ITCE), IEEE, 2018. p. 109\u201314.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITCE.2018.8316608"},{"key":"55_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-50660-9_5","volume-title":"Cybersecurity for industry 4.0","author":"G Manogaran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Manogaran G, Thota C, Lopez D, Sundarasekar R. Big data security intelligence for healthcare industry 4.0. In: Thames L, Schaefer D, editors. Cybersecurity for industry 4.0. Berlin: Springer; 2017. p. 103\u201326."},{"issue":"2","key":"55_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2898113","volume":"6","author":"KR Sollins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sollins KR. IoT big data security and privacy versus innovation. IEEE Internet Things J. 2019;6(2):1628\u201335.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"55_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-1941-6.ch012","volume-title":"Cybersecurity breaches and issues surrounding online threat protection","author":"C Thota","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thota C, Manogaran G, Lopez D, Vijayakumar V. Big data security framework for distributed cloud data centers. In: Moore M, editor. Cybersecurity breaches and issues surrounding online threat protection. Hershey: IGI global; 2017. p. 288\u2013310."}],"container-title":["Discover Internet of Things"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43926-024-00055-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43926-024-00055-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43926-024-00055-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T13:03:43Z","timestamp":1709211823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43926-024-00055-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["55"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43926-024-00055-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-7239"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-7239","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests as defined by Springer, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and\/or discussion reported in this paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3"}}