{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T11:39:13Z","timestamp":1763552353170,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Internet Things"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>As Mogadishu undergoes rapid urbanization, the demand for efficient, secure, and sustainable living environments has grown significantly. This paper presents the development and implementation of a Smart Home Automation System designed for modern homes in Mogadishu, Somalia. Leveraging Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, the system enhances home security, optimizes energy usage, and provides remote control of household appliances through a user-friendly mobile app developed using Flutter. The system, centered around the ESP32 microcontroller, integrates a variety of sensors and actuators to automate essential functions, including temperature control, real-time security monitoring, and remote access to smart locks. Rigorous testing demonstrated the system\u2019s effectiveness, with users reporting significant improvements in energy efficiency, security, and convenience. The automatic door lock system, integrated with camera-based visitor detection, provided enhanced security, while the temperature control feature contributed to a 15\u201320% reduction in energy consumption. This solution offers a scalable, practical platform that addresses the growing need for smart living in Mogadishu\u2019s urban landscape, promoting sustainable, secure, and comfortable living conditions. Future iterations may focus on further enhancing the system\u2019s capabilities, such as improving camera performance in low-light conditions and optimizing communication for low-bandwidth areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43926-025-00207-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T12:40:00Z","timestamp":1758804000000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A low-cost IoT-based smart home automation system for urban sustainability in Mogadishu, Somalia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mohamed Abdirahman","family":"Addow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdukadir Dahir","family":"Jimale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdulaziz Yasin","family":"Nageye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohamed Omar","family":"Abdullahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sumayo Mohamed","family":"Hilowle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"207_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khechiba A, Djaghrouri D, Benabbas M, Leccese F, Rocca M, Salvadori G. Balancing thermal comfort and energy consumption in residential buildings of desert areas: impact of passive strategies. Sustainability. 2023;15(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15108383.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15108383"},{"key":"207_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"O\u017cadowicz A. Generic IoT for smart buildings and field-level automation\u2014challenges, threats, approaches, and solutions. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI); 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers13020045.","DOI":"10.3390\/computers13020045"},{"key":"207_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh AK, Agrawal S, Agarwal S, Goyal D. Low-cost and energy-efficient smart home security and automation. Comput Netw Application Tools Perform Manage. 2020;95\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-32-9585-8_10.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9585-8_10"},{"key":"207_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nageye AY, Jimale AD, Abdullahi MO, Ahmed YA, Jama BSA. Enhancing energy efficiency in Mogadishu: IoT-based buildings energy management system. SSRG Int J Electr Electron Eng. 2023;10(10):54\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14445\/23488379\/IJEEE-V10I10P106.","DOI":"10.14445\/23488379\/IJEEE-V10I10P106"},{"key":"207_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohamud IH, Mohamud AA. The impact of renewable energy consumption and economic growth on environmental degradation in Somalia. Int J Energy Econ Policy. 2023;13(5):533\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32479\/ijeep.14488.","DOI":"10.32479\/ijeep.14488"},{"key":"207_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fatima S, Aiman Aslam N, Tariq I, Ali N. Home Security and automation based on internet of things: a comprehensive review. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. IOP Publishing Ltd;2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1757-899X\/899\/1\/012011.","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/899\/1\/012011"},{"key":"207_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"George DT. Cadio interfaced smart home with IoT enabled automation systems. Int J Sci Res Eng Manag. 2024;08(04):1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55041\/IJSREM31545.","DOI":"10.55041\/IJSREM31545"},{"key":"207_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3006358","author":"B Liao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liao B, Ali Y, Nazir S, He L, Khan HU. Security analysis of IoT devices by using mobile computing: A systematic literature review. Inst Electr Electron Eng Inc. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3006358.","journal-title":"Inst Electr Electron Eng Inc"},{"key":"207_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-4932-8_35","volume-title":"ICT infrastructure and computing","author":"H Rathod","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rathod H, Agal S. A study and overview on current trends and technology in mobile applications and its development. In: Tuba M, Akashe S, Joshi A, editors. in ICT infrastructure and computing. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2023. pp. 383\u201395."},{"key":"207_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abdullahi MO, Ga\u2019al SA, Jimale AD. Elevating grid resilience: an integrated power meter and outage reporting system. SSRG Int J Electr Electron Eng. 2023;10(11):142\u2013147. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14445\/23488379\/IJEEE-V10I11P113.","DOI":"10.14445\/23488379\/IJEEE-V10I11P113"},{"key":"207_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Srivastava A, Gupta S, Quamara M, Chaudhary P, Aski VJ. Future IoT-enabled threats and vulnerabilities: state of the art, challenges, and future prospects. Int J Commun Syst. 2020;33(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dac.4443.","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.4443"},{"key":"207_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Braten AE, Kraemer FA, Palma D. Autonomous IoT device management systems: structured review and generalized cognitive model. 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