{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T01:47:55Z","timestamp":1773366475921,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Internet Things"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s43926-026-00286-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T13:32:57Z","timestamp":1773322377000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A review of artificial intelligence expert systems for environmental surveillance and disaster management"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7838-6546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anayo Chukwu","family":"Ikegwu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Goodluck Ikwudiuto","family":"Emereonye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5857-8169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah Uzoamaka","family":"Ebem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Victoria Chibuzo","family":"Uzuegbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"286_CR1","unstructured":"Abid SK, Sulaiman N, Chan SW, Nazir U, Abid M, Han H, Ariza-Montes A. and A. Vega-Mu\u00f1oz, Toward an integrated disaster management approach: How artificial intelligence can boost disaster."},{"key":"286_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed S, Khan FS, Ahmed A, Keerio IK. Emergent Technol Hum Detect Disaster Response: Critical Review. Sukkur IBA Journal of Emerging Technologies 2024;7(1):56\u201378","DOI":"10.30537\/sjet.v7i1.1429"},{"key":"286_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ajayi A, Akerele J. A high-impact data-driven decision-making model for integrating cutting- edge cybersecurity strategies into public policy, governance, and organizational frameworks a high-impact data-driven decision-making model for integrating cutting-edge cybersecurity strategies into public policy, governance, and organizational frameworks. 2021; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54660\/.IJMRGE.2021.2.1.623-637","DOI":"10.54660\/.IJMRGE.2021.2.1.623-637"},{"key":"286_CR4","first-page":"100921","volume":"30","author":"N Akhtar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akhtar N, Bello M, Mensah JK. Rule-based expert systems for illegal logging detection using remote sensing data. Remote Sens Applications: Soc Environ. 2023;30:100921.","journal-title":"Remote Sens Applications: Soc Environ"},{"issue":"8","key":"286_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"193","author":"A Akinbowale","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akinbowale A, Arinzechi E. GIS-based expert systems for monitoring forest cover change in Nigeria. Environ Monit Assess. 2021;193(8):1\u201317.","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"issue":"June","key":"286_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78686","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3298215","volume":"11","author":"AA Alzubi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alzubi AA, Galyna K. Artificial intelligence and internet of things for sustainable farming and smart agriculture. IEEE Access. 2023;11(June):78686\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3298215.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"286_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ali G, Samuel A, Kabiito SP, Morish Z, Thomas A, Robert W.\u00a0Integration of Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, and Quantum Cryptography for Securing the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT): Recent Advancements Integration of Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, and Quantum Cryptography for Securing the Ind. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58496\/ADSA\/2025\/004","DOI":"10.58496\/ADSA\/2025\/004"},{"key":"286_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqahtani AAS, Sulaiman M, Alshayeb T. From inception to innovation: a comprehensive review and bibliometric analysis of IoT-enabled fire safety systems.\u00a02025;1\u201344.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202411.1414.v1"},{"key":"286_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48130\/emst-0024-0003","author":"AA Bouramdane","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bouramdane AA. Natural hazards in electricity grids: from landscape dynamics to optimal mitigation and adaptation approaches. Emerg Manage Sci Technol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48130\/emst-0024-0003.","journal-title":"Emerg Manage Sci Technol"},{"key":"286_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15365\/cate.2021.140104","author":"LK Campbell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Campbell LK, Cheng H, Svendsen E, Kochnower D, Bunting-Howarth K, Wapnitsky P. Living with water: documenting lived experience and social-emotional impacts of chronic flooding for local adaptation planning. Cities Environ. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15365\/cate.2021.140104.","journal-title":"Cities Environ"},{"key":"286_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2022.101895","volume":"9","author":"A Carrera-Rivera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carrera-Rivera A, Ochoa W, Larrinaga F, Lasa G. How-to conduct a systematic literature review: a quick guide for computer science research. MethodsX. 2022;9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mex.2022.101895.","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"issue":"3","key":"286_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3724\/2096-7004.di.2024.0001","volume":"6","author":"H Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen H. Large knowledge model: perspectives and challenges. Data Intell. 2024;6(3):587\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3724\/2096-7004.di.2024.0001.","journal-title":"Data Intell"},{"issue":"1","key":"286_CR13","first-page":"32","volume":"7","author":"D Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen D. Explainable AI for critical decision systems. Nat Mach Intell. 2025;7(1):32\u201340.","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"key":"286_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42949-024-00168-7","author":"F Creutzig","year":"2024","unstructured":"Creutzig F, Becker S, Berrill P, Bongs C, Bussler A, Cave B, M. Constantino S, Grant M, Heeren N, Heinen E, Hintz MJ, Ingen-Housz T, Johnson E, Kolleck N, Liotta C, Lorek S, Mattioli G, Niamir L, McPhearson T, Milojevic-Dupont N, Nachtigall F, Nagel K, N\u00e4rger H, Pathak M, de Perrin Brichambaut P, Reckien D, Reisch LA, Revi A, Schuppert F, Sudmant A, Wagner F, Walkenhorst J, Weber E, Wilmes M, Wilson C, Zekar A. Towards a public policy of cities and human settlements in the 21st century. NPJ Urban Sustain. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42949-024-00168-7.","journal-title":"NPJ Urban Sustain"},{"issue":"1","key":"286_CR15","first-page":"98","volume":"35","author":"R Dur\u00e1n-Sandoval","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dur\u00e1n-Sandoval R, L\u00f3pez M, Hern\u00e1ndez A. An expert-system framework for soil erosion prediction using satellite and rainfall data. Land Degrad Dev. 2024;35(1):98\u2013114.","journal-title":"Land Degrad Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"286_CR16","first-page":"511","volume":"38","author":"S Farajollahi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Farajollahi S, Baradaran M, Explainable AI. Bridging transparency and performance. AI Soc. 2023;38(2):511\u201328.","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"issue":"32","key":"286_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2405458121","volume":"121","author":"J Franklin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Franklin J, MacDonald GM. Climate change and California sustainability\u2014challenges and solutions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2024;121(32):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2405458121.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"286_CR18","first-page":"4","volume":"40","author":"A Garcez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garcez A, Gori M, Lamb L, Serafini L, Spranger M, Tran S. Neural-symbolic computing: An effective methodology for principled integration of learning and reasoning. AI Magazine. 2019;40(3):4\u201318.","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"issue":"6","key":"286_CR19","first-page":"203","volume":"29","author":"Y Guo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guo Y. Deep learning for pattern recognition and adaptive reasoning. Neural Comput Appl. 2017;29(6):203\u201319.","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"issue":"2","key":"286_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4038\/bhumi.v10i2.106","volume":"10","author":"F Hasan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hasan F, Jayasinghe A, Sathsarana S. Specialized urban planning chatbot: a participatory approach for evaluating efficiency. Bhumi Plann Res J. 2023;10(2):3\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4038\/bhumi.v10i2.106.","journal-title":"Bhumi Plann Res J"},{"issue":"21","key":"286_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39831","volume":"10","author":"I Hasan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hasan I, Faruk MO, Katha ZT, Goni MO, Islam MS, Chakraborty TR, Faysal Sowrav SF, Hossain MS. Geo-spatial based cyclone shelter suitability assessment using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) in the coastal region of Bangladesh. Heliyon. 2024;10(21). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39831.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"2","key":"286_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3294259","volume":"11","author":"M He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He M, Huang Y, Wang X, Wei P, Wang X. A lightweight and efficient IoT intrusion detection method based on feature grouping. IEEE Internet Things J. 2024;11(2):2935\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3294259.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"286_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/SU12166433","author":"F Herraiz-Faix\u00f3","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herraiz-Faix\u00f3 F, Arroyo-Ca\u00f1ada FJ. Driving municipal recycling by connecting digital value endpoints in smart cities. Sustainability. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/SU12166433.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"286_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2024.103531","author":"S Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu S, Dong ZS, Dai R. A machine learning based sample average approximation for supplier selection with option contract in humanitarian relief. Transp Res Part E Logist Transp Rev. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tre.2024.103531.","journal-title":"Transp Res Part E Logist Transp Rev"},{"key":"286_CR25","first-page":"441","volume":"115","author":"S Hua","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hua S, Ip R. Research on explainability of deep neural networks and its applications. IEEE Access. 2024;115:441\u201350.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"286_CR26","first-page":"41","volume":"2","author":"AC Ikegwu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ikegwu AC, Nnabue JC, Nweke HF, Mathew DE. Integration of expert systems and internet of things for real-time decision making: architectures, applications, and future directions. Nat J Emerg Sci Technol Innovations. 2025;2(1):41\u201359.","journal-title":"Nat J Emerg Sci Technol Innovations"},{"key":"286_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-025-09686-z","author":"AC Ikegwu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ikegwu AC, Alo UR, Nweke HF. Cyber threats in mobile healthcare applications: systematic review of enabling technologies, threat models, detection approaches, and future directions. Discover Comput. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10791-025-09686-z.","journal-title":"Discover Comput"},{"issue":"01","key":"286_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.30564\/jeis.v7i1.10050","volume":"07","author":"AC Ikegwu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ikegwu AC, Uzuegbu VC, Alo UR. Review of embedded systems and cyber threat intelligence for enhancing data security in mobile health. J Electron Inform Syst. 2025;07(01):98\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30564\/jeis.v7i1.10050.","journal-title":"J Electron Inform Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"286_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.54646\/bijiam.2025.27","volume":"4","author":"AC Ikegwu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ikegwu AC, Ikpo CV, Akinwande TO. Recent AI-based smart farming for monitoring and security in sub-Saharan Africa regions. BOHR Int J Internet Things Artif Intell Mach Learn. 2025;4(1):10\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54646\/bijiam.2025.27.","journal-title":"BOHR Int J Internet Things Artif Intell Mach Learn"},{"key":"286_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42162-024-00307-5","author":"AC Ikegwu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ikegwu AC, Nweke HF, Mlpojiogu E, Anikwe CV, Igwe SA, Alo UR. Recently emerging trends in big data analytic methods for modeling and combating climate change effects. Energy Inf. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42162-024-00307-5.","journal-title":"Energy Inf"},{"issue":"1","key":"286_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.37256\/aie.6120256065","volume":"6","author":"AC Ikegwu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ikegwu AC, Obianuju OJ, Nwokoro IS, Ofuru M, Ebem DU. Investigating the impact of AI\/ML for monitoring and optimizing energy usage in smart home. Artif Intell Evol. 2025;6(1):30\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37256\/aie.6120256065.","journal-title":"Artif Intell Evol"},{"issue":"5","key":"286_CR32","first-page":"3789","volume":"54","author":"P Janjanam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Janjanam P, Ramesh S, Rao K. Explainable rule-based expert systems: A review. Artif Intell Rev. 2021;54(5):3789\u2013812.","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"key":"286_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15108035","author":"Z Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang Z, Chen Y, Yang TY, Ji W, Dong Z, Ji R. Leveraging machine learning and simulation to advance disaster preparedness assessments through FEMA National Household Survey Data. Sustain (Switzerland). 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15108035.","journal-title":"Sustain (Switzerland)"},{"issue":"8","key":"286_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2024.2412288","volume":"63","author":"Z Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang Z, Ji R. Optimising hurricane shelter locations with smart predict-then-optimise framework. Int J Prod Res. 2025;63(8):2905\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207543.2024.2412288.","journal-title":"Int J Prod Res"},{"issue":"02","key":"286_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.18535\/ijsrm\/v9i2.ec01","volume":"9","author":"F Jimmy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jimmy F. Emerging threats: the latest cybersecurity risks and the role of artificial intelligence in enhancing cybersecurity defenses. Int J Sci Res Manage (IJSRM). 2021;9(02):564\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18535\/ijsrm\/v9i2.ec01.","journal-title":"Int J Sci Res Manage (IJSRM)"},{"key":"286_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirkland, L. A., Fabris-Rotelli, I., & de Villiers, P. Spatial Point Pattern Analysis for Prediction of Poacher Locations. 2023. Available at SSRN 4687974.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4687974"},{"key":"286_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2023.103640","volume":"89","author":"HK Kundo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kundo HK, Brueckner M, Spencer R, Davis JK. The politics of linking disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation with social protection in Bangladesh. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2023;89:103640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2023.103640.","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"286_CR38","first-page":"105012","volume":"172","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li X, Zhang Y, Chen H. Knowledge-based drought forecasting using historical soil and rainfall data. Environ Model Softw. 2024;172:105012.","journal-title":"Environ Model Softw"},{"key":"286_CR39","volume-title":"Applications of Artificial Intelligence for Organic Chemistry: The DENDRAL Project","author":"RK Lindsay","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lindsay RK, Buchanan BG, Feigenbaum EA, Lederberg J. Applications of Artificial Intelligence for Organic Chemistry: The DENDRAL Project. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill; 1993."},{"issue":"3","key":"286_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.30574\/wjarr.2024.21.3.0995","volume":"21","author":"CC Lufeyo Chitondo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lufeyo Chitondo CC, Thelma DL, Mpolomoka, Loveness Ngulube. Disaster management and mitigation strategies in zambia: A systematic review. World J Adv Res Reviews. 2024;21(3):2403\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30574\/wjarr.2024.21.3.0995.","journal-title":"World J Adv Res Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"286_CR41","first-page":"1","volume":"195","author":"J MacAfee","year":"2023","unstructured":"MacAfee J. AI-driven forecasting of bacterial contamination in freshwater systems of southern England. Environ Monit Assess. 2023;195(4):1\u201314.","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"286_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCS.2025.3556424","author":"SH Mahir","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mahir SH, Tashrif MTA, Karim MA, Kundu D, Rahman A, Hamza MA, Farid F, Al, Miah ASM, Mansor S. Advanced hydro-informatic modeling through feedforward neural network, federated learning, and explainable AI for enhancing flood prediction. IEEE Open J Comput Soc. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/OJCS.2025.3556424.","journal-title":"IEEE Open J Comput Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"286_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/su13020457","volume":"13","author":"J Mallick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mallick J, Alqadhi S, Talukdar S, Alsubih M, Ahmed M, Khan RA, Kahla NB, Abutayeh SM. Risk assessment of resources exposed to rainfall induced landslide with the development of gis and rs based ensemble metaheuristic machine learning algorithms. Sustainability (Switzerland). 2021;13(2):1\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13020457.","journal-title":"Sustainability (Switzerland)"},{"issue":"1","key":"286_CR44","first-page":"23","volume":"39","author":"G Marra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marra G. Human-centered AI and responsible system design. AI Soc. 2024;39(1):23\u201337.","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"286_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85016-9","volume":"11","author":"ME Maros","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maros ME, Cho CG, Junge AG, K\u00e4mpgen B, Saase V, Siegel F, Trinkmann F, Ganslandt T, Groden C, Wenz H. Comparative analysis of machine learning algorithms for computer-assisted reporting based on fully automated cross-lingual radlex mappings. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-85016-9.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"286_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mathew DE, Ebem DU, Ikegwu AC, Ukeoma PE, Dibiaezue NF. Recent emerging techniques in explainable artificial intelligence to enhance the interpretable and understanding of AI models for human. In:\u00a0Neural processing letters.\u00a0vol. 123. USA: Springer; 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11063-025-11732-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11063-025-11732-2"},{"issue":"5","key":"286_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-020-01602-4","volume":"18","author":"SR Meena","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meena SR, Ghorbanzadeh O, van Westen CJ, Nachappa TG, Blaschke T, Singh RP, Sarkar R. Rapid mapping of landslides in the Western Ghats (India) triggered by 2018 extreme monsoon rainfall using a deep learning approach. Landslides. 2021;18(5):1937\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10346-020-01602-4.","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"issue":"0","key":"286_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2022.2112982","volume":"0","author":"MU Mia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mia MU, Rahman M, Elbeltagi A, Abdullah-Al-Mahbub M, Sharma G, Islam HMT, Pal SC, Costache R, Islam ARMT, Islam MM, Chen N, Alam E, Washakh RMA. Sustainable flood risk assessment using deep learning-based algorithms with a blockchain technology. Geocarto Int. 2022;0(0):1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10106049.2022.2112982.","journal-title":"Geocarto Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"286_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/f12010005","volume":"12","author":"S Milanovi\u0107","year":"2021","unstructured":"Milanovi\u0107 S, Milanovi\u0107 SD, Markovi\u0107 N, Pamu\u010dar D, Gigovi\u0107 L, Kosti\u0107 P. Forest fire probability mapping in Eastern Serbia: logistic regression versus random forest method. Forests. 2021;12(1):1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f12010005.","journal-title":"Forests"},{"issue":"4","key":"286_CR50","first-page":"1962","volume":"35","author":"M Naveen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Naveen M, Kumar A, Rao S. Limitations of rule-based expert systems in dynamic environments. Expert Syst Appl. 2008;35(4):1962\u201372.","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"286_CR51","first-page":"200121","volume":"26","author":"U Nawaz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nawaz U, Rahman MA, Saeed Z. Neuro-symbolic AI for cognitive systems. Intell Syst Appl. 2025;26:200121.","journal-title":"Intell Syst Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"286_CR52","first-page":"101761","volume":"41","author":"K Ofosu-Ampong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ofosu-Ampong K. Operationalizing AI systems in public-sector infrastructures. Government Inform Q. 2024;41(1):101761.","journal-title":"Government Inform Q"},{"key":"286_CR53","unstructured":"Oladele OK. AI in Wildlife conservation: species monitoring, poaching prevention, and habitat restoration. 2025. Accessible at. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Oluwaseyi-Oladele-3\/publication\/390066060_AI_in_Wildlife_Conservation_Species_Monitoring_Poaching_Prevention_and_Habitat_Restoration\/links\/67ddd14de2c0ea36cd87fbc3\/AI-in-Wildlife-Conservation-Species-Monitoring-Poaching-Prevention-and-Habitat-Restoration.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"286_CR54","first-page":"29","volume":"44","author":"J Poon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Poon J, Smith R, Patel A. Governance-aware AI deployment in safety-critical systems. IEEE Technol Soc Mag. 2025;44(1):29\u201339.","journal-title":"IEEE Technol Soc Mag"},{"key":"286_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2023.105803","volume":"125","author":"R Randles","year":"2023","unstructured":"Randles R, Finnegan A. Guidelines for writing a systematic review. Nurse Educ Today. 2023;125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2023.105803.","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"2","key":"286_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-020-00018-z","volume":"1","author":"S Saini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saini S, Sharma R, Singh A. Ethical evaluation frameworks for AI-based systems. AI Ethics. 2021;1(2):151\u201364.","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"key":"286_CR57","first-page":"44321","volume":"12","author":"S Sajun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sajun S, Kumar P, Verma A. Adaptive machine intelligence in real-time decision systems. IEEE Access. 2024;12:44321\u201340.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"286_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.14569\/ijacsa.2020.0110368","volume":"11","author":"MNI Sarker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarker MNI, Yang B, Lv Y, Huq ME, Kamruzzaman MM. Climate change adaptation and resilience through big data. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl. 2020;11(3):533\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14569\/ijacsa.2020.0110368.","journal-title":"Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl"},{"issue":"01","key":"286_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.63125\/k27tnn83","volume":"06","author":"S Sarker","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sarker S. Role of management information systems in environmental risk assessment: a systematic review of geographic and ecological applications. Am J Interdiscip Stud. 2025;06(01):95\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.63125\/k27tnn83.","journal-title":"Am J Interdiscip Stud"},{"issue":"6","key":"286_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2025.101285","volume":"8","author":"R Schaeffer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schaeffer R, Schipper ELF, Ospina D, Mirazo P, Alencar A, Anvari M, Artaxo P, Biresselioglu ME, Blome T, Boeckmann M, Brink E, Broadgate W, Bustamante M, Cai W, Canadell JG, Cardinale R, Chidichimo MP, Ditlevsen P, Eicker U, Ziervogel G. Ten new insights in climate science 2024. One Earth. 2025;8(6):1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oneear.2025.101285.","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"key":"286_CR61","unstructured":"Stanford University, Responsible AI. Design and Governance Framework, Stanford, CA, USA, 2023. }. https:\/\/hai.stanford.edu\/ai-index\/2023-ai-index-report\/policy-and-governance }"},{"key":"286_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1322\/1\/012010","author":"N Stephanie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stephanie N, Abubakar A, FaithAdemola JO. The impact of stand-alone systems in nigeria\u2019s energy distribution sector and present-day challenges faced. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/1322\/1\/012010.","journal-title":"IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci"},{"key":"286_CR63","first-page":"110308","volume":"264","author":"A Talaei Khoei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Talaei Khoei A, Rezaei M, Ghaffari S. Hybrid symbolic\u2013neural AI architectures for dynamic environments. Knowl Based Syst. 2023;264:110308.","journal-title":"Knowl Based Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"286_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eqs.2024.04.007","volume":"37","author":"M Tahir","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tahir M, Ahmad Z, Sabahat S, Mushtaq MN, Iqbal T, Shah MA, Aftab A. Source parameters and aftershock pattern of the October 7, 2021, M5.9 Harnai earthquake, Pakistan. Earthquake Sci. 2024;37(4):304\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eqs.2024.04.007.","journal-title":"Earthquake Sci"},{"key":"286_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21206713","author":"AA Tubis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tubis AA, Ryczy\u0144ski J, \u017burek A. Risk assessment for the use of drones in warehouse operations in the first phase of introducing the service to the market. Sensors. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21206713.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"286_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/jamba.v17i1.1776","volume":"17","author":"A Wibowo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wibowo A, Amri I, Surahmat A, Rusdah R. Leveraging artificial intelligence in disaster management: A comprehensive bibliometric review. J\u00e0mb\u00e1: J Disaster Risk Stud. 2025;17(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"J\u00e0mb\u00e1: J Disaster Risk Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"286_CR67","first-page":"345","volume":"18","author":"Y Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang Y, Zhu L. Real-world deployment of AI decision systems: Challenges and lessons. IEEE Syst J. 2024;18(1):345\u201356.","journal-title":"IEEE Syst J"},{"issue":"1","key":"286_CR68","first-page":"1","volume":"56","author":"Z Zou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zou Z, Li Y, Wang J. Transparency challenges in deep neural networks. ACM-CSUR. 2024;56(1):1\u201338.","journal-title":"ACM-CSUR"}],"container-title":["Discover Internet of Things"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43926-026-00286-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43926-026-00286-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43926-026-00286-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T13:33:14Z","timestamp":1773322394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43926-026-00286-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43926-026-00286-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-7239"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-7239","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"26"}}