{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:32:44Z","timestamp":1777638764055,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Artif Intell"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-024-00166-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T17:01:54Z","timestamp":1727802114000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Ethical considerations in the era of AI, automation, and surgical robots: there are plenty of lessons from the past"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Power","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"166_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2016.09.003","volume":"35","author":"D Bouget","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bouget D, Allanb M, Stoyanov D, Jannin P. Vision-based and marker-less surgical tool detection and tracking: a review of the literature. Med Image Anal. 2017;35:633\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.media.2016.09.003.","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"issue":"5","key":"166_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1109\/MDAT.2015.2465135","volume":"32","author":"S Kumar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kumar S, Krovi V, Singhal P. Computer-vision-based decision support in surgical robotics. IEEE Des Test. 2015;32(5):89\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MDAT.2015.2465135.","journal-title":"IEEE Des Test"},{"issue":"7","key":"166_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2013.160","volume":"48","author":"JD Dimick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dimick JD, Ryan AM. Taking a broader perspective on the benefits of minimally invasive surgery. JAMA Surg. 2013;48(7):648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamasurg.2013.160.","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"166_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3354\/esep00197","volume":"21","author":"A Saniotis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saniotis A, Henneberg M. Neurosurgical robots and ethical challenges to medicine. Ethics Sci Environ Polit. 2021;21:25\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/esep00197.","journal-title":"Ethics Sci Environ Polit"},{"issue":"8","key":"166_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-7006","volume":"174","author":"MH Dhanani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dhanani MH, Olavarria OA, Bernardi K, et al. The evidence behind robot-assisted abdominopelvic surgery. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(8):1110\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M20-7006.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"166_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2013.07.001","volume":"11","author":"H Sadideen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sadideen H, Alvand A, Saadeddin M, Kneebone R. Surgical experts: born or made? Int J Surg. 2013;11:773\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijsu.2013.07.001.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"166_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-002-8569-4","volume":"17","author":"A Gallagher","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gallagher A, Cowie R, et al. An objective test of perceptual skill that predicts laparoscopic technical skill in three initial stuies of laparoscopic performance. Surg Endosc. 2003;17:1468\u201371.","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"166_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-018-1713-y","volume":"13","author":"G Forester","year":"2018","unstructured":"Forester G, Riffaud L, et al. Surgical skills: can learning curves be computed from recordings of surgical activities? Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg. 2018;13:629\u201336.","journal-title":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"166_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2012.424","volume":"46","author":"N Sharkey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sharkey N, Sharkey A. Robotic surgery: on the cutting edge of ethics. Computer. 2013;46(1):56\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MC.2012.424.","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"166_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rudzicz F, Saqur R. Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Surgery\u201d. Computers and Society; 2020. arXiv:2007.14302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2007.14302","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2007.14302"},{"issue":"1","key":"166_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.10.FOCUS21533","volume":"52","author":"GC Vilanilam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vilanilam GC, Venkat EH. Ethical nuances and medicolegal vulnerabilities in robotic neurosurgery. J Neurosurg. 2022;52(1):1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2021.10.FOCUS21533.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"166_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Osullivan S, Nevejans N, Allen C et al. Legal, regulatory, and ethical frameworks for development of standards in artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomous robotic surgery\u201d. Int J Med Robotics Comput Assist Surg 15: e1968, pp. 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rcs.1968","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.1968"},{"key":"166_CR13","unstructured":"DoD. Medical Simulation and Information Sciences, Toward A Next-Generation Trauma Care Capability: Foundational Research for Autonomous, Unmanned, and Robotics Development of Medical Technologies (FORwARD) Award. https:\/\/www.federalgrants.com\/DoD-Medical-Simulation-and-Information-Sciences-Toward-A-Next-Generation-Trauma-Care-Capability-Foundational-Research-for-Autonomous-Unmanned-and-Robotics-Development-of-Medical-Technologies-FORwARD-Award-67832.html. Accessed 10 Nov 2022."},{"issue":"2","key":"166_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.238","volume":"5","author":"P Garcia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Garcia P, Rosen J, Kapoor C, et al. Trauma Pod: a semi-automated telerobotic surgical system. Int J Med Robot. 2009;5(2):136\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rcs.238.","journal-title":"Int J Med Robot"},{"key":"166_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosen J, Hannaford B. Doc at a Distance: Robot surgeons promise to save lives in remote communities, war zones, and disaster-stricken areas. IEEE Spectrum; 2006. p. 34\u201339.","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2006.1705774"},{"key":"166_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.1015367","author":"AA Jamjoom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jamjoom AA, Jamjoom AM, Thomas JP, et al. Autonomous surgical robotic systems and the liability dilemma. Front Surg. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsurg.2022.1015367.","journal-title":"Front Surg."},{"key":"166_CR17","unstructured":"Society of Automotive Engineers. Taxonomy and definition for terms related to driving automation systems for on-road motor vehicles J3016_202104. https:\/\/www.sae.org\/standards\/content\/j3016_202104. Accessed 12 Nov 2022."},{"key":"166_CR18","unstructured":"Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE J3016 Levels of Driving Automation. https:\/\/www.sae.org\/news\/2019\/01\/sae-updates-j3016-automated-driving-graphic. Accessed 12 Nov 2022."},{"issue":"9695","key":"166_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61116-8","volume":"374","author":"P McCulloch","year":"2009","unstructured":"McCulloch P, Altman D, et al. No surgical innovation without evaluation: the IDEAL recommendations. Lancet. 2009;374(9695):1105\u201312.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"166_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsbull.2024.46","volume":"106","author":"J Burke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Burke J, Gnanaraj J, et al. Robotic Surgery in low- and middle-income countries. Bull R College Surg Engl. 2024;106(3):112\u201374.","journal-title":"Bull R College Surg Engl"},{"key":"166_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i2139","author":"MA Makary","year":"2016","unstructured":"Makary MA, Daniel M. Medical error: the third leading cause of death in the US. BMJ. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.i2139.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"166_CR22","unstructured":"Kohn L, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS. To err is human: building a safer health system\u201d. Institute of medicine (US) Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. Washington DC: National Academies Press (US); 2000."},{"issue":"8","key":"166_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2015.0038","volume":"97","author":"AD White","year":"2015","unstructured":"White AD, Skelton M, Mushtaq F, Pike TW, Mon-Williams M, Lodge JP, Wilkie RM. Inconsistent reporting of minimally invasive surgery errors. Ann R College Surg Engl. 2015;97(8):608\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1308\/rcsann.2015.0038.","journal-title":"Ann R College Surg Engl"},{"key":"166_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.17351\/ests2019.260","volume":"5","author":"MC Elish","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elish MC. Moral crumple zones cautionary tales in human-robot interaction. Engag Sci Technol Soc. 2019;5:40\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17351\/ests2019.260.","journal-title":"Engag Sci Technol Soc"},{"key":"166_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E. Awad, S. Levine, M. Kleiman-Weiner M et al., \u201cBlaming humans in autonomous vehicle accidents: shared responsibility across levels of automation; 2018. arXiv:1803.07170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1803.07170","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1803.07170"},{"issue":"5526","key":"166_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165526","volume":"21","author":"A Gumbs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gumbs A, Frigerio I, Spolverato G, et al. Artificial intelligent surgery: how do we get to autonomous actions in surgery? Sensors. 2021;21(5526):1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21165526.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"166_CR27","unstructured":"Sienna Project, EU. Ethics by design and ethics of use in AI and robotics, 2020. https:\/\/sienna-project.eu\/. Accessed 14 Nov 2022."},{"key":"166_CR28","unstructured":"Ethics by Design and Ethics of Use Approaches for Artificial Intelligence. European Commission, 2021. ethics-by-design-and-ethics-of-use-approaches-for-artificial-intelligence_he_en.pdf (europa.eu). Accessed 14 November 2022."},{"key":"166_CR29","unstructured":"Artificial Intelligence in healthcare: applications, risks, and ethical and societal impacts. European Parliament, 2022. EPRS_STU(2022)729512_EN.pdf (europa.eu). Accessed 16 Nov 2022."},{"key":"166_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2021.04.006","volume":"8","author":"JW Collins","year":"2022","unstructured":"Collins JW, Marcus HJ, Ghazi A, et al. Ethical implications of AI in robotic surgical training: a Delphi consensus statement. Eur Urol. 2022;8:613\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euf.2021.04.006.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"166_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151470","volume":"11","author":"H Alemzadeh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alemzadeh H, Ramen J, Leveson N, et al. Adverse events in robotic surgery: a retrospective study of 14 years of FDA data. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(4): e0151470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0151470.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Discover Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-024-00166-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44163-024-00166-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-024-00166-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T17:14:35Z","timestamp":1727802875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44163-024-00166-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-024-00166-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-0809"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-0809","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"65"}}