{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T13:27:25Z","timestamp":1770730045268,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COI-NEXT JPMJPF2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COI-NEXT JPMJPF2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Artif Intell"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-025-00267-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T03:40:59Z","timestamp":1746070859000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Large language models and questions from older adults: a human and machine-based evaluation study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Research","family":"Dawadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thien","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie Ting","family":"Tay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phap","family":"Tran Ngoc Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Oya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Kuriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michihiro","family":"Araki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"267_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02448-8","volume":"29","author":"AJ Thirunavukarasu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thirunavukarasu AJ, Ting DSJ, Elangovan K, Gutierrez L, Tan TF, Ting DSW. Large language models in medicine. Nat Med. 2023;29(8):1930\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-023-02448-8. (issn: 1546170X).","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"7956","key":"267_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05881-4","volume":"616","author":"M Moor","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moor M, Banerjee O, Abad ZSH, et al. Foundation models for generalist medical artificial intelligence. Nature. 2023;616(7956):259\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-05881-4. (issn: 14764687).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"267_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2196\/48966","volume":"25","author":"V Hristidis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hristidis V, Ruggiano N, Brown EL, Ganta SRR, Stewart S. Chatgpt vs google for queries related to dementia and other cognitive decline: comparison of results. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/48966. (issn: 14388871).","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"267_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahmed HA, Mohammad A, Mohanad GY, Saad AA. Chatgpt4, dalle, bard, claude, bert: open possibilities, Babylonian J Mach Learn 2023;2023:17\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58496\/bjml\/2023\/003.","DOI":"10.58496\/bjml\/2023\/003"},{"key":"267_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-024-00310-z","author":"M Imran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Imran M, Almusharraf N. Google gemini as a next generation AI educational tool: a review of emerging educational technology. Smart Learn Environ. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-024-00310-z.","journal-title":"Smart Learn Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"267_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12020143","volume":"12","author":"J M\u00f6ller","year":"2024","unstructured":"M\u00f6ller J, Stara V, Amabili G, et al. Toward innovation in healthcare: An analysis of the digital behavior of older people in Europe and Japan for the introduction of a technological coaching system. Healthcare (Switzerland). 2024;12(2):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare12020143. (issn: 22279032).","journal-title":"Healthcare (Switzerland)"},{"key":"267_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawadi R, Asghar Z, Pulli P. Internet of things controlled home objects for the elderly, In: International Conference on Health Informatics, HEALTHINF, Scitepress, 2017;244\u2013251.","DOI":"10.5220\/0006109802440251"},{"issue":"3","key":"267_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458214521226","volume":"21","author":"J Berner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berner J, Rennemark M, Jogr\u00e9us C, et al. Factors influencing internet usage in older adults (65 years and above) living in rural and urban Sweden. Health Informatics J. 2015;21(3):237\u201349.","journal-title":"Health Informatics J"},{"issue":"1","key":"267_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X21000490","volume":"43","author":"G Wilson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wilson G, Gates JR, Vijaykumar S, Morgan DJ. Understanding older adults\u2019 use of social technology and the factors influencing use. Ageing Soc. 2023;43(1):222\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0144686X21000490. (issn: 14691779).","journal-title":"Ageing Soc"},{"key":"267_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1463423620000584","author":"B Aggarwal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aggarwal B, Xiong Q, Schroeder-Butterfill E. Impact of the use of the internet on quality of life in older adults: review of literature. Primary Health Care Res Dev. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1463423620000584.","journal-title":"Primary Health Care Res Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"267_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10080-1603","volume":"18","author":"EP Murphy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Murphy EP, Sheridan GA, Page BJ, et al. Modern internet search analytics and osseointegration: What are patients asking and reading online? Strat Trauma Limb Reconstruct. 2023;18(3):163\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp-journals-10080-1603. (issn: 18288928).","journal-title":"Strat Trauma Limb Reconstruct"},{"key":"267_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/51580","author":"K Giannakopoulos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Giannakopoulos K, Kavadella A, Salim AA, Stamatopoulos V, Kaklamanos EG. Evaluation of the performance of generative AI large language models chatgpt, google bard, and Microsoft Bing chat in supporting evidence-based dentistry Comparative mixed methods study. J Med Internet Res. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/51580.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"267_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dilan SH, Sarhang SA, Aso SM, Hussein MH, Sanaa OK. Assessment of nursing skill and knowledge of chatgpt, gemini, microsoft copilot, and llama A comparative study, Barw Med J, 2024;2(2), 3\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58742\/bmj.v2i2.87.","DOI":"10.58742\/bmj.v2i2.87"},{"key":"267_CR14","unstructured":"Caramancion K.M. Large language models vs. search engines: Evaluating user preferences across varied information retrieval scenarios, 2024. [Online]. arXiv:2401.05761 [cs.IR]."},{"issue":"1","key":"267_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04123-5","volume":"21","author":"L Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu L, Mou W, Chen R. Can the chatgpt and other large language models with internet-connected database solve the questions and concerns of patient with prostate cancer and help democratize medical knowledge? J Transl Medi. 2023;21(1):1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-023-04123-5.","journal-title":"J Transl Medi"},{"key":"267_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11060887","author":"M Sallam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sallam M. Chatgpt utility in healthcare education, research, and practice: systematic review on the promising perspectives and valid concerns. Healthcare. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare11060887.","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"267_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carl\u00e0 MM, Gambini G, Baldascino A, et al. Large language models as assistance for glaucoma surgical cases: a chatgpt vs. google gemini comparison, Graefe\u2019s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-024-06470-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-024-06470-5"},{"issue":"8","key":"267_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.43861","volume":"15","author":"A Kumari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumari A, Kumari A, Singh A, et al. Large language models in hematology case solving: A comparative study of chatgpt-3.5, google bard, and microsoft bing. Cureus. 2023;15(8):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.43861.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"267_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-020-01530-6","volume":"25","author":"M Roccetti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roccetti M, Delnevo G, Casini L, Salomoni P. A cautionary tale for machine learning design: Why we still need human-assisted big data analysis. Mob Netw Appl. 2020;25:1075\u201383.","journal-title":"Mob Netw Appl"},{"key":"267_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2023.100214","volume":"14","author":"V Kasthuri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kasthuri V, Homer A, Alsoof D, et al. Modern internet search analytics and spine: What are patients asking and reading online? North Am Spine Soc J (NASSJ). 2023;14:100\u2013214.","journal-title":"North Am Spine Soc J (NASSJ)"},{"issue":"4","key":"267_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-022-10246-w","volume":"56","author":"E Mosqueira-Rey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mosqueira-Rey E, Hern\u00e1ndez-Pereira E, Alonso-R\u00edos D, Bobes-Bascar\u00e1n J, Fern\u00e1ndez-Leal \u00c1. Human-in-the-loop machine learning: a state of the art. Artif Intell Rev. 2023;56(4):3005\u201354.","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"}],"container-title":["Discover Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00267-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00267-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00267-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T03:41:02Z","timestamp":1746070862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00267-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00267-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-0809"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-0809","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We declare that the procedures followed in this study adhere to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and the ethical standards outlined by National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBN). However, the study did not involve direct participation of older individuals, or collection and analysis of any personal or biomedical data of the participant researchers. The questions and answers used in the study were generated using large language models and the google search engine. Therefore, the review from the ethics committee was granted exemption.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All individual participants included in the study agreed for the publication of the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no Conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"42"}}