{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T16:40:35Z","timestamp":1773592835392,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Artif Intell"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Research problem<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Traditional approaches to talent development in Chinese higher education are increasingly misaligned with the evolving demands of an innovation-driven economy. Despite growing national interest, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (IAE) education in Chinese universities remains in its formative stage, with significant challenges in delivering personalized, data-informed instruction to diverse student populations.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study introduces a K-Means Clustering (KMC) approach to classify university students based on shared entrepreneurial traits and learning needs. Data were collected through structured surveys assessing entrepreneurial mindset, self-efficacy, and engagement in IAE activities. The KMC algorithm grouped students into three distinct clusters corresponding to undergraduate (UG), postgraduate (PG), and expert-level learners.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The clustering analysis revealed discrepancies in instructional support across student levels. Specifically, 33% of expert-level students, 41% of PG-level students, and 40% of UG-level students reported insufficient monitoring and guidance in their IAE learning experiences. These findings highlight the need for differentiated pedagogical strategies aligned with student readiness and capabilities.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>By applying unsupervised machine learning, the study demonstrates how AI-driven analytics can enhance the personalization and effectiveness of IAE education. The results support the integration of clustering models into educational planning, allowing universities to optimize curriculum delivery and better prepare students for participation in innovation-oriented economies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-025-00341-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T08:52:59Z","timestamp":1751359979000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["AI-driven innovation and entrepreneurship education: a K-means clustering approach for Chinese university students"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Hongshun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"341_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1177\/1350507620974857","volume":"52","author":"AG Earle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Earle AG, Leyva-de la Hiz DI. The wicked problem of teaching about wicked problems: design thinking and emerging technologies in sustainability education. Manag Learn. 2021;52(5):581\u2013603.","journal-title":"Manag Learn"},{"issue":"3","key":"341_CR2","volume":"18","author":"AR van Ewijk","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Ewijk AR, Oikkonen E, Belghiti-Mahut S. Linking methods to outcomes: a multi-course mixed-method study of the effects of active and passive pedagogy on entrepreneurial intentions. Int J Manag Educ. 2020;18(3): 100420.","journal-title":"Int J Manag Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"341_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1108\/JSBED-01-2020-0012","volume":"27","author":"R Bell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bell R, Bell H. Applying educational theory to develop a framework to support the delivery of experiential entrepreneurship education. J Small Bus Enterp Dev. 2020;27(6):987\u20131004.","journal-title":"J Small Bus Enterp Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"341_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.3390\/su12031267","volume":"12","author":"G Boldureanu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boldureanu G, Ionescu AM, Bercu AM, Bedrule-Grigoru\u021b\u0103 MV, Boldureanu D. Entrepreneurship education through successful entrepreneurial models in higher education institutions. Sustainability. 2020;12(3):1267.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"341_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao W, Fang L. An innovation and entrepreneurship management system for universities based on cluster analysis theory. J Sens. 2022:1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4865716"},{"key":"341_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li J, Zhao Y. Construction of innovation and entrepreneurship platform based on a deep learning algorithm. Sci Prog. 2021:1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1833979"},{"key":"341_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah IA, Amjed S, Jaboob S. The moderating role of entrepreneurship education in shaping entrepreneurial intentions. J Econ Struct. 2020; 9:1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40008-020-00195-4"},{"issue":"6","key":"341_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-019-09769-2","volume":"45","author":"S Kruger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kruger S, Steyn AA. Enhancing technology transfer through entrepreneurial development: practices from innovation spaces. J Technol Transf. 2020;45(6):1655\u201389.","journal-title":"J Technol Transf"},{"key":"341_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia H, Chen W. An intelligent cloud computing data processing system for college innovation and entrepreneurship data statistics. 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Combining technology and entrepreneurial education through design thinking: students\u2019 reflections on the learning process. Technol Forecast Soc Chang. 2021;164: 119689.","journal-title":"Technol Forecast Soc Chang"},{"key":"341_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.610409","volume":"12","author":"X Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao X, Zhang J. The analysis of integration of ideological political education with innovation entrepreneurship education for college students. Front Psychol. 2021;12: 610409.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"341_CR14","volume":"19","author":"V Ratten","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ratten V, Usmanij P. Entrepreneurship education: time for a change in research direction? Int J Manag Educ. 2021;19(1): 100367.","journal-title":"Int J Manag Educ"},{"key":"341_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106275","volume":"107","author":"RK Jena","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jena RK. Measuring the impact of business management Student\u2019s attitude towards entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention: a case study. Comput Hum Behav. 2020;107: 106275.","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"341_CR16","volume":"19","author":"V Ratten","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ratten V, Jones P. Covid-19 and entrepreneurship education: Implications for advancing research and practice. Int J Manag Educ. 2021;19(1): 100432.","journal-title":"Int J Manag Educ"},{"issue":"9","key":"341_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04922","volume":"6","author":"LW Wardana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wardana LW, Narmaditya BS, Wibowo A, Mahendra AM, Wibowo NA, Harwida G, Rohman AN. The impact of entrepreneurship education and students\u2019 entrepreneurial mindset: the mediating role of attitude and self-efficacy. 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