{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T16:01:07Z","timestamp":1773331267256,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Artif Intell"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-025-00352-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:19:52Z","timestamp":1761743992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ambulance routing optimization based on emergency medical service availability"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mona","family":"Almalki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Aldhahri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nahla","family":"Aljojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"352_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2017.2230","volume":"152","author":"HK Mell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mell HK, Mumma SN, Hiestand B, Carr BG, Holland T, Stopyra J. Emergency medical services response times in rural, suburban, and urban areas. JAMA Surg. 2017;152(10):983\u20134.","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"352_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradeepa R, Mohan P, Joy SI. A Review on Ambulance Tracking System using GPS Technology Integrated with an Android Application. In2023 3rd International Conference on Innovative Mechanisms for Industry Applications (ICIMIA). IEEE. 2023; pp. 1296\u20131300","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIMIA60377.2023.10425940"},{"key":"352_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohan P, Pradeepa R. Prior Emergency Ambulance Tracking Android Application for Traffic Cops Using GPS Technology. In2024 Ninth International Conference on Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (ICONSTEM). IEEE. 2024; pp. 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICONSTEM60960.2024.10568740"},{"key":"352_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2014.11.006","volume":"56","author":"L Talarico","year":"2015","unstructured":"Talarico L, Meisel F, S\u00f6rensen K. Ambulance routing for disaster response with patient groups. Comput Oper Res. 2015;56:120\u201333.","journal-title":"Comput Oper Res"},{"key":"352_CR5","unstructured":"Committee on the Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System. Emergency medical services: at the crossroads. National Academies Press. 2007."},{"issue":"7","key":"352_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023464","volume":"8","author":"M Cassarino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cassarino M, Robinson K, Quinn R, Naddy B, O\u2019Regan A, Ryan D, Boland F, Ward ME, McNamara R, McCarthy G, Galvin R. Effectiveness of early assessment and intervention by interdisciplinary teams including health and social care professionals in the emergency department: protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2018;8(7): e023464.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"352_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-14-369","volume":"14","author":"R Clay-Williams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clay-Williams R, Nosrati H, Cunningham FC, Hillman K, Braithwaite J. Do large-scale hospital-and system-wide interventions improve patient outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:1\u20133.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"352_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30046-8","volume":"7","author":"YT Xiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, Ng CH. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(3):228\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"13","key":"352_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy004","volume":"39","author":"KH Scholz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scholz KH, Maier SK, Maier LS, Lengenfelder B, Jacobshagen C, Jung J, Fleischmann C, Werner GS, Olbrich HG, Ott R, Mudra H. Impact of treatment delay on mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients presenting with and without haemodynamic instability: results from the German prospective, multicentre FITT-STEMI trial. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(13):1065\u201374.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"352_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4606170","author":"F Simore","year":"2023","unstructured":"Simore F, H\u00eache F, Barakat O, Desmettre T, Marx T, Robert-Nicoud S. Optimizing emergency medical services: a comparative study of mathematical models for ambulance and station location and relocation in Switzerland. SSRN. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4606170.","journal-title":"SSRN"},{"issue":"1","key":"352_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2021-001654","volume":"8","author":"A Alrawashdeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alrawashdeh A, Nehme Z, Williams B, Smith K, Brennan A, Dinh DT, Liew D, Lefkovits J, Stub D. Impact of emergency medical service delays on time to reperfusion and mortality in STEMI. Open Heart. 2021;8(1): e001654.","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"issue":"2","key":"352_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-021-01685-1","volume":"48","author":"JF Waalwijk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Waalwijk JF, Lokerman RD, van der Sluijs R, Fiddelers AA, Leenen LP, van Heijl M, Poeze M. Priority accuracy by dispatch centers and emergency medical services professionals in trauma patients: a cohort study. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2022;48(2):1111\u201320.","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"key":"352_CR13","unstructured":"Peric N, Begovic S, Lesic V. Adaptive Memory Procedure for Solving Real-world Vehicle Routing Problem. arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.04420. 2024."},{"key":"352_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2023.0241","author":"P Zattoni Scroccaro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zattoni Scroccaro P, van Beek P, Mohajerin Esfahani P, Atasoy B. Inverse optimization for routing problems. Transp Sci. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/trsc.2023.0241.","journal-title":"Transp Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"352_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04024023","DOI":"10.1061\/JUPDDM.UPENG-4761","volume":"150","author":"M Toski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Toski M, Cuevas E, Avila K, Perez-Cisneros M. Enhancing bicycle trajectory planning in urban environments through complex network optimization. J Urban Plan Dev. 2024;150(3):04024023.","journal-title":"J Urban Plan Dev"},{"issue":"10","key":"352_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18237","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2022.3165757","volume":"23","author":"S Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang S, Zhang Y, Liu R, Jafari M, Kharbeche M. Data-driven optimization for dynamic shortest path problem considering traffic safety. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst. 2022;23(10):18237\u201352.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"352_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.3934\/jimo.2021007","volume":"18","author":"M Rabbani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rabbani M, Oladzad-Abbasabady N, Akbarian-Saravi N. Ambulance routing in disaster response considering variable patient condition: NSGA-II and MOPSO algorithms. J Ind Manag Optim. 2022;18(2):1035.","journal-title":"J Ind Manag Optim"},{"key":"352_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2019.11.001","volume":"133","author":"S Yoon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoon S, Albert LA. A dynamic ambulance routing model with multiple response. Transp Res Part ELogistics Transp Rev. 2020;133:101807.","journal-title":"Transp Res Part ELogistics Transp Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"352_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.health.2023.100256","volume":"1","author":"M Sutherland","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sutherland M, Chakrabortty RK. An optimal ambulance routing model using simulation based on patient medical severity. Healthcare Anal. 2023;1(4):100256.","journal-title":"Healthcare Anal"},{"key":"352_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2019.09.291","volume":"159","author":"I Zidi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zidi I, Al-Omani M, Aldhafeeri K. A new approach based on the hybridization of simulated annealing algorithm and tabu search to solve the static ambulance routing problem. Proced Comput Sci. 2019;159:1216\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2019.09.291.","journal-title":"Proced Comput Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"352_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1108\/JHLSCM-11-2018-0072","volume":"10","author":"H Adarang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adarang H, Bozorgi-Amiri A, Khalili-Damghani K, Tavakkoli-Moghaddam R. A robust bi-objective location-routing model for providing emergency medical services. J Humanit Logist Supply Chain Manag. 2020;10(3):285\u2013319.","journal-title":"J Humanit Logist Supply Chain Manag"},{"key":"352_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2019.100747","volume":"71","author":"JA Acuna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Acuna JA, Zayas-Castro JL, Charkhgard H. Ambulance allocation optimization model for the overcrowding problem in US emergency departments: a case study in Florida. Socio-Econ Plan Sci. 2019;71:100747.","journal-title":"Socio-Econ Plan Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"352_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.2019.1969","volume":"68","author":"JJ Boutilier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boutilier JJ, Chan TC. Ambulance emergency response optimization in developing countries. Oper Res. 2020;68(5):1315\u201334.","journal-title":"Oper Res"},{"key":"352_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411920925207","author":"P Memari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Memari P, Tavakkoli-Moghaddam R, Navazi F, Jolai F. Air and ground ambulance location-allocation-routing problem for designing a temporary emergency management system after a disaster. Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0954411920925207.","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng H"},{"key":"352_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12065-020-00448-y","author":"C Jose","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jose C, Vijula Grace KS. Optimization based routing model for the dynamic path planning of emergency vehicles. Evol Intell. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12065-020-00448-y.","journal-title":"Evol Intell"},{"issue":"4","key":"352_CR26","first-page":"252","volume":"4","author":"W Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang W, Su Q, Huang SH, Wang Q, Zhu Y, Zhou M. Simulation modeling and optimization for ambulance allocation considering spatiotemporal stochastic demand. J Manag Sci Eng. 2019;4(4):252\u201365.","journal-title":"J Manag Sci Eng"},{"key":"352_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2020.2987008","volume":"8","author":"C Mackle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mackle C, Bond R, Torney H, McBride R, McLaughlin J, Finlay D, et al. A data-driven simulator for the strategic positioning of aerial ambulance drones reaching out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a genetic algorithmic approach. IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med. 2020;8:1\u201310.","journal-title":"IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med"},{"key":"352_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3991\/ijoe.v17i12.25455","volume":"17","author":"MF Amr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amr MF, Elgarej M, Benmoussa N, Mansouri K, Qbadou M. Towards a distributed SMA-based solution for the interoperability of hospital information systems for better routing of emergency ambulances. Int J Online Biomed Eng. 2021;17:70\u201392.","journal-title":"Int J Online Biomed Eng"},{"key":"352_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2021.101065","volume":"48","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li X, Niu X, Liu G. Spatiotemporal representation learning for rescue route selection: an optimized regularization-based method. Electron Commer Res Appl. 2021;48:101065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.elerap.2021.101065.","journal-title":"Electron Commer Res Appl"},{"key":"352_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10100-021-00785-y","author":"R Aringhieri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aringhieri R, Bigharaz S, Duma D, Guastalla A. Fairness in ambulance routing for post-disaster management. Cent Eur J Oper Res. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10100-021-00785-y.","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"352_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.health.2022.100048","volume":"2","author":"SN Shetab-Boushehri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shetab-Boushehri SN, Rajabi P, Mahmoudi R. Modeling location\u2013allocation of emergency medical service stations and ambulance routing problems considering the variability of events and recurrent traffic congestion: a real case study. Healthc Anal. 2022;2:100048.","journal-title":"Healthc Anal"},{"issue":"3","key":"352_CR32","first-page":"98","volume":"3","author":"RD Gunawan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gunawan RD, Napianto R, Borman RI, Hanifah I. Implementation Of Dijkstra\u2019s algorithm in determining the shortest path (case study: specialist doctor search in bandar lampung). Int J Inf Syst Comput Sci. 2019;3(3):98\u2013106.","journal-title":"Int J Inf Syst Comput Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"352_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012061","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1566\/1\/012061","volume":"1566","author":"D Rachmawati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rachmawati D, Gustin L. Analysis of Dijkstra\u2019s algorithm and A* algorithm in shortest path problem. InJ Phys Conf Ser. 2020;1566(1):012061.","journal-title":"InJ Phys Conf Ser"},{"issue":"1","key":"352_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.69692\/SUJMRD100118","volume":"10","author":"K Kounlaxay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kounlaxay K, Simmavong S, Manivanh V, Thongphet S, Sengdala S, Meksavanh B. Implementation of shortest path finding using Dijkstra\u2019s algorithm. Sujournal. 2024;10(1):20\u20137.","journal-title":"Sujournal"}],"container-title":["Discover Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00352-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00352-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00352-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:19:55Z","timestamp":1761743995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00352-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00352-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-0809"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-0809","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"297"}}