{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T07:10:08Z","timestamp":1750057808151,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62373290","62373290","62373290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62373290","62373290","62373290"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Smart Grid-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2024ZD0802100","2024ZD0802100","2024ZD0802100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZD0802100","2024ZD0802100","2024ZD0802100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Artif Intell"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Renewable energy is developing rapidly, and its intermittency and uncertainty pose a serious challenge to the grid\u2019s regulation capability. Demand response, as a crucial means of integrating flexible load-side resources, has become a key technology in alleviating grid pressure. This paper focuses on thermostatically controlled loads and proposes a novel distributed control framework. The framework decouples the load control loop by dividing the control process into a short distributed coordination phase and a long local tracking phase. This approach significantly reduces communication requirements of the load nodes. Through mathematical derivations, numerical simulations, and hardware-in-the-loop experiments, the theoretical feasibility and practical effectiveness of the proposed framework are validated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-025-00368-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T06:32:13Z","timestamp":1750055533000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel distributed control framework for thermostatically controlled loads cluster"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Yiyan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhenwei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"368_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2019.2909301","volume":"11","author":"S Cui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cui S, Wang Y-W, Li C, Xiao J-W. Prosumer community: a risk aversion energy sharing model. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy. 2020;11(2):828\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSTE.2019.2909301.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Sustain Energy"},{"key":"368_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113541","volume":"184","author":"LP Wagner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wagner LP, Reinpold LM, Kilthau M, Fay A. A systematic review of modeling approaches for flexible energy resources. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2023;184: 113541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113541.","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"368_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2024.3355991","volume":"15","author":"B Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng B, Wei W, Xu Y, Chen Y. Capacity aggregation and online control of clustered energy storage units. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy. 2024;15(3):1546\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSTE.2024.3355991.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Sustain Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"368_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2014.2328865","volume":"30","author":"H Hao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hao H, Sanandaji BM, Poolla K, Vincent TL. Aggregate flexibility of thermostatically controlled loads. IEEE Trans Power Syst. 2015;30(1):189\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPWRS.2014.2328865.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"key":"368_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111708","volume":"256","author":"C Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang C, Wang B, Cui M, Wei F. Cooling seasonal performance of inverter air conditioner using model prediction control for demand response. Energy Build. 2022;256: 111708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111708.","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"issue":"5","key":"368_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3561","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2023.3238997","volume":"14","author":"W Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang W, Lu C, Wu C. Robust scheduling of thermostatically controlled loads with statistically feasible guarantees. IEEE Trans Smart Grid. 2023;14(5):3561\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSG.2023.3238997.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Smart Grid"},{"key":"368_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2019.02.005","volume":"171","author":"S Lin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lin S, Liu D, Hu F, Li F, Dong W, Li D, Fu Y. Grouping control strategy for aggregated thermostatically controlled loads. Electr Power Syst Res. 2019;171:97\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epsr.2019.02.005.","journal-title":"Electr Power Syst Res"},{"key":"368_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2016.07.003","volume":"141","author":"F Conte","year":"2016","unstructured":"Conte F, Massucco S, Silvestro F. Frequency control services by a building cooling system aggregate. Electr Power Syst Res. 2016;141:137\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epsr.2016.07.003.","journal-title":"Electr Power Syst Res"},{"key":"368_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.119591","volume":"323","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng Z, Pan J, Huang G, Luo X. A bottom-up intra-hour proactive scheduling of thermal appliances for household peak avoiding based on model predictive control. Appl Energy. 2022;323: 119591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.119591.","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"issue":"5","key":"368_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2020.2991835","volume":"11","author":"N Mahdavi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahdavi N, Braslavsky JH. Modelling and control of ensembles of variable-speed air conditioning loads for demand response. IEEE Trans Smart Grid. 2020;11(5):4249\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSG.2020.2991835.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Smart Grid"},{"issue":"1","key":"368_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2019.2891072","volume":"11","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Tang Y, Xu Y, Xu Y. A distributed control scheme of thermostatically controlled loads for the building-microgrid community. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy. 2020;11(1):350\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSTE.2019.2891072.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Sustain Energy"},{"issue":"6","key":"368_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5522","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2017.2689820","volume":"9","author":"M Song","year":"2018","unstructured":"Song M, Gao C, Yan H, Yang J. Thermal battery modeling of inverter air conditioning for demand response. IEEE Trans Smart Grid. 2018;9(6):5522\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSG.2017.2689820.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Smart Grid"},{"issue":"4","key":"368_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2016.2626315","volume":"32","author":"J Hu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hu J, Cao J, Chen MZQ, Yu J, Yao J, Yang S, Yong T. Load following of multiple heterogeneous TCL aggregators by centralized control. IEEE Trans Power Syst. 2017;32(4):3157\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPWRS.2016.2626315.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"key":"368_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.113371","volume":"251","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Y, Xu Y, Tang Y. Distributed aggregation control of grid-interactive smart buildings for power system frequency support. Appl Energy. 2019;251: 113371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.113371.","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"issue":"2","key":"368_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2020.2974181","volume":"29","author":"M Franceschelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Franceschelli M, Pilloni A, Gasparri A. Multi-agent coordination of thermostatically controlled loads by smart power sockets for electric demand side management. IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol. 2021;29(2):731\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCST.2020.2974181.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"368_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2024.3425210","volume":"32","author":"M Kaheni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaheni M, Papadopoulos AV, Usai E, Franceschelli M. A privacy-preserving distributed greedy framework to desynchronize power consumption in a network of thermostatically controlled loads. IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol. 2024;32(6):2476\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCST.2024.3425210.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol"},{"key":"368_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.107463","volume":"77","author":"M Dai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dai M, Li H, Wang S. Multi-agent based distributed cooperative control of air-conditioning systems for building fast demand response. J Build Eng. 2023;77: 107463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.107463.","journal-title":"J Build Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"368_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2019.2891072","volume":"11","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Tang Y, Xu Y, Xu Y. A distributed control scheme of thermostatically controlled loads for the building-microgrid community. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy. 2020;11(1):350\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSTE.2019.2891072.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Sustain Energy"},{"issue":"3","key":"368_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2023.3321654","volume":"15","author":"Z-W Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu Z-W, Ding L, Kong Z-M, Liu Z-W, Hu P, Xiao Y. A distributed coordinated framework with fair comfort level sharing for inverter air conditioner in auxiliary services. IEEE Trans Smart Grid. 2024;15(3):2776\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSG.2023.3321654.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Smart Grid"},{"key":"368_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2022.108912","volume":"147","author":"J Dai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dai J, Liu Y, Yan C, Tang Y, Zhou X, Xue F. A coordinated control method of aggregate ac load for auxiliary frequency regulation service. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst. 2023;147: 108912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijepes.2022.108912.","journal-title":"Int J Electr Power Energy Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"368_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2022.3186002","volume":"14","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng Z, Wang S, Li W, Luo X. A consensus-based distributed temperature priority control of air conditioner clusters for voltage regulation in distribution networks. IEEE Trans Smart Grid. 2023;14(1):290\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSG.2022.3186002.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Smart Grid"},{"issue":"2","key":"368_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2023.3306044","volume":"15","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng Z, Tang R, Luo X, Li H, Wang S. A distributed coordination strategy for heterogeneous building flexible thermal loads in responding to smart grids. IEEE Trans Smart Grid. 2024;15(2):1620\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSG.2023.3306044.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Smart Grid"},{"key":"368_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.120304","volume":"330","author":"L Dong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dong L, Wu Q, Hong J, Wang Z, Fan S, He G. An adaptive decentralized regulation strategy for the cluster with massive inverter air conditionings. Appl Energy. 2023;330: 120304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.120304.","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"368_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.126584","volume":"267","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang X, Han L, Wang C, Yu H, Yu X. A time-scale adaptive dispatching strategy considering the matching of time characteristics and dispatching periods of the integrated energy system. Energy. 2023;267: 126584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2022.126584.","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"368_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.127664","volume":"277","author":"Y Ding","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ding Y, Dang Y. Forecasting renewable energy generation with a novel flexible nonlinear multivariable discrete grey prediction model. Energy. 2023;277: 127664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2023.127664.","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"368_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118447","volume":"242","author":"L-L Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li L-L, Zhao X, Tseng M-L, Tan RR. Short-term wind power forecasting based on support vector machine with improved dragonfly algorithm. J Clean Prod. 2020;242: 118447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118447.","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"2","key":"368_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3201589","volume":"19","author":"B Ning","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ning B, Han Q-L, Zuo Z, Ding L, Lu Q, Ge X. Fixed-time and prescribed-time consensus control of multiagent systems and its applications: a survey of recent trends and methodologies. IEEE Trans Ind Inf. 2023;19(2):1121\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TII.2022.3201589.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Inf"},{"issue":"3","key":"368_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2009.2031624","volume":"40","author":"W Yu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yu W, Chen G, Cao M, Kurths J. Second-order consensus for multiagent systems with directed topologies and nonlinear dynamics. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B (Cybern). 2010;40(3):881\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSMCB.2009.2031624.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B (Cybern)"},{"issue":"4","key":"368_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2017.2788874","volume":"49","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Y, Song Y, Hill DJ, Krstic M. Prescribed-time consensus and containment control of networked multiagent systems. IEEE Trans Cybern. 2019;49(4):1138\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCYB.2017.2788874.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cybern"}],"container-title":["Discover Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00368-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00368-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00368-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T06:32:13Z","timestamp":1750055533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00368-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00368-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-0809"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-0809","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There is no original research involving human subjects, animal subjects, or sensitive data in this review publication. The studies and data included in this review were sourced from publicly available and previously published literature.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors listed in this paper have reviewed and approved the final manuscript for submission to Discover Artificial Intelligence.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"106"}}