{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T10:25:07Z","timestamp":1769941507031,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Artif Intell"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-025-00389-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T17:55:29Z","timestamp":1752774929000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Research trends on artificial intelligence in K-12 education in Asia: a bibliometric analysis using the Scopus database (1996\u20132025)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5842-5931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irwanto","family":"Irwanto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"389_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2023.123076","volume":"199","author":"O Ali","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ali O, Murray PA, Momin M, Dwivedi YK, Malik T. The effects of artificial intelligence applications in educational settings: challenges and strategies. Technol Forecast Soc Change. 2024;199:123076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techfore.2023.123076.","journal-title":"Technol Forecast Soc Change"},{"key":"389_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12491-8","volume":"29","author":"S Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo S, Zheng Y, Zhai X. Artificial intelligence in education research during 2013\u20132023: a review based on bibliometric analysis. Educ Inf Technol. 2024;29:16387\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12491-8.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"389_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9855","DOI":"10.3390\/su16229855","volume":"16","author":"H U\u011fra\u015f","year":"2024","unstructured":"U\u011fra\u015f H, U\u011fra\u015f M, Papadakis S, Kalogiannakis M. ChatGPT-supported education in primary schools: the potential of ChatGPT for sustainable practices. Sustainability. 2024;16:9855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su16229855.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"3","key":"389_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2022.2121344","volume":"56","author":"H Crompton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Crompton H, Jones MV, Burke D. Affordances and challenges of artificial intelligence in K-12 education: a systematic review. J Res Technol Educ. 2024;56(3):248\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15391523.2022.2121344.","journal-title":"J Res Technol Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"389_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2261730","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2023.2261730","volume":"37","author":"V Maphosa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maphosa V, Maphosa M. Artificial intelligence in higher education: a bibliometric analysis and topic modeling approach. Appl Artif Intell. 2023;37(1):2261730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08839514.2023.2261730.","journal-title":"Appl Artif Intell"},{"key":"389_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13225-6","author":"CC Ekin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ekin CC, Cantekin \u00d6F, Polat E, Hopcan S. Artificial intelligence in education: a text mining-based review of the past 56 years. Educ Inf Technol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13225-6.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"389_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s40468-024-00324-x","volume":"14","author":"MA Khan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khan MA, Kurbonova O, Abdullaev D, Radie AH, Basim N. Is AI-assisted assessment liable to evaluate young learners? Parents support, teacher support, immunity, and resilience are in focus in testing vocabulary learning. Lang Test Asia. 2024;14:48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40468-024-00324-x.","journal-title":"Lang Test Asia"},{"issue":"17","key":"389_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22859","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12738-4","volume":"29","author":"D Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee D, Kwon H. Meta-analysis on effects of artificial intelligence education in K-12 South Korean classrooms. Educ Inf Technol. 2024;29(17):22859\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12738-4.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"389_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105071","volume":"217","author":"B D\u00edaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"D\u00edaz B, Nussbaum M. Artificial intelligence for teaching and learning in schools: the need for pedagogical intelligence. Comput Educ. 2024;217:105071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105071.","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"389_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/09523987.2023.2264990","volume":"60","author":"DM Heeg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heeg DM, Avraamidou L. The use of Artificial intelligence in school science: a systematic literature review. EMI Educ Media Int. 2023;60(2):125\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09523987.2023.2264990.","journal-title":"EMI Educ Media Int"},{"key":"389_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci9010051","volume":"9","author":"FJ Hinojo-Lucena","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hinojo-Lucena FJ, Aznar-D\u00edaz I, C\u00e1ceres-Reche MP, Romero-Rodr\u00edguez JM. Artificial intelligence in higher education: a bibliometric study on its impact in the scientific literature. Educ Sci. 2019;9:51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci9010051.","journal-title":"Educ Sci"},{"key":"389_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-024-00350-5","volume":"11","author":"MY Mustafa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mustafa MY, et al. A systematic review of literature reviews on artificial intelligence in education (AIED): a roadmap to a future research agenda. Smart Learn Environ. 2024;11:59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-024-00350-5.","journal-title":"Smart Learn Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"389_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13076-1","volume":"30","author":"Q Qin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qin Q, Zhang S. Visualizing the knowledge mapping of artificial intelligence in education: a systematic review. Educ Inf Technol. 2025;30(1):449\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13076-1.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"389_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14010047","volume":"14","author":"R L\u00f3pez-Chila","year":"2024","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Chila R, Llerena-Izquierdo J, Sumba-Nacipucha N, Cueva-Estrada J. Artificial intelligence in higher education: an analysis of existing bibliometrics. Educ Sci. 2024;14:47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci14010047.","journal-title":"Educ Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"389_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s13218-021-00735-5","volume":"35","author":"C Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez C, Hern\u00e1n-Losada I, Fern\u00e1ndez A. Early introduction of AI in Spanish middle schools. A motivational study. KI - Kunstl Intelligenz. 2021;35(2):163\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13218-021-00735-5.","journal-title":"KI - Kunstl Intelligenz"},{"key":"389_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100195","volume":"6","author":"F Martin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Martin F, Zhuang M, Schaefer D. Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence in K-12 education (2017\u20132022). Comput Educ Artif Intell. 2024;6:100195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100195.","journal-title":"Comput Educ Artif Intell"},{"key":"389_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100054","volume":"3","author":"DTK Ng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ng DTK, Luo W, Chan HMY, Chu SKW. Using digital story writing as a pedagogy to develop AI literacy among primary students. Comput Educ Artif Intell. 2022;3:100054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100054.","journal-title":"Comput Educ Artif Intell"},{"key":"389_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100065","volume":"3","author":"J Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su J, Zhong Y, Ng DTK. A meta-review of literature on educational approaches for teaching AI at the K-12 levels in the Asia-Pacific region. Comput Educ Artif Intell. 2022;3:100065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100065.","journal-title":"Comput Educ Artif Intell"},{"issue":"9","key":"389_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5207","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2212706","volume":"32","author":"J Su","year":"2024","unstructured":"Su J, Guo K, Chen X, Chu SKW. Teaching artificial intelligence in K\u201312 classrooms: a scoping review. Interact Learn Environ. 2024;32(9):5207\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2023.2212706.","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"389_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2024.2335499","volume":"33","author":"K Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim K, Kwon K. A systematic review of the evaluation in K-12 artificial intelligence education from 2013 to 2022. Interact Learn Environ. 2025;33(1):103\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2024.2335499.","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"389_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.14352\/jkaie.2021.25.1.71","volume":"25","author":"Y Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee Y. Development and effectiveness analysis of artificial intelligence STEAM education program. J Korean Assoc Inf Educ. 2021;25(1):71\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14352\/jkaie.2021.25.1.71.","journal-title":"J Korean Assoc Inf Educ"},{"issue":"63","key":"389_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.6018\/red.410121","volume":"20","author":"JD Rodr\u00edguez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Garc\u00eda JD, Moreno-Le\u00f3n J, Rom\u00e1n-Gonz\u00e1lez M, Robles G. LearningML: a tool to foster computational thinking skills through practical artificial intelligence projects. Rev Educ a Distancia. 2020;20(63):7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6018\/red.410121.","journal-title":"Rev Educ a Distancia"},{"issue":"5","key":"389_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12984","volume":"51","author":"SZ Salas-Pilco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salas-Pilco SZ. The impact of AI and robotics on physical, social-emotional and intellectual learning outcomes: an integrated analytical framework. Br J Educ Technol. 2020;51(5):1808\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12984.","journal-title":"Br J Educ Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"389_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v25i1.2454","volume":"25","author":"DTK Ng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ng DTK, Chu SKW. Motivating students to learn AI through social networking sites: a case study in Hong Kong. Online Learn. 2021;25(1):195\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24059\/olj.v25i1.2454.","journal-title":"Online Learn"},{"issue":"4","key":"389_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-021-09508-3","volume":"26","author":"P Ferrarelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferrarelli P, Iocchi L. Learning Newtonian physics through programming robot experiments. Technol Knowl Learn. 2021;26(4):789\u2013824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10758-021-09508-3.","journal-title":"Technol Knowl Learn"},{"issue":"1","key":"389_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1039\/c5rp00144g","volume":"17","author":"M Figueiredo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Figueiredo M, Esteves L, Neves J, Vicente H. A data mining approach to study the impact of the methodology followed in chemistry lab classes on the weight attributed by the students to the lab work on learning and motivation. Chem Educ Res Pract. 2016;17(1):156\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c5rp00144g.","journal-title":"Chem Educ Res Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"389_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10627-8","volume":"26","author":"A Deveci Topal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deveci Topal A, Dilek Eren C, Kolburan Ge\u00e7er A. Chatbot application in a 5th grade science course. Educ Inf Technol. 2021;26(5):6241\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10627-8.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"389_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633120929622","volume":"58","author":"HL Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen HL, Vicki Widarso G, Sutrisno H. A chatbot for learning Chinese: learning achievement and technology acceptance. J Educ Comput Res. 2020;58(6):1161\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0735633120929622.","journal-title":"J. Educ. Comput. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"389_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.33902\/JPR.202429218","volume":"8","author":"K Kavitha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kavitha K, Joshith VP. Pedagogical incorporation of artificial intelligence in K-12 science education: a decadal bibliometric mapping and systematic literature review (2013\u20132023). J Pedagog Res. 2024;8(4):437\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33902\/JPR.202429218.","journal-title":"J Pedagog Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"389_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1080\/02188791.2024.2390663","volume":"44","author":"J Loh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Loh J, Chong WH, Lim-Ratnam C, Tan M, Ow P. Educational evaluation research in Asia: a scoping review. Asia Pacific J Educ. 2024;44(3):552\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02188791.2024.2390663.","journal-title":"Asia Pacific J Educ"},{"key":"389_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.04.070","volume":"133","author":"N Donthu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Donthu N, Kumar S, Mukherjee D, Pandey N, Lim WM. How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: an overview and guidelines. J Bus Res. 2021;133:285\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.04.070.","journal-title":"J Bus Res"},{"key":"389_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00422-0","author":"Y Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang Y, Chen L, He W, Sun D, Salas-Pilco SZ. Artificial intelligence for enhancing special education for K-12: a decade of trends, themes, and global insights (2013\u20132023). Int J Artif Intell Educ. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-024-00422-0.","journal-title":"Int J Artif Intell Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"389_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428114562629","volume":"18","author":"I Zupic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zupic I, \u010cater T. Bibliometric methods in management and organization. Organ Res Methods. 2015;18(3):429\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1094428114562629.","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods"},{"key":"389_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-020-03690-4","volume":"126","author":"A Mart\u00edn-Mart\u00edn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Mart\u00edn A, Thelwall M, Orduna-Malea E, Delgado L\u00f3pez-C\u00f3zar E. Google Scholar, microsoft academic, scopus, dimensions, web of science, and OpenCitations\u2019 COCI: a multidisciplinary comparison of coverage via citations. Scientometrics. 2021;126:871\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-020-03690-4.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"389_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124033","volume":"276","author":"S Pizzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pizzi S, Caputo A, Corvino A, Venturelli A. Management research and the UN sustainable development goals (SDGs): a bibliometric investigation and systematic review. J Clean Prod. 2020;276:124033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124033.","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"389_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/publications9010012","volume":"9","author":"R Pranckut\u0117","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pranckut\u0117 R. Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus: the titans of bibliographic information in today\u2019s academic world. Publications. 2021;9:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/publications9010012.","journal-title":"Publications"},{"key":"389_CR37","unstructured":"Elsevier, \u201cContent coverage guide,\u201d 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/assets.ctfassets.net\/o78em1y1w4i4\/EX1iy8VxBeQKf8aN2XzOp\/c36f79db25484cb38a5972ad9a5472ec\/Scopus_ContentCoverage_Guide_WEB.pdf."},{"key":"389_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","volume":"4","author":"D Moher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moher D, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"389_CR39","unstructured":"Worldometers, \u201cHow many countries in Asia?,\u201d 2025. https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/geography\/how-many-countries-in-asia\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"389_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0954-1810(95)00016-X","volume":"10","author":"SC Fok","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fok SC, Ong EK. A high school project on artificial intelligence in robotics. Artif Intell Eng. 1996;10(1):61\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0954-1810(95)00016-X.","journal-title":"Artif Intell Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"389_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2017.08.007","volume":"11","author":"M Aria","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aria M, Cuccurullo C. bibliometrix: an R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. J Informetr. 2017;11(4):959\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joi.2017.08.007.","journal-title":"J Informetr"},{"issue":"2","key":"389_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-009-0146-3","volume":"84","author":"NJ van Eck","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Eck NJ, Waltman L. Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics. 2010;84(2):523\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-009-0146-3.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"389_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14040800","volume":"14","author":"D Vergara","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vergara D, Bosque A, Lampropoulos G, Fern\u00e1ndez-Arias P. Trends and applications of artificial intelligence in project management. Electronics. 2025;14:800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics14040800.","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"389_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/14783363.2023.2256260","volume":"35","author":"Y Abu Huson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abu Huson Y, Sierra-Garc\u00eda L, Garcia-Benau MA. A bibliometric review of information technology, artificial intelligence, and blockchain on auditing. Total Qual Manag Bus Excell. 2024;35(1\u20132):91\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14783363.2023.2256260.","journal-title":"Total Qual Manag Bus Excell"},{"issue":"4","key":"389_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.18421\/TEM134-14","volume":"13","author":"Y Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee Y. Development of open large language models for artificial intelligence digital textbooks. TEM J. 2024;13(4):2773\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18421\/TEM134-14.","journal-title":"TEM J"},{"key":"389_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100271","volume":"7","author":"S Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng S. The effects of chatbot use on foreign language reading anxiety and reading performance among Chinese secondary school students. Comput Educ Artif Intell. 2024;7:100271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100271.","journal-title":"Comput Educ Artif Intell"},{"issue":"1","key":"389_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.17275\/per.25.12.12.1","volume":"12","author":"R Setiawan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Setiawan R, Farisiyah U, Abidin MZ, Widiawanti W. Harnessing AI-based learning media in education: a meta-analysis of its effects on student achievement. Particip Educ Res. 2025;12(1):222\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17275\/per.25.12.12.1.","journal-title":"Particip Educ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"389_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-020-09889-7","volume":"30","author":"HS Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee HS, Gweon GH, Lord T, Paessel N, Pallant A, Pryputniewicz S. Machine learning-enabled automated feedback: supporting students\u2019 revision of scientific arguments based on data drawn from simulation. J Sci Educ Technol. 2021;30(2):168\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10956-020-09889-7.","journal-title":"J Sci Educ Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"389_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/10899995.2019.1565285","volume":"67","author":"C Mead","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mead C, Buxner S, Bruce G, Taylor W, Semken S, Anbar AD. Immersive, interactive virtual field trips promote science learning. J Geosci Educ. 2019;67(2):131\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10899995.2019.1565285.","journal-title":"J Geosci Educ"},{"key":"389_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5568","DOI":"10.3390\/su12145568","volume":"12","author":"TKF Chiu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chiu TKF, Chai CS. Sustainable curriculum planning for artificial intelligence education: a self-determination theory perspective. Sustainability. 2020;12:5568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12145568.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"10","key":"389_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.9708\/jksci.2021.26.10.199","volume":"26","author":"S-A Min","year":"2021","unstructured":"Min S-A, Jeon I-S, Song K-S. The effects of artificial intelligence convergence education using machine learning platform on STEAM literacy and learning flow. J Korea Soc Comput Inf. 2021;26(10):199\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9708\/jksci.2021.26.10.199.","journal-title":"J Korea Soc Comput Inf"},{"key":"389_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xie Y, Li J, Ye Z, Lin X, Cao L, and Huang Y. The development and effect analysis of the deep-learning classroom model of primary school mathematics in the intelligent environment. In: 2020 International Symposium on Educational Technology (ISET), 2020, p. 13\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISET49818.2020.00013.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISET49818.2020.00013"},{"issue":"1","key":"389_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071406","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2022.2071406","volume":"36","author":"YN Mnyawami","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mnyawami YN, Maziku HH, Mushi JC. Enhanced model for predicting student dropouts in developing countries using automated machine learning approach: a case of Tanzanian\u2019s secondary schools. Appl Artif Intell. 2022;36(1):2071406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08839514.2022.2071406.","journal-title":"Appl Artif Intell"},{"key":"389_CR54","volume-title":"Little science, big science\u2026 and beyond","author":"DJS Price","year":"1986","unstructured":"Price DJS. Little science, big science\u2026 and beyond. New York: Columbia University Press; 1986."},{"issue":"2","key":"389_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1177\/0974928419841786","volume":"75","author":"N Agarwala","year":"2019","unstructured":"Agarwala N, Chaudhary RD. China\u2019s policy on science and technology: Implications for the next industrial transition. India Q. 2019;75(2):206\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0974928419841786.","journal-title":"India Q"},{"key":"389_CR56","unstructured":"Jiang B, Tech war: China creates US$8.2 billion AI investment fund amid tightened US trade controls, 2025. https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/tech\/big-tech\/article\/3295513\/tech-war-china-creates-us82-billion-ai-investment-fund-amid-tightened-us-trade-controls."},{"key":"389_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc7010012","volume":"7","author":"M Soliman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soliman M, Fatnassi T, Elgammal I, Figueiredo R. Exploring the major trends and emerging themes of artificial intelligence in the scientific leading journals amidst the COVID-19 era. Big Data Cogn Comput. 2023;7:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bdcc7010012.","journal-title":"Big Data Cogn Comput"},{"key":"389_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics11010010","volume":"11","author":"M Ivanova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ivanova M, Grosseck G, Holotescu C. Unveiling insights: A bibliometric analysis of artificial intelligence in teaching. Informatics. 2024;11:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/informatics11010010.","journal-title":"Informatics"},{"issue":"5","key":"389_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2015.10.033","volume":"69","author":"A Rey-Mart\u00ed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rey-Mart\u00ed A, Ribeiro-Soriano D, Palacios-Marqu\u00e9s D. A bibliometric analysis of social entrepreneurship. J Bus Res. 2016;69(5):1651\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2015.10.033.","journal-title":"J Bus Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"389_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551585010004","volume":"10","author":"SC Bradford","year":"1934","unstructured":"Bradford SC. Sources of information on specific subjects. J Inf Sci. 1934;10(4):176\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0165551585010004.","journal-title":"J Inf Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"389_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-013-9320-7","volume":"62","author":"GJ Hwang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hwang GJ, Hung CM, Chen NS. Improving learning achievements, motivations and problem-solving skills through a peer assessment-based game development approach. Educ Technol Res Dev. 2014;62(2):129\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-013-9320-7.","journal-title":"Educ Technol Res Dev"},{"key":"389_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104582","volume":"189","author":"Q Xia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xia Q, Chiu TKF, Lee M, Sanusi IT, Dai Y, Chai CS. A self-determination theory (SDT) design approach for inclusive and diverse artificial intelligence (AI) education. Comput Educ. 2022;189:104582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104582.","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"389_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2021.2021241","volume":"37","author":"J Jeon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jeon J. Exploring AI chatbot affordances in the EFL classroom: young learners\u2019 experiences and perspectives. Comput Assist Lang Learn. 2024;37(1\u20132):1\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2021.2021241.","journal-title":"Comput Assist Lang Learn"},{"issue":"7","key":"389_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3240","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2172044","volume":"32","author":"TKF Chiu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chiu TKF, Moorhouse BL, Chai CS, Ismailov M. Teacher support and student motivation to learn with artificial intelligence (AI) based chatbot. Interact Learn Environ. 2024;32(7):3240\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2023.2172044.","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"issue":"46","key":"389_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16569","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507655102","volume":"102","author":"JE Hirsch","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hirsch JE. An index to quantify an individual\u2019s scientific research output. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102(46):16569\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0507655102.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"389_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2020.100005","volume":"1","author":"X Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen X, Xie H, Hwang GJ. A multi-perspective study on artificial intelligence in education: grants, conferences, journals, software tools, institutions, and researchers. Comput Educ Artif Intell. 2020;1:100005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2020.100005.","journal-title":"Comput Educ Artif Intell"},{"issue":"11","key":"389_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14015","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12430-z","volume":"29","author":"CS Chai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chai CS, Liang S, Wang X. A survey study of Chinese teachers\u2019 continuous intentions to teach artificial intelligence. Educ Inf Technol. 2024;29(11):14015\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12430-z.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"389_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-022-04293-x","volume":"127","author":"P Sj\u00f6g\u00e5rde","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6g\u00e5rde P, Didegah F. The association between topic growth and citation impact of research publications. Scientometrics. 2022;127(4):1903\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-022-04293-x.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"389_CR69","first-page":"317","volume":"16","author":"AJ Lotka","year":"1926","unstructured":"Lotka AJ. The frequency distribution of scientific productivity. J Washingt Acad Sci. 1926;16(12):317\u201323.","journal-title":"J Washingt Acad Sci"},{"key":"389_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5303","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307513100","volume":"101","author":"C Chen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen C. Searching for intellectual turning points: progressive knowledge domain visualization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:5303\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0307513100.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"389_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2021.102594","volume":"58","author":"W Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu W, Huang S, Yang J, Bu Y, Cheng Q, Huang Y. Detecting research topic trends by author-defined keyword frequency. Inf Process Manag. 2021;58:102594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ipm.2021.102594.","journal-title":"Inf Process Manag"},{"key":"389_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13040339","volume":"13","author":"DK Narong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Narong DK, Hallinger P. A keyword co-occurrence analysis of research on service learning: conceptual foci and emerging research trends. Educ Sci. 2023;13:339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci13040339.","journal-title":"Educ Sci"},{"key":"389_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence12100093","author":"Y Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang Y, Zhou Y, Chen J, Wu D. Applying machine learning and SHAP method to identify key influences on middle-school students\u2019 mathematics literacy performance. J Intell. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jintelligence12100093.","journal-title":"J Intell"},{"issue":"2","key":"389_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s13748-021-00274-y","volume":"12","author":"W Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu W, Vivekananda GN, Shanthini A. Supervision system of english online teaching based on machine learning. Prog Artif Intell. 2023;12(2):187\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13748-021-00274-y.","journal-title":"Prog Artif Intell"},{"issue":"2","key":"389_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s11191-022-00392-6","volume":"33","author":"X Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang X, Qiao C. Enhancing computational thinking skills through artificial intelligence education at a STEAM high school. Sci Educ. 2024;33(2):383\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11191-022-00392-6.","journal-title":"Sci Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"389_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12029-4","volume":"29","author":"XF Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin XF, Zhou Y, Shen W, Luo G, Xian X, Pang B. Modeling the structural relationships among Chinese secondary school students\u2019 computational thinking efficacy in learning AI, AI literacy, and approaches to learning AI. Educ Inf Technol. 2024;29(5):6189\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12029-4.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"389_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18097","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12576-4","volume":"29","author":"C Weng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weng C, Kassaw K, Tsai PS, Lee TJ. Does scratch animation for sustainable development goals (SDGs) with AI-comics impact on student empathy, self-efficacy, scriptwriting, and animation skills? Educ Inf Technol. 2024;29:18097\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12576-4.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"389_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssaho.2024.101167","volume":"10","author":"NN Valle","year":"2024","unstructured":"Valle NN, et al. Modeling learners\u2019 behavioral intention toward using artificial intelligence in education. Soc Sci Humanit Open. 2024;10:101167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssaho.2024.101167.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Humanit Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"389_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692-020-00162-9","volume":"7","author":"ZH Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma ZH, Hwang WY, Shih TK. Effects of a peer tutor recommender system (PTRS) with machine learning and automated assessment on vocational high school students\u2019 computer application operating skills. J Comput Educ. 2020;7(3):435\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40692-020-00162-9.","journal-title":"J Comput Educ"},{"key":"389_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1844","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1844","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhai Y, Chu L, Liu Y, Wang D, Wu Y. Using deep learning-based artificial intelligence electronic images in improving middle school teachers\u2019 literacy. PeerJ Comput Sci. 2024;10:e1844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj-cs.1844.","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput Sci"},{"key":"389_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965926","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.965926","volume":"13","author":"CC Tsai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsai CC, Chung CC, Cheng YM, Lou SJ. Deep learning course development and evaluation of artificial intelligence in vocational senior high schools. Front Psychol. 2022;13:965926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.965926.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"389_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331231175999","volume":"61","author":"DJ Woo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Woo DJ, Wang Y, Susanto H, Guo K. Understanding English as a foreign language students\u2019 idea generation strategies for creative writing with natural language generation tools. J Educ Comput Res. 2023;61(7):1464\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07356331231175999.","journal-title":"J Educ Comput Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"389_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.5430\/jct.v11n5P155","volume":"11","author":"Y Hwang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hwang Y, Choi E, Park N. The development and demonstration of creative education programs focused on intelligent information technology. J Curric Teach. 2022;11(5):155\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5430\/jct.v11n5P155.","journal-title":"J Curric Teach"},{"key":"389_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.15738\/kjell.24.202411.1300","volume":"24","author":"S Yoo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yoo S, Ahn H. The effects of prosody training with AI chatbot on the English pronunciation improvement of Korean EFL learners. Korea J English Lang Linguist. 2024;24:1300\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15738\/kjell.24.202411.1300.","journal-title":"Korea J English Lang Linguist"},{"issue":"2","key":"389_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v30i2.2232","volume":"30","author":"J Jia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jia J. An AI framework to teach English as a foreign language: CSIEC. AI Mag. 2009;30(2):59\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/aimag.v30i2.2232.","journal-title":"AI Mag"},{"key":"389_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100124","volume":"4","author":"J Su","year":"2023","unstructured":"Su J, Ng DTK, Chu SKW. Artificial intelligence (AI) literacy in early childhood education: the challenges and opportunities. Comput Educ Artif Intell. 2023;4:100124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100124.","journal-title":"Comput Educ Artif Intell"},{"issue":"8","key":"389_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9715","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12183-9","volume":"29","author":"DTK Ng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ng DTK, Su J, Chu SKW. Fostering secondary school students\u2019 AI literacy through making AI-driven recycling bins. Educ Inf Technol. 2024;29(8):9715\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-12183-9.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"389_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14080871","volume":"14","author":"W Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo W, He H, Gao M, Li H. Safety, identity, attitude, cognition, and capability: the \u2018SIACC\u2019 framework of early childhood AI literacy. Educ Sci. 2024;14:871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci14080871.","journal-title":"Educ Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"389_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12867","volume":"40","author":"J Su","year":"2024","unstructured":"Su J, Yang W. AI literacy curriculum and its relation to children\u2019s perceptions of robots and attitudes towards engineering and science: an intervention study in early childhood education. J Comput Assist Learn. 2024;40(1):241\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12867.","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Learn"},{"issue":"2","key":"389_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11256-5","volume":"28","author":"J Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun J, Ma H, Zeng Y, Han D, Jin Y. Promoting the AI teaching competency of K-12 computer science teachers: a TPACK-based professional development approach. Educ Inf Technol. 2023;28(2):1509\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11256-5.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"389_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s13218-021-00731-9","volume":"35","author":"S Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim S, et al. Analyzing teacher competency with TPACK for K-12 AI education. KI - Kunstl Intelligenz. 2021;35(2):139\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13218-021-00731-9.","journal-title":"KI - Kunstl Intelligenz"},{"issue":"4","key":"389_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13232","volume":"53","author":"T Nazaretsky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nazaretsky T, Ariely M, Cukurova M, Alexandron G. Teachers\u2019 trust in AI-powered educational technology and a professional development program to improve it. Br J Educ Technol. 2022;53(4):914\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13232.","journal-title":"Br J Educ Technol"},{"key":"389_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105112","volume":"220","author":"T-Y Tai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tai T-Y, Chen HHJ. Improving elementary EFL speaking skills with generative AI chatbots: exploring individual and paired interactions. Comput Educ. 2024;220:105112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105112.","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"389_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.30880\/jtet.2022.14.02.013","volume":"14","author":"N Haristiani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haristiani N, Dewanty VL, Rifai MM. Autonomous learning through chatbot-based application utilization to enhance basic Japanese competence of vocational high school students. J Tech Educ Train. 2022;14(2):143\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30880\/jtet.2022.14.02.013.","journal-title":"J Tech Educ Train"},{"issue":"3","key":"389_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.5573\/IEIESPC.2020.9.3.217","volume":"9","author":"P Sokkhey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sokkhey P, Navy S, Tong L, Okazaki T. Multi-models of educational data mining for predicting student performance in mathematics: a case study on high schools in Cambodia. IEIE Trans Smart Process Comput. 2020;9(3):217\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5573\/IEIESPC.2020.9.3.217.","journal-title":"IEIE Trans Smart Process Comput"},{"key":"389_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci12050297","volume":"12","author":"N Emara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Emara N, Ali N, Abu Khurma O. Adaptive learning framework (Alef) in UAE public schools from the parents\u2019 perspective. Soc Sci. 2023;12:297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci12050297.","journal-title":"Soc Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"389_CR97","first-page":"236","volume":"24","author":"AVY Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee AVY. Determining quality and distribution of ideas in online classroom talk using learning analytics and machine learning. Educ Technol Soc. 2021;24(1):236\u201349.","journal-title":"Educ Technol Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"389_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.21929","volume":"61","author":"M Ariely","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ariely M, Nazaretsky T, Alexandron G. Causal-mechanical explanations in biology: applying automated assessment for personalized learning in the science classroom. J Res Sci Teach. 2024;61(8):1858\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tea.21929.","journal-title":"J Res Sci Teach"},{"issue":"3","key":"389_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.22521\/edupij.2024.133.1","volume":"13","author":"M Taktak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Taktak M, Belliba\u015f M\u015e, \u00d6zgenel M. Use of ChatGPT in education: future strategic road map with SWOT analysis. Educ Process Int J. 2024;13(3):7\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22521\/edupij.2024.133.1.","journal-title":"Educ Process Int J"},{"issue":"9","key":"389_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"em2499","DOI":"10.29333\/ejmste\/14983","volume":"20","author":"K Alarbi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alarbi K, Halaweh M, Tairab H, Alsalhi NR, Annamalai N, Aldarmaki F. Making a revolution in physics learning in high schools with ChatGPT: a case study in UAE. Eurasia J Math Sci Technol Educ. 2024;20(9):em2499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29333\/ejmste\/14983.","journal-title":"Eurasia J Math Sci Technol Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"389_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12926","volume":"40","author":"A ElSayary","year":"2023","unstructured":"ElSayary A. An investigation of teachers\u2019 perceptions of using ChatGPT as a supporting tool for teaching and learning in the digital era. J Comput Assist Learn. 2023;40(3):931\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12926.","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Learn"},{"issue":"6","key":"389_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.18517\/ijaseit.14.6.10092","volume":"14","author":"SJ Hong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hong SJ, Lee Y, Kim SW. Effect of artificial intelligence convergence education using ChatGPT on computational thinking of high school students in Korea. Int J Adv Sci Eng Inf Technol. 2024;14(6):1982\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18517\/ijaseit.14.6.10092.","journal-title":"Int J Adv Sci Eng Inf Technol"},{"key":"389_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3390\/su15010605","volume":"15","author":"CS Chai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chai CS, Chiu TKF, Wang X, Jiang F, Lin XF. Modeling Chinese secondary school students\u2019 behavioral intentions to learn artificial intelligence with the theory of planned behavior and self-determination theory. Sustainability. 2023;15:605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15010605.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"4","key":"389_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1108\/IDD-02-2020-0019","volume":"48","author":"JL Hung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hung JL, Rice K, Kepka J, Yang J. Improving predictive power through deep learning analysis of K-12 online student behaviors and discussion board content. Inf Discov Deliv. 2020;48(4):199\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IDD-02-2020-0019.","journal-title":"Inf Discov Deliv"},{"key":"389_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77788","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988252","volume":"8","author":"EHK Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu EHK, Lin CH, Ou YY, Liu CZ, Wang WK, Chao CY. Advantages and constraints of a hybrid model K-12 e-learning assistant chatbot. IEEE Access. 2020;8:77788\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988252.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"389_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849842","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.849842","volume":"13","author":"Z Zhan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhan Z, Shen W, Lin W. Effect of product-based pedagogy on students\u2019 project management skills, learning achievement, creativity, and innovative thinking in a high-school artificial intelligence course. Front Psychol. 2022;13:849842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.849842.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"389_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767689","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.767689","volume":"13","author":"Q Rong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rong Q, Lian Q, Tang T. Research on the influence of AI and VR technology for students\u2019 concentration and creativity. Front Psychol. 2022;13:767689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.767689.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"389_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12010222","volume":"12","author":"CH Chuang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chuang CH, Lo JH, Wu YK. Integrating chatbot and augmented reality technology into biology learning during COVID-19. Electronics. 2023;12:222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics12010222.","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"1","key":"389_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.12973\/eu-jer.14.1.323","volume":"14","author":"DB Chau","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chau DB, Luong VT, Long TT, Linh NTT. Personalized mathematics teaching with the support of AI chatbots to improve mathematical problem-solving competence for high school students in Vietnam. Eur J Educ Res. 2025;14(1):323\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12973\/eu-jer.14.1.323.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Educ. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"389_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13371","volume":"55","author":"Y Dai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dai Y, Lin Z, Liu A, Wang W. An embodied, analogical and disruptive approach of AI pedagogy in upper elementary education: an experimental study. Br J Educ Technol. 2024;55(1):417\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13371.","journal-title":"Br J Educ Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"389_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02019280","volume":"22","author":"M Callon","year":"1991","unstructured":"Callon M, Courtial JP, Laville F. Co-word analysis as a tool for describing the network of interactions between basic and technological research: the case of polymer chemistry. Scientometrics. 1991;22(1):155\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02019280.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"389_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-019-03210-z","volume":"121","author":"R Miranda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miranda R, Garcia-Carpintero E. Comparison of the share of documents and citations from different quartile journals in 25 research areas. Scientometrics. 2019;121:479\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-019-03210-z.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"389_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.46328\/ijres.2409","volume":"7","author":"T Talan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Talan T. Artificial intelligence in education: a bibliometric study. Int J Res Educ Sci. 2021;7(3):822\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46328\/ijres.2409.","journal-title":"Int J Res Educ Sci"},{"key":"389_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/te.2021.3085878","volume":"65","author":"Thomas K. F. Chiu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chiu TKF, et al. Creation and evaluation of a pretertiary artificial intelligence (AI) curriculum. IEEE Trans Educ. 2022;65:30\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/te.2021.3085878","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Educ"},{"key":"389_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chung JY, Lee S. Dropout early warning systems for high school students using machine learning. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2019;96:346-353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.11.030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.11.030"},{"key":"389_CR116","first-page":"89","volume":"24","author":"Ching Sing Chai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chai CS, et al. Perceptions of and behavioral intentions towards learning artificial intelligence in primary school students. Educ Technol Soc. 2021;24:89\u2013101. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/27032858","journal-title":"Educ Technol Soc"}],"container-title":["Discover Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00389-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00389-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00389-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T17:55:32Z","timestamp":1752774932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00389-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00389-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-0809"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-0809","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human or animals participants"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"155"}}