{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T12:45:09Z","timestamp":1766407509817,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Artif Intell"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-025-00410-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T02:37:48Z","timestamp":1752633468000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Utilizing soil\u2013water characteristic curve parameters in custom artificial neural network models to predict the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7282-5656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bashar","family":"Alibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0102-8852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maan","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5607-9334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahed","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"410_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"AL Houri A, Habib A, Al-Sadoon Z. A artificial intelligence-based design and analysis of passive control structures: an overview. J Soft Comput Civil Eng. 2024;145\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22115\/scce.2024.450722.1832.","DOI":"10.22115\/scce.2024.450722.1832"},{"issue":"8","key":"410_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-023-01821-8","volume":"18","author":"B Alibrahim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alibrahim B, Uygar E. Modelling of soil\u2013water characteristic curve for diverse soils using soil suction parameters. Acta Geotech. 2023;18(8):4233\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11440-023-01821-8.","journal-title":"Acta Geotech"},{"key":"410_CR3","unstructured":"Benson C, Gribb M. Measuring unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in the laboratory and the field. Geotech Special Publication. 1997;113\u201368."},{"key":"410_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattacharya S, Demirci HE, Nikitas G, Prakhya GKV, Lombardi D, Alexander NA, Mylonakis G. Physical modeling of interaction problems in geotechnical engineering. Modeling in geotechnical engineering. Academic; 2021. p. 205\u201356.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-821205-9.00017-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"410_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6592.1989.tb01162.x","volume":"9","author":"DE Elrick","year":"1989","unstructured":"Elrick DE, Reynolds WD, Tan KA. Hydraulic conductivity measurements in the unsaturated zone using improved well analyses. Groundw Monit Remediation. 1989;9(3):184\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-6592.1989.tb01162.x.","journal-title":"Groundw Monit Remediation"},{"key":"410_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2020.103723","volume":"108","author":"S Fabozzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fabozzi S, Biancardo SA, Veropalumbo R, Bilotta E. I-BIM based approach for geotechnical and numerical modelling of a conventional tunnel excavation. Tunn Undergr Space Technol. 2021;108:103723.","journal-title":"Tunn Undergr Space Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"410_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1139\/t94-062","volume":"31","author":"DG Fredlund","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fredlund DG, Xing A, Huang S. Predicting the permeability function for unsaturated soils using the soil\u2013water characteristic curve. Can Geotech J. 1994;31(4):533\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/t94-062.","journal-title":"Can Geotech J"},{"key":"410_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trgeo.2022.100754","volume":"34","author":"Z Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao Z, Chai J. Method for predicting unsaturated permeability using basic soil properties. Transp Geotechnics. 2022;34:100754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trgeo.2022.100754.","journal-title":"Transp Geotechnics"},{"key":"410_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2021.105061","volume":"212","author":"B Ghanbarian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghanbarian B. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in dual-porosity soils: percolation theory. Soil Tillage Res. 2021;212:105061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.still.2021.105061.","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res"},{"key":"410_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Habib M, Okayli M. Evaluating the sensitivity of machine learning models to data preprocessing technique in concrete compressive strength Estimation. Arab J Sci Eng. 2024;1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13369-024-08776-2.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-024-08776-2"},{"issue":"347","key":"410_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e289","DOI":"10.3989\/mc.2022.13621","volume":"72","author":"A Habib","year":"2022","unstructured":"Habib A, Yildirim U. Simplified modeling of rubberized concrete properties using multivariable regression analysis. Materiales De Construcci\u00f3n. 2022;72(347):e289\u2013289.","journal-title":"Materiales De Construcci\u00f3n"},{"issue":"02","key":"410_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350002","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793431123500021","volume":"17","author":"A Habib","year":"2023","unstructured":"Habib A, Yildirim U. Modeling reinforced concrete moment frames supported on quintuple friction pendulum bearings for nonlinear response history analysis. J Earthq Tsunami. 2023;17(02):2350002.","journal-title":"J Earthq Tsunami"},{"key":"410_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2024.108732","volume":"182","author":"A Habib","year":"2024","unstructured":"Habib A, Yildirim U. Proposing unsupervised clustering-based earthquake records selection framework for computationally efficient nonlinear response history analysis of structures equipped with multi-stage friction pendulum bearings. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng. 2024;182:108732.","journal-title":"Soil Dyn Earthq Eng"},{"key":"410_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habib A, Houri AA, Habib M, Elzokra A, Yildirim U. (2021). Structural performance and finite element modeling of roller compacted concrete dams: A review. Latin Am J Solids Struct, 18(04), e376.","DOI":"10.1590\/1679-78256467"},{"issue":"4","key":"410_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s11803-022-2127-y","volume":"21","author":"A Habib","year":"2022","unstructured":"Habib A, Youssefi I, Kunt MM. Identification of pulse-like ground motions using artificial neural network. Earthq Eng Eng Vib. 2022;21(4):899\u2013912.","journal-title":"Earthq Eng Eng Vib"},{"issue":"5","key":"410_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1108\/MMMS-12-2022-0290","volume":"19","author":"M Habib","year":"2023","unstructured":"Habib M, Bashir B, Alsalman A, Bachir H. Evaluating the accuracy and effectiveness of machine learning methods for rapidly determining the safety factor of road embankments. Multidiscipline Model Mater Struct. 2023;19(5):966\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/MMMS-12-2022-0290.","journal-title":"Multidiscipline Model Mater Struct"},{"key":"410_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Habib A, Junaid MT, Dirar S, Barakat S, Al-Sadoon ZA. Machine Learning-Based Estimation of reinforced concrete columns stiffness modifiers for improved accuracy in linear response history analysis. J Earthq. Eng. 2024a;1\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13632469.2024.2409865.","DOI":"10.1080\/13632469.2024.2409865"},{"key":"410_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habib A, Barakat S, Al-Toubat S, Junaid MT, Maalej M. (2024b). Developing machine learning models for identifying the failure potential of fire-exposed FRP-strengthened concrete beams. Arab J Sci Eng, 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-024-09497-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"410_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s43621-024-00500-2","volume":"5","author":"M Habib","year":"2024","unstructured":"Habib M, Habib A, Albzaie M, Farghal A. Sustainability benefits of AI-based engineering solutions for infrastructure resilience in arid regions against extreme rainfall events. Discover Sustain. 2024c;5(1):278.","journal-title":"Discover Sustain"},{"key":"410_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.124297","volume":"583","author":"Y Han","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han Y, Wang Q, Xia W, Liu J, Wang J, Chen Y, Shen J. Experimental study on the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated dispersive soil with different salinities subjected to freeze-thaw. J Hydrol. 2020;583:124297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.124297.","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"issue":"16","key":"410_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-018-3326-3","volume":"23","author":"M Hashemi Jokar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hashemi Jokar M, Khosravi A, Heidaripanah A, Soltani F. Unsaturated soils permeability Estimation by adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Soft Comput. 2019;23(16):6871\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00500-018-3326-3.","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"issue":"11","key":"410_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8413","DOI":"10.1002\/2016WR019299","volume":"52","author":"F Hoogland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hoogland F, Lehmann P, Mokso R, Or D. Drainage mechanisms in porous media: from piston-like invasion to formation of corner flow networks. Water Resour Res. 2016;52(11):8413\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2016WR019299.","journal-title":"Water Resour Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"410_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981211011994","volume":"2675","author":"J Ivoke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ivoke J, Khan MS, Nobahar M. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity variation of expansive Yazoo clay with wet-dry cycles. Transp Res Rec. 2021;2675(10):629\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03611981211011994.","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"issue":"2","key":"410_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmaa.2022.126601","volume":"517","author":"A Jentzen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jentzen A, Riekert A. Convergence analysis for gradient flows in the training of artificial neural networks with ReLU activation. J Math Anal Appl. 2023;517(2):126601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmaa.2022.126601.","journal-title":"J Math Anal Appl"},{"key":"410_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2134\/agronmonogr9.1.c16","volume":"9","author":"A Klute","year":"1965","unstructured":"Klute A. Laboratory measurement of hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soil. Methods of soil analysis: part 1 physical and mineralogical properties. Including Stat Meas Sampl. 1965;9:253\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2134\/agronmonogr9.1.c16.","journal-title":"Including Stat Meas Sampl"},{"key":"410_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113977","volume":"164","author":"Y Ko\u00e7ak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ko\u00e7ak Y, \u015eiray G\u00dc. New activation functions for single layer feedforward neural network. Expert Syst Appl. 2021;164:113977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113977.","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"2","key":"410_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2004.07.006","volume":"79","author":"M Kut\u00edlek","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kut\u00edlek M. Soil hydraulic properties as related to soil structure. Soil Tillage Res. 2004;79(2):175\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.still.2004.07.006.","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res"},{"key":"410_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2020.07.027","volume":"414","author":"L Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li L, Xu W, Yu H. Character-level neural network model based on Nadam optimization and its application in clinical concept extraction. Neurocomputing. 2020;414:182\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neucom.2020.07.027.","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"3","key":"410_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1029\/WR012i003p00513","volume":"12","author":"Y Mualem","year":"1976","unstructured":"Mualem Y. A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media. Water Resour Res. 1976;12(3):513\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/WR012i003p00513.","journal-title":"Water Resour Res"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"410_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(01)00465-6","volume":"251","author":"AD Nemes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nemes AD, Schaap MG, Leij FJ, W\u00f6sten JHM. Description of the unsaturated soil hydraulic database UNSODA version 2.0. J Hydrol. 2001;251(3\u20134):151\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-1694(01)00465-6.","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"410_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04014053","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000799","volume":"141","author":"EM Nemirovsky","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nemirovsky EM, Lee RS, Welker AL. Vertical and lateral extent of the influence of a rain garden on the water table. J Irrig Drain Eng. 2015;141(3):04014053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000799.","journal-title":"J Irrig Drain Eng"},{"key":"410_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikooee E, Mirghafari R, Habibagahi G, Khorassani AG, Nouri AM. Determination of soil\u2013water retention curve: an artificial intelligence-based approach. In: E3S web of conferences. vol. 195, EDP Sciences; 2020. p. 02010.","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202019502010"},{"key":"410_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125462","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3110647","volume":"9","author":"I Nino-Adan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nino-Adan I, Portillo E, Landa-Torres I, Manjarres D. Normalization influence on ANN-based models performance: A new proposal for features\u2019 contribution analysis. IEEE Access. 2021;9:125462\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3110647.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"10","key":"410_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5487","DOI":"10.3390\/w7105487","volume":"7","author":"S Oh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oh S, Kim YK, Kim JW. A modified Van Genuchten-Mualem model of hydraulic conductivity in Korean residual soils. Water. 2015;7(10):5487\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w7105487.","journal-title":"Water"},{"issue":"5","key":"410_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/designs6050069","volume":"6","author":"KC Onyelowe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Onyelowe KC, Mojtahedi FF, Azizi S, Mahdi HA, Sujatha ER, Ebid AM, Aneke FI. Innovative overview of SWRC application in modeling geotechnical engineering problems. Designs. 2022;6(5):69.","journal-title":"Designs"},{"key":"410_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onyelowe KC, Ebid AM, Sujatha ER, Fazel-Mojtahedi F, Golaghaei-Darzi A, Kontoni DPN, Nooralddin-Othman N. (2023). Extensive overview of soil constitutive relations and applications for geotechnical engineering problems. Heliyon, 9(3).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14465"},{"issue":"5","key":"410_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sandf.2022.101189","volume":"62","author":"KK Phoon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Phoon KK, Cao ZJ, Ji J, Leung YF, Najjar S, Shuku T, Ching J. Geotechnical uncertainty, modeling, and decision making. Soils Found. 2022;62(5):101189.","journal-title":"Soils Found"},{"key":"410_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40703-019-0104-8","volume":"10","author":"H Rahardjo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rahardjo H, Kim Y, Satyanaga A. Role of unsaturated soil mechanics in geotechnical engineering. Int J Geo-Engineering. 2019;10:1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40703-019-0104-8.","journal-title":"Int J Geo-Engineering"},{"key":"410_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-019-00590-2","volume":"5","author":"P Rajendra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rajendra P, Murthy KVN, Subbarao A, Boadh R. Use of ANN models in the prediction of meteorological data. Model Earth Syst Environ. 2019;5:1051\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40808-019-00590-2.","journal-title":"Model Earth Syst Environ"},{"key":"410_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-2435-2_7","volume-title":"Unconstrained optimization and quantum Calculus","author":"B Ram","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ram B, Mishra SK, Lai KK, Rajkovi\u0107 P. Quantum limited memory Broyden Fletcher Goldfarb Shanno method. Unconstrained optimization and quantum Calculus. Singapore: Springer; 2024. pp. 125\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-97-2435-2_7. Nature Singapore."},{"key":"410_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2017.11.022","volume":"233","author":"XW Ren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ren XW, Santamarina JC. The hydraulic conductivity of sediments: A pore size perspective. Eng Geol. 2018;233:48\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enggeo.2017.11.022.","journal-title":"Eng Geol"},{"key":"410_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.11.019","volume":"162","author":"M Sakellariou-Makrantonaki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sakellariou-Makrantonaki M, Angelaki A, Evangelides C, Bota V, Tsianou E, Floros N. Experimental determination of hydraulic conductivity at unsaturated soil column. Procedia Eng. 2016;162:83\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.11.019.","journal-title":"Procedia Eng"},{"issue":"5","key":"410_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.28991\/CEJ-2024-010-05-02","volume":"10","author":"M Shrif","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shrif M, Al-Sadoon ZA, Barakat S, Habib A, Mostafa O. Optimizing gene expression programming to predict shear capacity in corrugated web steel beams. Civil Eng J. 2024;10(5):1370\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.28991\/CEJ-2024-010-05-02.","journal-title":"Civil Eng J"},{"issue":"6","key":"410_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1994.03615995005800060002x","volume":"58","author":"J Stolte","year":"1994","unstructured":"Stolte J, Freijer JI, Bouten W, Dirksen C, Halbertsma JM, Van Dam JC, W\u00f6sten JHM. Comparison of six methods to determine unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 1994;58(6):1596\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2136\/sssaj1994.03615995005800060002x.","journal-title":"Soil Sci Soc Am J"},{"issue":"3","key":"410_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2008.0119","volume":"8","author":"EH Van den Berg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Van den Berg EH, Perfect E, Tu C, Knappett PSK, Leao TP, Donat RW. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity measurements with centrifuges: a review. Vadose Zone J. 2009;8(3):531\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2136\/vzj2008.0119.","journal-title":"Vadose Zone J"},{"issue":"5","key":"410_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x","volume":"44","author":"MT Van Genuchten","year":"1980","unstructured":"Van Genuchten MT. A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 1980;44(5):892\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2136\/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x.","journal-title":"Soil Sci Soc Am J"},{"key":"410_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Varelas K, Dahito MA. Benchmarking multivariate solvers of SciPy on the noiseless testbed. In Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference companion. 2019. p. 1946\u20131954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3319619.3326891","DOI":"10.1145\/3319619.3326891"},{"key":"410_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00222683","volume":"3","author":"T Vogel","year":"1988","unstructured":"Vogel T, Cislerova M. On the reliability of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity calculated from the moisture retention curve. Transp Porous Media. 1988;3:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00222683.","journal-title":"Transp Porous Media"},{"issue":"11","key":"410_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.3755","volume":"48","author":"J Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang J, Vanapalli S. A framework for estimating the matric suction in unsaturated soils using multiple artificial intelligence techniques. Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech. 2024;48(11):2854\u201379.","journal-title":"Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech"},{"key":"410_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2019.04.019","volume":"67","author":"F Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang F, Jiao L, Zhao J, Cai J. A more generalized model for relative permeability prediction in unsaturated fractal porous media. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. 2019;67:82\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jngse.2019.04.019.","journal-title":"J Nat Gas Sci Eng"},{"key":"410_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2015.11.001","volume":"199","author":"Q Zhai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhai Q, Rahardjo H. Estimation of permeability function from the soil\u2013water characteristic curve. Eng Geol. 2015;199:148\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enggeo.2015.11.001.","journal-title":"Eng Geol"},{"key":"410_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2020.105635","volume":"272","author":"Q Zhai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhai Q, Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A, Dai G, Du Y. Estimation of the wetting scanning curves for sandy soils. Eng Geol. 2020;272:105635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enggeo.2020.105635.","journal-title":"Eng Geol"},{"key":"410_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2021.106034","volume":"285","author":"Q Zhai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhai Q, Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A, Zhu Y, Dai G, Zhao X. Estimation of wetting hydraulic conductivity function for unsaturated sandy soil. Eng Geol. 2021a;285:106034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enggeo.2021.106034.","journal-title":"Eng Geol"},{"key":"410_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2021.106447","volume":"295","author":"Q Zhai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhai Q, Ye W, Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A, Dai G, Zhao X. Theoretical method for the Estimation of vapour conductivity for unsaturated soil. Eng Geol. 2021b;295:106447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enggeo.2021.106447.","journal-title":"Eng Geol"},{"issue":"9","key":"410_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1139\/cgj-2021-0361","volume":"59","author":"Q Zhai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhai Q, Ye W, Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A, Du Y, Dai G, Zhao X. Estimation of the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soil incorporating the film flow. Can Geotech J. 2022;59(9):1679\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cgj-2021-0361.","journal-title":"Can Geotech J"},{"issue":"4","key":"410_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.3390\/w11040740","volume":"11","author":"D Zumr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zumr D, Je\u0159\u00e1bek J, Kl\u00edpa V, Dohnal M, Sn\u011bhota M. Estimates of tillage and rainfall effects on unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in a small central European agricultural catchment. Water. 2019;11(4):740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w11040740.","journal-title":"Water"}],"container-title":["Discover Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00410-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00410-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00410-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T11:59:48Z","timestamp":1757246388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00410-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00410-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-0809"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2731-0809"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research does not involve human participants, animal subjects, or personal data collection and, therefore, does not require ethical approval, informed consent to participate, or consent to publish from individuals.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"150"}}