{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T03:39:31Z","timestamp":1774582771373,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Artif Intell"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-025-00495-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T12:47:40Z","timestamp":1759150060000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A systematic review of the impact of generative AI on postgraduate research: opportunities, challenges, and ethical implications"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8990-4003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicent","family":"Mabirizi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1166-246X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Calorine","family":"Katushabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Muhoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Rugasira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"495_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.35179","author":"H Alkaissi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alkaissi H, McFarlane SI. Artificial hallucinations in ChatGPT: implications in scientific writing. Cureus. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.35179.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","volume":"8","author":"H Arksey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arksey H, O\u2019malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1364557032000119616.","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"key":"495_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.37432","author":"SA Athaluri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Athaluri SA, Manthena SV, Kesapragada VSRKM, Yarlagadda V, Dave T, Duddumpudi RTS. Exploring the boundaries of reality: investigating the phenomenon of artificial intelligence hallucination in scientific writing through ChatGPT references. Cureus. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.37432.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"495_CR4","unstructured":"Aytes SA, Baek J, Hwang SJ (2025). Sketch-of-thought: Efficient llm reasoning with adaptive cognitive-inspired sketching. ArXiv Preprint http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2503.05179"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2010.07.003","volume":"23","author":"G Baxter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baxter G, Sommerville I. Socio-technical systems: from design methods to systems engineering. Interact Comput. 2011;23(1):4\u201317.","journal-title":"Interact Comput"},{"key":"495_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00221546.1991.11774116","author":"AE Bayer","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bayer AE. Academic tribes and territories: intellectual enquiry and the cultures of disciplines. J High Educ. 1991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00221546.1991.11774116.","journal-title":"J High Educ"},{"key":"495_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.39238","author":"M Bhattacharyya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya M, Miller VM, Bhattacharyya D, Miller LE, Miller V. High rates of fabricated and inaccurate references in ChatGPT-generated medical content. Cureus. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.39238.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"495_CR8","unstructured":"Bianchini S, M\u00fcller M, Pelletier P (2023). Drivers and Barriers of AI Adoption and Use in Scientific Research. ArXiv Preprint http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2312.09843"},{"key":"495_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-03050-7","author":"A Birhane","year":"2022","unstructured":"Birhane A. The unseen Black faces of AI algorithms. Nature. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-022-03050-7.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"495_CR10","volume-title":"Scholarship in the digital age: Information, infrastructure, and the Internet","author":"CL Borgman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Borgman CL. Scholarship in the digital age: Information, infrastructure, and the Internet. MIT press; 2010."},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222260102","volume":"26","author":"RP Bostrom","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bostrom RP, Gupta S, Thomas D. A meta-theory for understanding information systems within sociotechnical systems. J Manage Inf Syst. 2009;26(1):17\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2753\/MIS0742-1222260102.","journal-title":"J Manage Inf Syst"},{"key":"495_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.39386","author":"M Buholayka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buholayka M, Zouabi R, Tadinada A. The readiness of ChatGPT to write scientific case reports independently: a comparative evaluation between human and artificial intelligence. Cureus. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.39386.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"495_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butcher N (2015). Basic guide to open educational resources (OER). http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11599\/36","DOI":"10.56059\/11599\/36"},{"issue":"2","key":"495_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.18848\/1835-9795\/CGP\/v18i02\/31-49","volume":"18","author":"P Chandel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chandel P, Lim FV. Generative AI and literacy development in the language classroom: a systematic review of literature. Ubiquitous Learn. 2024;18(2):31\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18848\/1835-9795\/CGP\/v18i02\/31-49.","journal-title":"Ubiquitous Learn"},{"issue":"2925","key":"495_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2025.101755","volume":"56","author":"H-F Chang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chang H-F, Li T. A framework for collaborating a large language model tool in brainstorming for triggering creative thoughts. Think Skills Creat. 2025;56(2925):101755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsc.2025.101755.","journal-title":"Think Skills Creat"},{"key":"495_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dsj.2025.2","volume":"11","author":"L Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen L, Song Y, Guo J, Sun L, Childs P, Yin Y. How generative AI supports human in conceptual design. Des Sci. 2025;11: e9.","journal-title":"Des Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-025-00350-6","volume":"10","author":"A Cheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cheng A, Calhoun A, Reedy G. Artificial intelligence-assisted academic writing: recommendations for ethical use. Adv Simul. 2025;10(1):22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41077-025-00350-6.","journal-title":"Adv Simul"},{"issue":"2","key":"495_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.70002","volume":"33","author":"R Chugh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chugh R, Turnbull D, Morshed A, Sabrina F, Azad S, Md Mamunur R, Kaisar S, Subramani S. The Promise and pitfalls: a literature review of generative artificial intelligence as a learning assistant in ICT education. Comput Appl Eng Educ. 2025;33(2): e70002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cae.70002.","journal-title":"Comput Appl Eng Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"495_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2023.2190148","volume":"61","author":"DRE Cotton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cotton DRE, Cotton PA, Shipway JR. Chatting and cheating: ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innov Educ Teach Int. 2024;61(2):228\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14703297.2023.2190148.","journal-title":"Innov Educ Teach Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"495_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1177\/1527476418796632","volume":"20","author":"N Couldry","year":"2019","unstructured":"Couldry N, Mejias UA. Data colonialism: rethinking big data\u2019s relation to the contemporary subject. Telev New Media. 2019;20(4):336\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1527476418796632.","journal-title":"Telev New Media"},{"issue":"2","key":"495_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1080\/01587919.2020.1757410","volume":"41","author":"B Croft","year":"2020","unstructured":"Croft B, Brown M. Inclusive open education: presumptions, principles, and practices. Distance Educ. 2020;41(2):156\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01587919.2020.1757410.","journal-title":"Distance Educ"},{"key":"495_CR22","unstructured":"Da Silva AFA (2024). Critical Thinking and Artificial Intelligence in Education. Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (Portugal)."},{"key":"495_CR23","first-page":"1","volume":"5290","author":"AR Doshi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Doshi AR, Hauser OP. Generative AI enhances individual creativity but reduces the collective diversity of novel content. Sci Adv. 2024;5290:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"495_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10805-025-09604-4","author":"S Ebadi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ebadi S, Nejadghanbar H, Salman AR, Khosravi H. Exploring the impact of generative AI on peer review: insights from journal reviewers. J Acad Ethics. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10805-025-09604-4.","journal-title":"J Acad Ethics"},{"key":"495_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2024.2446236","author":"R English","year":"2025","unstructured":"English R, Nash R, Mackenzie H. A rather stupid but always available brainstorming partner\u2019: use and understanding of Generative AI by UK postgraduate researchers. Innov Educ Teach Int. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14703297.2024.2446236.","journal-title":"Innov Educ Teach Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1108\/09578230510577272","volume":"43","author":"JR Fauske","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fauske JR, Raybould R. Organizational learning theory in schools. J Educ Adm. 2005;43(1):22\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09578230510577272.","journal-title":"J Educ Adm"},{"issue":"3","key":"495_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s42438-022-00302-7","volume":"4","author":"T Fawns","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fawns T. An entangled pedagogy: looking beyond the pedagogy\u2014technology dichotomy. Postdigit Sci Educ. 2022;4(3):711\u201328.","journal-title":"Postdigit Sci Educ"},{"issue":"66","key":"495_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5062\/F4Z60KZF","volume":"66","author":"R Gilmour","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gilmour R, Cobus-Kuo L. Reference management software: a comparative analysis of four products. Issues Sci Technol Libr. 2011;66(66):63\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5062\/F4Z60KZF.","journal-title":"Issues Sci Technol Libr"},{"key":"495_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02734753241305980","author":"C Gonsalves","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gonsalves C. Generative AI\u2019s impact on critical thinking: revisiting Bloom\u2019s taxonomy. J Market Edu. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02734753241305980.","journal-title":"J Market Edu"},{"key":"495_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grande V, Kiesler N, Francisco RMA (2024). Student Perspectives on Using a Large Language Model (LLM) for an Assignment on Professional Ethics. In: Proceedings of the 2024 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1 (pp. 478\u2013484). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3649217.3653624","DOI":"10.1145\/3649217.3653624"},{"key":"495_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511615139","volume-title":"Organizational learning from performance feedback: A behavioral perspective on innovation and change","author":"HR Greve","year":"2003","unstructured":"Greve HR. Organizational learning from performance feedback: A behavioral perspective on innovation and change. Cambridge University Press; 2003."},{"key":"495_CR32","unstructured":"Hoepfl M. (2013). Appropriate technology as the basis for a technology education curriculum. Technology Education for the Future: A Play on Sustainability, 238\u2013244."},{"key":"495_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hoffman AJ (2016). The Impact of Generative AI Tools on Postgraduate Students\u2019 Learning Experiences: New Insights Into Usage Patterns. 32(3), 255\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.28945\/5428","DOI":"10.28945\/5428"},{"issue":"2","key":"495_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1108\/14684520510598066","volume":"29","author":"P Jacs\u00f3","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jacs\u00f3 P. Google scholar: the pros and the cons. Online Inf Rev. 2005;29(2):208\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/14684520510598066.","journal-title":"Online Inf Rev"},{"key":"495_CR35","first-page":"893","volume-title":"Educational philosophy and theory","author":"P Jandri\u0107","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jandri\u0107 P, Knox J, Besley T, Ryberg T, Suoranta J, Hayes S. Postdigital science and education. In: Educational philosophy and theory. Taylor & Francis; 2018. p. 893\u20139."},{"issue":"3","key":"495_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.37965\/jait.2023.0184","volume":"6","author":"J Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang J, Vetter MA, Lucia B. Toward a \u2018more-than-digital\u2019AI literacy: Reimagining agency and authorship in the postdigital era with ChatGPT. Postdigit Sci Edu. 2024;6(3):922\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37965\/jait.2023.0184.","journal-title":"Postdigit Sci Edu"},{"key":"495_CR37","unstructured":"Jung M, Zhang A, Lee J, Liang PP (2024). Quantitative Insights into Language Model Usage and Trust in Academia: An Empirical Study. ArXiv Preprint http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2409.09186"},{"issue":"1","key":"495_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-023-00852-0","volume":"22","author":"MA Kacena","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kacena MA, Plotkin LI, Fehrenbacher JC. The use of artificial intelligence in writing scientific review articles. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2024;22(1):115\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11914-023-00852-0.","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"key":"495_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100251","volume":"6","author":"Y Kajiwara","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kajiwara Y, Kawabata K. AI literacy for ethical use of chatbot: will students accept AI ethics? Comput Edu Artific Intell. 2024;6: 100251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100251.","journal-title":"Comput Edu Artific Intell"},{"key":"495_CR40","unstructured":"Kaplan. (2024). Kaplan Survey: Most Colleges and Universities Take Laissez Faire Approach Towards Use of GenAI in Admissions. https:\/\/kaplan.com\/about\/press-media\/caos-survey-colleges-and-universities-approach-towards-gen-ai-admission"},{"key":"495_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42438-019-00045-y","author":"J Knox","year":"2019","unstructured":"Knox J. What does the \u2018Postdigital\u2019 mean for education? Three critical perspectives on the digital, with implications for educational research and practice. Postdigit Sci Educ. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42438-019-00045-y.","journal-title":"Postdigit Sci Educ"},{"key":"495_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee H-P, Sarkar A, Tankelevitch L, Drosos I, Rintel S, Banks R, Wilson N (2025). The impact of generative AI on critical thinking: Self-reported reductions in cognitive effort and confidence effects from a survey of knowledge workers. In: Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3706598.3713778","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713778"},{"key":"495_CR43","unstructured":"Liao Z, Antoniak M, Cheong I, Cheng EY-Y, Lee A-H, Lo K, Chang JC, Zhang AX (2024). LLMs as Research Tools: A Large Scale Survey of Researchers\u2019 Usage and Perceptions. ArXiv Preprint http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2411.05025"},{"issue":"5","key":"495_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24750","volume":"74","author":"BD Lund","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lund BD, Wang T, Mannuru NR, Nie B, Shimray S, Wang Z. ChatGPT and a new academic reality: artificial intelligence-written research papers and the ethics of the large language models in scholarly publishing. J Assoc Inf Sci Technol. 2023;74(5):570\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.24750.","journal-title":"J Assoc Inf Sci Technol"},{"issue":"177","key":"495_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.03.016","volume":"123","author":"J McGowan","year":"2020","unstructured":"McGowan J, Straus S, Moher D, Langlois EV, O\u2019Brien KK, Horsley T, Aldcroft A, Zarin W, Garitty CM, Hempel S. Reporting scoping reviews-PRISMA ScR extension. J Clin Epidemiol. 2020;123(177): e9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.03.016.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"495_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moongela, H., Matthee, M., Turpin, M., & van der Merwe, A. (2024). The Effect of Generative Artificial Intelligence on Cognitive Thinking Skills in Higher Education Institutions: A Systematic Literature Review. In: Southern African Conference for Artificial Intelligence Research, 355\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-78255-8_21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-78255-8_21"},{"issue":"4","key":"495_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2575.2006.00221.x","volume":"16","author":"E Mumford","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mumford E. The story of socio-technical design: reflections on its successes, failures and potential. Inf Syst J. 2006;16(4):317\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2575.2006.00221.x.","journal-title":"Inf Syst J"},{"issue":"6654","key":"495_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh2586","volume":"381","author":"S Noy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Noy S, Zhang W. Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligence. Science. 2023;381(6654):187\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.adh2586.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"495_CR49","unstructured":"Nwozor A (2025). Artificial intelligence (AI) and academic honesty-dishonesty nexus: Trends and preventive measures. In: AI and Ethics, Academic Integrity and the Future of Quality Assurance in Higher Education, 27."},{"key":"495_CR50","unstructured":"Puapongsakorn P, Brazdeikyte E (2023). Exploring the Integration of Artificial Intelligence in the Ideation Stage of Product Development in Swedish Startups: Challenges, Opportunities, and Tool Utilization. http:\/\/lup.lub.lu.se\/student-papers\/record\/9118444"},{"key":"495_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100107","volume":"3","author":"G Siemens","year":"2022","unstructured":"Siemens G, Marmolejo-ramos F, Gabriel F, Medeiros K, Marrone R, Joksimovic S, Laat MD. Computers and Education\u202f: artificial Intelligence Human and artificial cognition. Comput Edu Artific Intell. 2022;3: 100107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100107.","journal-title":"Comput Edu Artific Intell"},{"key":"495_CR52","unstructured":"Singh P, Pushpanadham K (2024). AI Ethics in Higher Education: Bridging the Gap Between Principles and Practices. Gener Artif Intell High Educ A Handb Educ Leaders, 64."},{"key":"495_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12765-1","author":"A Strzelecki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Strzelecki A, Cicha K, Rizun M, Rutecka P. Acceptance and use of ChatGPT in the academic community. Educ Inf Technol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12765-1.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"495_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tadimalla SY, Maher, M Lou (2024). AI Literacy for All: Adjustable Interdisciplinary Socio-technical Curriculum. ArXiv Preprint http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2409.10552","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE61694.2024.10893159"},{"key":"495_CR55","volume-title":"The evolution of socio-technical systems","author":"EL Trist","year":"1981","unstructured":"Trist EL. The evolution of socio-technical systems, vol. 2. Toronto: Ontario Quality of Working Life Centre; 1981."},{"key":"495_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Usdan JH, Chang H (2024). Generative AI \u2019 s Impact on Graduate Student Writing Productivity and Quality. 1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4941022","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4941022"},{"key":"495_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2013.829512","author":"A Wittel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wittel A. Digital labor: the internet as playground and factory. Inf Commun Soc. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2013.829512.","journal-title":"Inf Commun Soc"},{"key":"495_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp.2024.21.6","author":"X Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu X, Chen Y, Miao J. Opportunities, challenges, and future directions of large language models, including ChatGPT in medical education: a systematic scoping review. J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3352\/jeehp.2024.21.6.","journal-title":"J Educ Eval Health Prof"},{"key":"495_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-024-00316-7","author":"C Zhai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhai C, Wibowo S, Li LD. The effects of over-reliance on AI dialogue systems on students\u2019 cognitive abilities: a systematic review. Smart Learn Environ. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-024-00316-7.","journal-title":"Smart Learn Environ"}],"container-title":["Discover Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00495-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00495-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00495-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T12:47:45Z","timestamp":1759150065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00495-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44163-025-00495-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-0809"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-0809","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"238"}}